Mercury Contamination in Man and His Environment
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Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam
Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam. [from THE AM. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. XL, SEPT., 1865.] EXPERIMENTS WITH THE AMMONIUM AMALGAM, BY CHARLES M. WETHERILL, Ph.D., M.D. The existence of the hypothetical radical NH 4 depends less upon the characteristics of its so-called amalgam than! upon the parallelism of its salts with those of the alkalies. If, from these analogies, we accept the metallic nature of ammonium, it will be difficult to avoid assigning a similar character to the rad- icals of all of the organic bases; and especially to those which, like the compound /ammonias, have an alkaline reaction and possess physical and chemical properties so like ammonia. If such be the inference, we must admit numerous compound metals exists only in certain of , which states of combination their elements. The assumption of the elementary nature of a metal is destroyed and the ideas of the alchemists are re- ; a may vived for if NH 4 be metal and NH 3 be not one, why not other metals, esteemed elements, be also compounds. In examining the so-called ammonium amalgam one is inter- ested at the great resemblance which it bears to the amalgams proper in its physical properties. The mercury has lost its flu- idity or mobility, and, at the same time, its relations of cohesion and adhesion are very sensibly altered. It no longer coheres powerfully; but adheres to, or Wets, platinum, iron and other metals, like the potassium or sodium amalgam. When left to C. M. Wetherill—Experiments with Ammonium Amalgam. 3 itself, the swollen mass shrinks, and gradually resolves itself into NH 3(NH 0) H and Hg, because (as it is usually explained) NH 4 has 4 a great tendency to fall apart into NH 3 and H. -
10Neurodevelopmental Effects of Childhood Exposure to Heavy
Neurodevelopmental E¤ects of Childhood Exposure to Heavy Metals: 10 Lessons from Pediatric Lead Poisoning Theodore I. Lidsky, Agnes T. Heaney, Jay S. Schneider, and John F. Rosen Increasing industrialization has led to increased exposure to neurotoxic metals. By far the most heavily studied of these metals is lead, a neurotoxin that is particularly dangerous to the developing nervous system of children. Awareness that lead poison- ing poses a special risk for children dates back over 100 years, and there has been increasing research on the developmental e¤ects of this poison over the past 60 years. Despite this research and growing public awareness of the dangers of lead to chil- dren, government regulation has lagged scientific knowledge; legislation has been in- e¤ectual in critical areas, and many new cases of poisoning occur each year. Lead, however, is not the only neurotoxic metal that presents a danger to children. Several other heavy metals, such as mercury and manganese, are also neurotoxic, have adverse e¤ects on the developing brain, and can be encountered by children. Al- though these other neurotoxic metals have not been as heavily studied as lead, there has been important research describing their e¤ects on the brain. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the neurotoxicology of lead poisoning as well as what is known concerning the neurtoxicology of mercury and manganese. The purpose of this review is to provide information that might be of some help in avoiding repeti- tion of the mistakes that were made in attempting to protect children from the dan- gers of lead poisoning. -
HISTORY of LEAD POISONING in the WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction the Center for Disease Control Classified the Cause
HISTORY OF LEAD POISONING IN THE WORLD Dr. Herbert L. Needleman Introduction The Center for Disease Control classified the causes of disease and death as follows: 50 % due to unhealthy life styles 25 % due to environment 25% due to innate biology and 25% due to inadequate health care. Lead poisoning is an environmental disease, but it is also a disease of life style. Lead is one of the best-studied toxic substances, and as a result we know more about the adverse health effects of lead than virtually any other chemical. The health problems caused by lead have been well documented over a wide range of exposures on every continent. The advancements in technology have made it possible to research lead exposure down to very low levels approaching the limits of detection. We clearly know how it gets into the body and the harm it causes once it is ingested, and most importantly, how to prevent it! Using advanced technology, we can trace the evolution of lead into our environment and discover the health damage resulting from its exposure. Early History Lead is a normal constituent of the earth’s crust, with trace amounts found naturally in soil, plants, and water. If left undisturbed, lead is practically immobile. However, once mined and transformed into man-made products, which are dispersed throughout the environment, lead becomes highly toxic. Solely as a result of man’s actions, lead has become the most widely scattered toxic metal in the world. Unfortunately for people, lead has a long environmental persistence and never looses its toxic potential, if ingested. -
Approach to the Poisoned Patient
