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Le Strutture Difensive Delle Colonie Greche Di Sicilia

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Il presente Volume si propone di approfondire la conoscenza storica, tipologica e materica delle Francesca Scalisi strutture difensive presenti nei maggiori siti archeologici siciliani di fondazione greca, premessa in- dispensabile per un qualsiasi tipo di intervento di recupero e fruizione. Le fortificazioni sono dei monumenti fortemente emblematici per tipologia e dimensione e rappresentano, per certi versi, il volto che un insediamento offriva a chi si apprestava ad entrarvi, essendo la città antica modellata nel suo aspetto esteriore dalle mura difensive. Questa analisi sistematica sulle fortificazioni evidenzia LE STRUTTURE DIFENSIVE DELLE importanti contenuti che coinvolgono i settori scientifici relativi alle tecnologie costruttive e alle tecniche esecutive. La tessitura muraria, infatti, ci fornisce un ricco e variegato repertorio tecnologico in uso tra i secoli VII ed il IV a.C., utile per comprendere la pratica del fare architettura. COLONIE GRECHE DI SICILIA Il Volume affronta, innanzitutto, il tema della colonizzazione greca in Sicilia, in quanto la nascita Storia, tipologia, materiali delle fortificazioni è strettaente correlata alla necessità di difendersi dalle popolazioni indigene, e indaga sulle relazioni esistenti fra fortificazioni e tipologie insediative, soffermandosi, in seguito ad analizzare i vari subsistemi (fondazioni, muri, coronamenti, smaltimento delle acque) e compo- nenti (porte e torri) che costituiscono la struttura di un sistema difensivo. Segue l’elencazione di una serie di casi di studio, individuati secondo criteri di consistenza qualitativa e quantitativa delle tessiture murarie: allo studio storico, topografico e urbanistico della colonia individuata, fa seguito l’analisi dettagliata dei sistemi difensivi di ogni sito, dal cui raffronto si evidenziano, di volta in volta, le costanti e le varianti costruttive. Tutto ciò fornisce una sorta di abaco, cui gli studiosi del settore potranno attingere per le proprie ricerche. Francesca Scalisi (Palermo, 1973) architetto, Dottore di Ricerca in “Recupero e Fruizione dei Contesti Antichi, è titolare di Assegno di Ricerca sul tema “Sperimentazione dei materiali nanostrutturati nei siti archeologici di Agrigento, di Morgantina e nella Villa Romana del Casale”, presso il Dipartimento di Progetto e Costruzione Edilizia dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo. € 28,00 ISBN 978-88-89683-30-9 Francesca Scalisi LE STRUTTURE DIFENSIVE DELLE COLONIE GRECHE DI SICILIA Francesca Scalisi LE STRUTTURE DIFENSIVE DELLE COLONIE GRECHE DI SICILIA Storia, tipologia, materiali EDIZIONI ISBN 978-88-89683-30-9 2010 Copyright - tutti i diritti riservati all’autore 4 INDICE Introduzione 9 PARTE PRIMA 1. LA COLONIZZAZIONE GRECA 1.1. La definizione del termine colonia tra cultura antica e storiografia moderna 15 1.2. Le cause della colonizzazione greca in Italia 17 1.3. I miti di fondazione nella civiltà classica 21 1.4. L’organizzazione politica e la nascita delle città 22 2. GLI INSEDIAMENTI COLONIALI GRECI IN SICILIA 2.1. Le strutture urbane 29 2.2. L’organizzazione dello spazio 30 2.3. Le funzioni urbane 35 2.4. Le forme di insediamento 37 2.5. Lo sviluppo urbano 41 2.5.1. Le città ricostruite con dimensioni ridotte 44 2.5.2. Le città ricostruite con dimensioni maggiori 46 2.5.3. Le città di nuovo impianto 47 3. LE FORTIFICAZIONI: SIMBOLOGIA E NECESSITÀ 3.1. Gli insediamenti urbani e le fortificazioni 53 3.2. La forma urbis 55 3.3. Le mura cittadine 57 3.4. Il simbolismo delle mura nell’architettura greca 60 4. LE CARATTERISTICHE DELL’ARCHITETTURA MILITARE GRECA IN SICILIA 4.1. L’architettura militare in Sicilia 71 4.2. Gli elementi delle fortificazioni: strutturali e tipologici 74 4.3. Gli elementi strutturali 75 4.3.1. Le fondazioni 75 4.3.2. Le tipologie murarie 76 4.3.3. Osservazioni tecniche ed estetiche sui modi di costruire 78 4.3.4. I muri di fortificazione 80 4.3.5. Le tipologie murarie delle colonie greche di Sicilia 98 4.3.6. Il coronamento dei muri 121 4.3.7. Il deflusso delle acque 121 4.4. Gli elementi tipologici 122 5 4.4.1. Le porte 122 4.4.2. Le torri 123 5. BIBLIOGRAFIA TEMATICA 129 PARTE SECONDA 6. AGRIGENTO 6.1. Profilo storico-topografico 139 6.