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Immunoconjugate Induces Cytotoxicity in Human Uveal Melanoma Cells

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Immunoconjugate Induces Cytotoxicity in Human Uveal Melanoma Cells In Vitro Targeting of NG2 Antigen by 213Bi-9.2.27 ␣-Immunoconjugate Induces Cytotoxicity in Human Uveal Melanoma Cells Yong Li,1,2 Jian Wang,1,3 Syed M. Abbas Rizvi,1 Martine J. Jager,4 Robert M. Conway,2 Francis A. Billson,2 Barry J. Allen,1,2,3 and Michele C. Madigan2 PURPOSE. To examine uveal melanoma cell lines for the expres- mately 95% of all uveal melanomas. Primary uveal melanomas sion of human melanoma proteoglycan (NG2) using monoclo- may be treated successfully with enucleation, local tumor re- nal antibody (mAb) 9.2.27 and subsequently to assess the in section, laser photocoagulation, plaque radiotherapy, proton vitro specificity and cytotoxicity of mAb 9.2.27 conjugated to beam therapy, or combinations of therapies.1–6 Earlier studies 213 213 the ␣-particle–emitting radioisotope bismuth ( Bi-9.2.27) found minimal benefits using intravenous chemotherapy or for uveal melanoma cells. immunotherapy for primary and metastatic uveal melanoma, METHODS. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were though some success with these modalities has been reported used to examine OCM-1, OCM-3, OCM-8, OMM-1, Mel202 and recently.6–9 Proton beam therapy or local plaque therapy gen- 92–1 melanoma cell lines for NG2 expression. Melanoma cells erally produces good clinical responses.10 However, radiation- were treated with test (213Bi-9.2.27) or control (213Bi-A2) ␣-im- associated morbidity remains a problem and usually involves munoconjugates (AICs). The specific cytotoxicity of 213Bi- long-term visual complications. Most patients with uveal mel- 9.2.27 AIC was evaluated using an MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- anoma display no detectable evidence of metastases at the time 2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, of diagnosis; however, within 5 years of enucleation, meta- inner salt) assay. Cell death was also assessed using TUNEL. static disease, predominantly to the liver, develops in approx- RESULTS. OCM-1, OCM-8, OMM-1, and Mel202 cells strongly imately 40% of patients. Once detected clinically, metastatic expressed NG2. OCM-3 cells showed moderate expression and disease is resistant to most therapies and is usually fatal within 92–1 cells were NG2-negative. 213Bi-9.2.27 specifically killed 12 months. Local therapies are ineffective for micrometastatic NG2-positive OCM-1, OCM-8, and OMM-1 cells in a concentra- disease, and adjunctive therapies to prevent or treat melanoma tion-dependent manner. D0 values for 37% cell survival of metastases are lacking. New approaches to treat uveal mela- NG2-positive OCM-1, OCM-8, and OMM-1 cells were 5.8, 5.0, noma metastases are, therefore, necessary. ␮ ␮ and 5.6 Ci, respectively, and the value was 43.4 Ci for Targeted ␣-particle therapy (TAT) is an emerging therapeu- NG2-negative 92–1 cells. tic modality that uses a labeled antibody or protein to selec- 213 CONCLUSIONS. The specific cytotoxicity of Bi-9.2.27 AIC for tively target cancer cells and to deliver a lethal dose of short- NG2-positive, but not NG2-negative, cells suggests NG2 is a range, highly cytotoxic ␣-radiation. This approach has the 213 suitable target for ␣-immunotherapy in uveal melanoma. Bi- capacity to greatly increase the efficacy of tumor cell killing 9.2.27 AIC used directly or as adjunct therapy may be a prom- and to reduce damage to the surrounding normal tissue. Stable ising new agent for treating NG2-positive uveal melanomas or ␣-conjugates have been prepared with labeling yields of up to metastases. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:4365–4371) 95% for antibodies and proteins labeled with bismuth-213 DOI:10.1167/iovs.05-0559 (213Bi) using cyclic diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid anhy- dride (cDTPA) or DTPA-CHX-A’’ as chelators.11 213Bi has a ϭ ␣ veal melanomas affect the iris, ciliary body, and choroid short half-life (t1/2 46 minutes) and emits -particles with Uand are the most common primary eye tumors in adults; high linear energy transfer radiation and a short range (80 ␮m). ciliary body and choroidal melanomas constitute approxi- As such, ␣-particles have several advantages over ␤-particles. They cause double-strand DNA damage that is not easily re- paired by the cell because of the very high linear energy transfer (ϳ100 times greater than for ␤-particles); their cyto- 1 From the Centre for Experimental Radiation Oncology, Cancer toxicity is not affected by oxygen; and they are much more Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia; 2Discipline cytotoxic, requiring as few as 6 or 7 disintegrations for inter- of Clinical Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, ␣ Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3Department of Medicine, University of New nalized -particles and approximately 25 disintegrations for South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; and 4Department of Oph- surface-bound ␣-emitters to kill a cell.12 ␣-Particle therapy has thalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Nether- been used in single-cell disorders, such as leukemia, lym- lands. phoma, and micrometastatic carcinoma,13–15 in which rapid Supported in part by grants from the Sydney Foundation for targeting to cancer cells is possible. Medical Research (MCM), the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Aus- mAb 9.2.27 is highly specific for the melanoma-associated tralia, and the US Department of Defense (YL). 