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Forschungszentrum Mobil Auf Rädern Fokusreport 2020

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Forschungszentrum Mobil Auf Rädern Fokusreport 2020 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE Mobil auf Rädern Muskel- & Elektro- & Motor-Power bei der kindlichen Fortbewegung auf Rädern Fokusreport 2020 Förderung durch das 1 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE Impressum Forschungszentrum für Kinderunfälle im Österreichischen Komitee für Unfallverhütung im Kindesalter ZVR 4177 86950 IBAN AT46 2081 5000 4071 1566 / BIC STSPAT2GXXX Förderung durch das Kontakt [email protected] www.grosse-schuetzen-kleine.at/forschungszentrum Auenbruggerplatz 49 8036 Graz, Austria Telefon: +43 316 385 13398 Votum der Ethikkommission der Med. Universität Graz - EK-Nummer 28-546 ex 15/16 Veröffentlichung März 2021 2 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE Credit: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/DraisineI.jpg Mobil auf Rädern Muskel- & Elektro- & Motor-Power bei der kindlichen Fortbewegung auf Rädern Fokusreport 2020 Peter Spitzer 1 Holger Till 1,2 1 Forschungszentrum für Kinderunfälle 2 Univ. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendchirurgie 3 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE 4 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE 1. Vorwort Fortbewegung bzw. Vorankommen ist im physischen wie auch im metaphorischen Sinn dem Menschen innewohnend. Der Mensch bewegt sich zuerst auf seinen vier und dann auf seinen zwei Extremitäten, wobei das Herantasten an die Routine und dann auch die routinierte Bewegung selbst immer wieder von Stürzen begleitet ist. Kommt es hierbei nun zu einem Sturz (v.a. in der Ebene), dann sollte solch ein Unfallereignis selten in schwere und kaum in tödliche Verletzungen münden. Dem Menschen freilich ist die Bewegung auf den eigenen Beinen schon immer zu wenig gewesen und die Erfindung des Rades führte zu ungeahnten Möglichkeiten. Kleinstkinder sind bereits mit dem Rutschauto, Kleinkinder mit dem Laufrad oder Kinder und Jugendliche mit dem Fahrrad unterwegs. Nebst diesem Antrieb durch M-Power, also durch eigene Muskelkraft, üben technische Upgrades wie E-Power, also elektrische Antriebe beim Scooter oder Hoverboard, oder auch die Motor-Power des Mopeds entsprechende Anziehungskraft aus. Grundsätzlich bedeutet jedoch mehr Tempo auch mehr Energie; Energie, die einem Sturz auch wieder abgebaut werden muss. Diese Unfallenergie trifft jedoch den mehr oder (zumeist) weniger geschützten Körper und führt zu entsprechenden Verletzungen. Das Kinder- und Jugendalter ist generell eine Phase erhöhter Risikobereitschaft. Diese Risikobereitschaft ist ein Produkt aus dem Verlangen nach neuen Erlebnissen, einem erhöhten Neugierverhalten und unausgereiften selbstregulatorischen Mechanismen. Diese Neigung zu Risiko spiegelt sich im Reiz des künstlichen Tempos bei der Fortbewegung wider. Die kindliche Entwicklung und die Ausbildung des jugendlichen Risikobewusstseins können nur sehr schwer beeinflusst werden. Die Gerätschaften, mit denen Kinder unterwegs sind, und die Risikokultur hingegen sehr wohl. Mit dieser Studie werden Wege und Maßnahmen aufgezeigt, wie Unfälle mit diversen eigen- oder fremdgetriebenen Rädergeräten verhindert werden können. Die Erstellung dieses Fokusreports wurde ermöglicht mit freundlicher Unterstützung 5 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE 2. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort ........................................................................................................................... 5 2. Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 6 3. Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................... 8 4. Summary .......................................................................................................................17 5. Studiendesign ................................................................................................................26 6. Definitionen ...................................................................................................................27 7. Definitionen Fortbewegungsgeräte ................................................................................31 8. Covid-19 Einschränkung ................................................................................................36 9. Rechtliche Grundlagen ..................................................................................................37 10. Entwicklung der Motorik .................................................................................................42 11. Gefahreneinschätzung...................................................................................................50 12. Urreiz Tempo .................................................................................................................52 12.1 Tempo, Tempo, Tempo ......................................................................................................... 52 12.2 Der Futurismus ...................................................................................................................... 57 12.3 Verkehrsunfall und Faktor Tempo ......................................................................................... 61 12.4 Jo, wir san mit´n Radl do ....................................................................................................... 64 12.5 Motorisiertes Zweirad ............................................................................................................ 68 12.6 Dei guade olde Zeit ............................................................................................................... 74 13. Fortbewegung mit und auf Rädern ................................................................................77 13.1 Kurzetymologie von „Rad“ ..................................................................................................... 77 13.2 Kurzgeschichte des Rades .................................................................................................... 78 13.3 Kurzgeschichte des Fahrrades .............................................................................................. 79 13.4 Kurzgeschichte des E-Bikes .................................................................................................. 81 13.5 Kurzgeschichte der Inlineskates ............................................................................................ 86 13.6 Kurzgeschichte der Boards ................................................................................................... 89 13.7 Kurzgeschichte des Tretrollers .............................................................................................. 91 13.8 Abbildung der Fortbewegung in der Unfallforschung ............................................................ 93 14. Verkehrsunfall bei Radgeräten ......................................................................................99 15. Datenüberblick ............................................................................................................ 102 16. Detaillierte Analyse ...................................................................................................... 108 16.1 Analyse der beteiligten Geräte ............................................................................................ 109 6 FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM FÜR KINDERUNFÄLLE 16.2 Analyse von Altersspezifika ................................................................................................. 113 16.3 Schutzausrüstung ................................................................................................................ 123 16.4 Analyse der Verletzungen ................................................................................................... 125 16.5 Verletzungsschwere in Abhängigkeit zu demografischen Parametern und Unfallparametern . ............................................................................................................................................. 130 16.6 Verletzte Körperregion in Abhängigkeit zu demografischen Parametern und Unfallparametern ............................................................................................................................................. 134 16.7 Verletzungsart in Abhängigkeit zu demografischen Parametern und Unfallparametern .... 138 16.8 Verdichtete Auswertung - Clustertypen ............................................................................... 143 17. Effektwirkung Schutzausrüstung .................................................................................. 148 18. Präventionsansätze ..................................................................................................... 153 18.1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 153 18.2 Protection & Education ........................................................................................................ 154 18.3 Produktsicherheit und Sicherheitstechnik ........................................................................... 156 18.4 Sensibilisierung der Eltern ................................................................................................... 157 18.5 Verkehrsgerechtes Kind – Kindgerechter Verkehr .............................................................. 158 18.6 Radfahren ............................................................................................................................ 160 18.7 Mopedfahren ........................................................................................................................ 161 18.8 Sport-
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