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 139 6.3. Il sistema difensivo 142 6.4. Bibliografia 143 7. CAMARINA 7.1. Profilo storico-topografico 149 7.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 149 7.3. Il sistema difensivo 153 7.4. Bibliografia 154 8. CEFALÙ 8.1. Profilo storico-topografico 159 8.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 159 8.3. Il sistema difensivo 163 8.4. Bibliografia 167 9. ELORO 9.1. Profilo storico-topografico 173 9.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 173 9.3. Il sistema difensivo 175 9.4. Bibliografia 176 10. ERACLEA MINOA 10.1. Profilo storico-topografico 181 10.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 181 10.3. Il sistema difensivo 183 10.4. Bibliografia 187 11. GELA 11.1. Profilo storico-topografico 191 11.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 191 11.3. Il sistema difensivo 195 11.4. Bibliografia 198 12. LENTINI 12.1. Profilo storico-topografico 205 6 Indice 12.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 207 12.3. Il sistema difensivo 209 12.4. Bibliografia 219 13. MEGARA IBLEA 13.1. Profilo storico-topografico 225 13.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 226 13.3. Il sistema difensivo 229 13.4. Bibliografia 234 14. MORGANTINA 14.1. Profilo storico-topografico 239 14.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 240 14.3. Il sistema difensivo 242 14.4. Bibliografia 243 15. NAXOS 15.1. Profilo storico-topografico 247 15.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 248 15.3. Il sistema difensivo 251 15.4. Bibliografia 252 16. SEGESTA 16.1. Profilo storico-topografico 257 16.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 257 16.3. Il sistema difensivo 258 16.4. Bibliografia 261 17. SELINUNTE 17.1. Profilo storico-topografico 265 17.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 265 17.3. Il sistema difensivo 266 17.4. Bibliografia 269 18. SIRACUSA 18.1. Profilo storico-topografico 273 18.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 274 18.3. Il sistema difensivo 275 18.4. Bibliografia 281 19. TINDARI 19.1. Profilo storico-topografico 285 19.2. L’urbanistica e l’architettura della città 286 19.3. Il sistema difensivo 287 19.4. Bibliografia 289 7 8 INTRODUZIONE L’indagine sulle strutture difensive nasce dalla volontà di rivalutare un tema raramente affrontato in modo organico, mettendo in relazione tutti i maggiori insediamenti greci presenti nell’Isola. Lo studio delle fortificazioni non risulta facile, non solo a causa della mole di questi monu- menti, ma anche a causa di problemi di natura metodologica, dato che gli scavi stratigrafici, di solito uno dei mezzi di verifica più affidabili, non sempre danno risultati chiari come negli abitati o nei santuari. Il problema vero e proprio consiste, però, nel modo di porre la problematica relativa alla costruzione di queste opere, tuttora troppo caratterizzata da pre- concetti contrastanti. Infatti, da un lato, è diffusa l’opinione che un muro di cinta sia parte integrante della definizione di una città e debba, quindi, essere postulato sin dalla sua fon- dazione; di conseguenza la città è vista come un complesso architettonicamente definito dalle proprie mura, anche indipendentemente da necessità funzionali. A questa idea si con- trappone quella che le mura di cinta, essendo costruzioni meramente funzionali, debbano es- sere state costruite solo per necessità, quindi, soltanto in caso di difesa. Queste due posizioni non si escludono del tutto a vicenda: infatti, se è vero che tempi politicamente movimentati favoriscono la costruzione di mura, è anche vero che si cerca di dare alle mura una forma rappresentativa. L’esistenza di fortificazioni urbane nelle città greche d’Occidente a partire dalla fine dell’età arcaica, è oggi ampiamente riconosciuta in molti siti della