16,17 Submitted for publication May 9, 2005; revised August 12, 2005; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2, which is expressed 18,19 20 accepted October 18, 2005. on most cutaneous and uveal melanomas. Stably che- Disclosure: Y. Li, None; J. Wang, None; S.M. Abbas Rizvi, None; lated 213Bi-9.2.27 has recently been found to be highly specific M.J. Jager, None; R.M. Conway, None; F.A. Billson, None; B.J. and cytotoxic to skin melanoma cells in vitro11 and to com- Allen, None; M.C. Madigan, None pletely regress tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page skin melanoma after local injection.14,21 In this study, we charge payment. This article must therefore be marked “advertise- ment ” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. examined human uveal melanoma cell lines for NG2 expres- 213 Corresponding author: Michele C. Madigan, Save Sight Institute, GPO sion and evaluated the in vitro efficacy and specificity of Bi- Box 4337, Sydney NSW 2001, Australia; [email protected]. 9.2.27 as a cytotoxic agent for these cell lines. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, December 2005, Vol. 46, No. 12 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 4365 Downloaded from jov.arvojournals.org on 09/28/2021 4366 Li et al. IOVS, December 2005, Vol. 46, No. 12 MATERIALS AND METHODS Ridge, National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN). Using published meth- ods,11 mAbs 9.2.27 and A2 were conjugated with the chelator, cyclic Antibodies diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid anhydride (cDTPA; Sigma-Aldrich Pty., Ltd., Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Conjugated mAbs 9.2.27 and A2 mAb 9.2.27, with a high specificity for human melanoma cells related were measured by plate reader at 280 nm using commercial software to a 250-kDa N-linked glycoprotein and a Ͼ400-kDa proteoglycan (ProMax; Bio-TEC Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT) and were purified component, was kindly provided by Peter Hersey (Department of on a PD-10 column (Amersham Biosciences Ltd., Bucks, UK). 213Bi was Oncology and Immunology, Newcastle Mater Misercordiae Hospital, eluted from the 225Ac column with 250 ␮L freshly prepared 0.15 M Newcastle, NSW, Australia). Rabbit anti–NG2 chondroitin sulfate pro- hydriodic acid as the (BiI )2- anion species, neutralized to pH 4 to 4.5 teoglycan polyclonal antibody (pAb) was obtained from Chemicon 5 with the addition of 3 M ammonium acetate and was immediately used International (Temecula, CA). Nonspecific mouse anti–human IgG1 to radiolabel the mAb construct. Two to 3 hours was allowed for 213Bi monoclonal antibody (A2) was kindly provided by Andrew Collins to grow back in the generator for the next elution. Radiolabeling (Department of Microbiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, efficiency was determined by instant thin-layer chromatography, with NSW, Australia). Mouse myeloma IgG2a isotype control and rabbit a 10-␮L aliquot of the final reaction mixture applied to silica gel– immunoglobulin isotype control were supplied by Zymed Laboratories coated fiber sheets (Gelman Science Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). The paper Inc. (San Francisco, CA). Goat anti–mouse IgG (Alexa-488) and strepta- strips were developed using 0.5 M sodium acetate (pH 5.5) as the vidin (Alexa-594) conjugates were purchased from Molecular Probes solvent. Then the paper strips were cut into four sections, and the Inc. (Eugene, OR). Goat anti–mouse or sheep anti–rabbit fluorescein ␥-emissions from the radioisotope were counted in each section using isothiocyanate (FITC)–conjugated antibodies were purchased from a 340- to 540-keV window. Radiolabeled protein stays in the section of Chemicon International. origin, whereas free radioisotope moves with the solvent front section. 213 Cell Culture Radiolabeling efficiency was 80% to 95% for Bi-9.2.27 (test) and 213Bi-A2 (control) AICs. Five human uveal melanoma cell lines (OCM-1, OCM-3, OCM-8, Mel202, 92–1) and one cell line derived from a uveal melanoma skin In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay metastasis (OMM-1) were grown in either RPMI 1640 medium (OCM-3, OCM-8, 92–1, Mel202) or DMEM medium (OCM-1 and OMM-1) sup- Three NG2-positive cell lines (OCM-1, OCM-8, OMM-1) and a NG2- negative cell line (92–1) were selected for in vitro AIC treatment. To plemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM glutamine, 50 213 213 IU/mL penicillin, and 50 ␮g/mL streptomycin.
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