PED-1407 Chocolate to Crystal Methamphetamine to the Cinnamon Challenge - Emergency Approach to the Intoxicated Child BLS 08 / ALS 75 / 1.5 CEU Target Audience: All Pediatric and adolescent ingestions are common reasons for 911 dispatches and emergency department visits. With greater availability of medications and drugs, healthcare professionals need to stay sharp on current trends in medical toxicology. This lecture examines mind altering substances, initial prehospital approach to toxicology and stabilization for transport, poison control center resources, and ultimate emergency department and intensive care management. Pediatric Toxicology Dr. James Burhop Pediatric Emergency Medicine Children’s Hospital of the Kings Daughters Objectives • Epidemiology • History of Poisoning • Review initial assessment of the child with a possible ingestion • General management principles for toxic exposures • Case Based (12 common pediatric cases) • Emerging drugs of abuse • Cathinones, Synthetics, Salvia, Maxy/MCAT, 25I, Kratom Epidemiology • 55 Poison Centers serving 295 million people • 2.3 million exposures in 2011 – 39% are children younger than 3 years – 52% in children younger than 6 years • 1-800-222-1222 2011 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System Introduction • 95% decline in the number of pediatric poisoning deaths since 1960 – child resistant packaging – heightened parental awareness – more sophisticated interventions – poison control centers Epidemiology • Unintentional (1-2 -
ESTIMATION of FISSION-PRODUCT GAS PRESSURE in URANIUM DIOXIDE CERAMIC FUEL ELEMENTS by Wuzter A
NASA TECHNICAL NOTE NASA TN D-4823 - - .- j (2. -1 "-0 -5 M 0-- N t+=$j oo w- P LOAN COPY: RET rm 3 d z c 4 c/) 4 z ESTIMATION OF FISSION-PRODUCT GAS PRESSURE IN URANIUM DIOXIDE CERAMIC FUEL ELEMENTS by WuZter A. PuuZson una Roy H. Springborn Lewis Reseurcb Center Clevelund, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. NOVEMBER 1968 i 1 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM I 111111 lllll IllH llll lilll1111111111111 Ill1 01317Lb NASA TN D-4823 ESTIMATION OF FISSION-PRODUCT GAS PRESSURE IN URANIUM DIOXIDE CERAMIC FUEL ELEMENTS By Walter A. Paulson and Roy H. Springborn Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTl price $3.00 ABSTRACl Fission-product gas pressure in macroscopic voids was calculated over the tempera- ture range of 1000 to 2500 K for clad uranium dioxide fuel elements operating in a fast neutron spectrum. The calculated fission-product yields for uranium-233 and uranium- 235 used in the pressure calculations were based on experimental data compiled from various sources. The contributions of cesium, rubidium, and other condensible fission products are included with those of the gases xenon and krypton. At low temperatures, xenon and krypton are the major contributors to the total pressure. At high tempera- tures, however, cesium and rubidium can make a considerable contribution to the total pressure. ii ESTIMATION OF FISSION-PRODUCT GAS PRESSURE IN URANIUM DIOXIDE CERAMIC FUEL ELEMENTS by Walter A. Paulson and Roy H. -
Food Safety Risk Assessment Related to Methylmercury in Seafood August 4
※ This report is translated by Food Safety Commission Secretariat, The Cabinet Office, Japan. Food Safety Risk Assessment Related to Methylmercury in Seafood August 4,2005 The Food Safety Commission, Japan The Contaminant Expert Committee Methylmercury in Seafood 1. Introduction To assure safety against methylmercury in seafood, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare collected opinions of Joint Sub-Committees on Animal Origin Foods and Toxicology under the Food Sanitation Committee (Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council(1))and published “Advice for Pregnant Women on Fish Consumption concerning Mercury Contamination” for pregnant and potentially pregnant women. Subsequently, after the application of the conventional assessment to a general population was reconfirmed, methylmercury was reassessed in the 61st Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in mid-June 2003 with a concern that fetuses and infants might have greater risks, based upon the results of epidemiological studies conducted in the Seychelles and Faroe Islands on effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury via seafood on child neurodevelopment(the 61st JECFA (2), WHO (3)). To reassess the above Advice, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare recently requested a food safety risk assessment of “methylmercury in seafood” to the Food Safety Committee in the document No. 07230001 from the Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare under the date of July 23, 2004, in accordance with Article 24, Paragraph 3, Food Safety Basic Law (Law No. 48 2003). The concrete contents of the document requested for not only setting a tolerable intake of methylmercury to reassess the Advice for pregnant women and others concerning intake of methylmercury in seafood, but also discussing a high-risk group that might be subject to the Advice, since the high-risk group is not necessarily the same as those in foreign countries. -
Li-Ion Polymer Batteries
CM0256 Pervasive Computing Lecture 8 – Power Sources Tom Goodale [email protected] Lecture Outline In this lecture we: Examine power sources for mobile devices What power sources are there ? What are their characteristics ? What are their limitations ? Power Sources Mechanical e.g. clockwork Electrical mains power solar power batteries fuel cell Radiation ? Batteries A battery is a device to store energy and make it available in electrical form. Electricity is produced by a chemical reaction, producing electricity, and some by-products, such as heat or gases. In rechargable batteries this chemical reaction is reversible. Battery Arrangements Strictly, an electrical “battery” is an interconnected array of one or more similar “cells”. In current English usage, however, it is more common to call a single cell used on its own a battery than a cell. For example, a hand lamp (flashlight) (torch) is said to take one or more "batteries" even though they may be D cells. A car battery is a true "battery" because it uses multiple cells. Multiple batteries or cells may also be refered to as a battery pack, such as a set of multi-cell 12 V batteries in an electric vehicle. Battery Arrangements In almost any device that uses batteries, you do not use just one cell at a time. You normally group them together serially to form higher voltages, or in parallel to form higher currents. In a serial arrangement, the voltages add up. In a parallel arrangement, the currents add up. The upper arrangement is called a parallel arrangement. If you assume that each cell produces 1.5 volts, then four batteries in parallel will also produce 1.5 volts, but the current supplied will be four times that of a single cell. -