Sicilia, come Naxos, Lentini, Megara Iblea, Selinunte. La maggior parte di queste fortificazioni risalgono alla fine del sec. VI a.C. e vengono poste in relazione all’attività militare dei tiranni dell’epoca. Per alcune, però, sono state proposte date più antiche, cioè la metà del sec. VI a.C., come Camarina e Selinunte, o addirittura il sec. VII a.C., come Megara Iblea e Lentini. Propo- nendo per la prima volta, ai margini di un mondo indigeno talvolta ostile, vasti spazi urbani omogenei e pianificati, le città greche d’Occidente presentano, pertanto, cinte urbane più precoci che nel restante mondo greco. Lo studio dei sistemi difensivi nelle colonie greche di Sicilia rappresenta un argomento affascinante e complesso, perché si tratta di strutture architettoniche che racchiudono un’in- tera città e in cui entrano in gioco la fondazione della città, le sue fasi di sviluppo, nonché le innumerevoli battaglie e distruzioni che hanno caratterizzato la vita di questi centri urbani. Le fortificazioni sono dei monumenti fortemente emblematici per tipologia e dimen- sione e rappresentano, per certi versi, il volto che un insediamento offriva a chi si apprestava ad entrarvi, essendo la città antica modellata nel suo aspetto esteriore dalle mura difensive. Non è un caso che le rappresentazioni scultoree e pittoriche abbiano raffigurato brani di storia con ambientazioni suggestive, in cui le fortificazioni, spesso elemento di cornice o di sfondo, divenivano simbolo delle città stesse. Questa analisi sistematica sulle fortificazioni evidenzia importanti contenuti che coinvol- gono i settori scientifici relativi alle tecnologie costruttive e alle tecniche esecutive. La tessitura muraria, infatti, ci fornisce un ricco e variegato repertorio tecnologico in uso tra i secoli VII ed il IV a.C., utile per comprendere la pratica del fare architettura. Esempi a tal proposito sono le strutture in mattoni crudi e pietra di Gela, l’opera ciclopica presente a Cefalù, l’opera poligo- nale di Naxos, l’opera quadrata di Selinunte, Siracusa e Lentini, che rappresentano soltanto al- cuni esempi di artefatti di alto valore tecnologico.
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    DEFENSE AND STRATEGY AMONG THE UPLAND PEOPLES OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK WORLD 490-362 BC A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David Andrew Blome May 2015 © 2015 David Andrew Blome DEFENSE AND STRATEGY AMONG THE UPLAND PEOPLES OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK WORLD 490-362 BC David Blome, PhD Cornell University 2015 This dissertation analyzes four defenses of a Greek upland ethnos (“people,” “nation,” “tribe”) against a large-scale invasion from the lowlands ca.490-362 BC. Its central argument is that the upland peoples of Phocis, Aetolia, Acarnania, and Arcadia maintained defensive strategies that enabled wide-scale, sophisticated actions in response to external aggression; however, their collective success did not depend on the existence of a central, federal government. To make this argument, individual chapters draw on the insights of archaeological, topographical, and ethnographic research to reevaluate the one-sided ancient narratives that document the encounters under consideration. The defensive capabilities brought to light in the present study challenge two prevailing paradigms in ancient Greek scholarship beyond the polis (“city-state”). Beyond-the-polis scholarship has convincingly overturned the conventional view of ethnē as atavistic tribal states, emphasizing instead the diversity of social and political organization that developed outside of the Greek polis. But at the same time, this research has emphasized the act of federation as a key turning point in the socio- political development of ethnē, and downplayed the role of collective violence in the shaping of upland polities. In contrast, this dissertation shows that upland Greeks constituted well- organized, efficient, and effective polities that were thoroughly adapted to their respective geopolitical contexts, but without formal institutions.
  • ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY

    ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY

    ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY EDITED BY RICHARD J.A.TALBERT London and New York First published 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1985 Richard J.A.Talbert and contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Atlas of classical history. 1. History, Ancient—Maps I. Talbert, Richard J.A. 911.3 G3201.S2 ISBN 0-203-40535-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71359-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-03463-9 (pbk) Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Also available CONTENTS Preface v Northern Greece, Macedonia and Thrace 32 Contributors vi The Eastern Aegean and the Asia Minor Equivalent Measurements vi Hinterland 33 Attica 34–5, 181 Maps: map and text page reference placed first, Classical Athens 35–6, 181 further reading reference second Roman Athens 35–6, 181 Halicarnassus 36, 181 The Mediterranean World: Physical 1 Miletus 37, 181 The Aegean in the Bronze Age 2–5, 179 Priene 37, 181 Troy 3, 179 Greek Sicily 38–9, 181 Knossos 3, 179 Syracuse 39, 181 Minoan Crete 4–5, 179 Akragas 40, 181 Mycenae 5, 179 Cyrene 40, 182 Mycenaean Greece 4–6, 179 Olympia 41, 182 Mainland Greece in the Homeric Poems 7–8, Greek Dialects c.

  • INDEX Afrin(River},Ll4 Abae,6L Achaeans,55,74,86,L42,L66,233 N.L5

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-20008-0 - The Seleucid Army: Organization and Tactics in the Great Campaigns Bezalel Bar-kochva Index More information INDEX Afrin(river},ll4 135-8,142,155,161,170-5,180, Abae,6l 200,203,205,206 Achaeans,55,74,86,l42,l66,233 Antiochus the Elder(son of n.l5 Antiochus 111),148,152,155 Achaeus,l8,3l,41-2,94,208 Antiochus IV,13,14,56,80,83,85, Acre,128,222 n.84,256 n.7 87,89,118,149,151,155,226 n.103 Adasa,27,184,194-5,268 n.2 Antiochus V,148,174,257 n.9 adekateutoi,57-8 Antiochus Vl1(Sidetes) ,9-11,30, Aegae,36 85-7,100 Aegean(aea},16,l58,l63 Antiochus Vlll(Grypus},97 Aetolians,19,30,5l,loo,146,148, Antiochus Hierax,86,218 n.36 150,153-4,156-8,160 Antipater,30 Agathoc1es ,111 Apollonia,Apollonitis, 117,119 ag~ma,21,33,42,58-9,64-5,67-75, apoikia,35 134,166,168-70,180,202 aposkeu~,8,100-2,109,145,153, Agrianians,50,221 n.72 162,200,206 akontists,50,108,119,251 n.11 Arabs,49,l36 akra,261 n.4 Arb~ 1,188-91 Akra(Jerusa1em} ,128,175 archers,55,108-9,126,144,155, akrO~hYlakitai,32 161,167,172,251 n.11,264 n.29 alae Latin) ,165-8,170-1 Ardys,88 A1cimos,192 Arethusa,27 a1ertness,97-9,100 argyraspides,9,20-1,40-1,46.58-62, Alexander(a~ of),1,7,10,34-5, 64-6,73,88,90,135-7,140,161-2,166 54-5,58-9,63-4,67,72,74,96, !68-9,172,202-3,207 n.8, 213n.5 138,148,205-6 Ar~.arathes ,48,51 A1exandria(ste1ae of) ,Ill armour(breastp1ates,cuirass,chain Amanus,l12,2oo,206 mai1,sca1e armour) ,54-6,59,66, ambush,142,179,209 n.21 74-5,144-5,180-1 Ammaus,13,l00,267 n.15 Arsaces,l42 Amphipo1is(Kacedon) ,55,97,235 artillery,75,161,261