Mercury Education
MERCURY The Slippery, Silent Toxin to Dispose of Carefully You may be surprised to find mercury in your home, business and places you go often. When spilled or not disposed of carefully, it poses a risk to human and ecosystem health. DID YOU KNOW? Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room Why is Mercury Such a Problem? temperature. Mercury, or quicksilver, is an element that serves many useful 80 purposes – when contained. It conducts electricity, is used in thermometers, thermostats, barometers, blood pressure cuffs and many other everyday items such as some alarm clocks Mercury 200.59 and irons. The most common use is in today’s fluorescent light bulbs that use mercury vapor. Read the reverse The trouble comes when mercury is not disposed of properly for safe ways to or worse, when it spills. Mercury is a toxic element that can dispose of mercury. enter the body through an open wound or by inhaling or ingesting it. It can cause damage to nerves, the liver and kidneys, as well as a number of other symptoms. If mercury is poured down the drain or dumped into the sewer, it seeps into lakes and waterways, a chemical process occurs, converting it to deadly methylmercury, potentially contaminating the fish and animals we eat. When products containing mercury are placed in the trash or poured down the drain, the mercury does not disappear. It ends up in the environment via landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. Now that you know some of the items that contain mercury, you can make Never touch or vacuum up buying decisions that reduce the amount of mercury in your home or office, spilled mercury in any form, and that assure safe disposal of products that contain mercury. -
Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat. Christine H
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Indices of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat. Christine H. Lemarchand-carpentier Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Lemarchand-carpentier, Christine H., "Indices of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection in the Cotton Rat." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7277. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7277 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8820378 Stereochemical studies in anaerobic metabolism Zydowsky, Lynne Douthit, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, M I 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . -
Summary of Supportive Science Regarding Thimerosal Removal
Summary of Supportive Science Regarding Thimerosal Removal Updated December 2012 www.safeminds.org Science Summary on Mercury in Vaccines (Thimerosal Only) SafeMinds Update – December 2012 Contents ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................................................................................. 4 A PILOT SCALE EVALUATION OF REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROM PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER USING GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (CYR 2002) ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 BIODEGRADATION OF THIOMERSAL CONTAINING EFFLUENTS BY A MERCURY RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA STRAIN (FORTUNATO 2005) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 USE OF ADSORPTION PROCESS TO REMOVE ORGANIC MERCURY THIMEROSAL FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESS WASTEWATER (VELICU 2007)5 HUMAN & INFANT RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................ 5 IATROGENIC EXPOSURE TO MERCURY AFTER HEPATITIS B VACCINATION IN PRETERM INFANTS (STAJICH 2000) .................................. 5 MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS AND METABOLISM IN INFANTS RECEIVING VACCINES CONTAINING THIMEROSAL: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY (PICHICHERO 2002) ...................................................................................................................................................... -
Electrochemistry –An Oxidizing Agent Is a Species That Oxidizes Another Species; It Is Itself Reduced
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Chapter 17 • Describing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Electrochemistry –An oxidizing agent is a species that oxidizes another species; it is itself reduced. –A reducing agent is a species that reduces another species; it is itself oxidized. Loss of 2 e-1 oxidation reducing agent +2 +2 Fe( s) + Cu (aq) → Fe (aq) + Cu( s) oxidizing agent Gain of 2 e-1 reduction Skeleton Oxidation-Reduction Equations Electrochemistry ! Identify what species is being oxidized (this will be the “reducing agent”) ! Identify what species is being •The study of the interchange of reduced (this will be the “oxidizing agent”) chemical and electrical energy. ! What species result from the oxidation and reduction? ! Does the reaction occur in acidic or basic solution? 2+ - 3+ 2+ Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) 6 Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) Steps in Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Review of Terms Equations in Acidic solutions 1. Assign oxidation numbers to • oxidation-reduction (redox) each atom so that you know reaction: involves a transfer of what is oxidized and what is electrons from the reducing agent to reduced 2. Split the skeleton equation into the oxidizing agent. two half-reactions-one for the oxidation reaction (element • oxidation: loss of electrons increases in oxidation number) and one for the reduction (element decreases in oxidation • reduction: gain of electrons number) 2+ 3+ - 2+ Fe (aq) º Fe (aq) MnO4 (aq) º Mn (aq) 1 3. Complete and balance each half reaction Galvanic Cell a. Balance all atoms except O and H 2+ 3+ - 2+ (Voltaic Cell) Fe (aq) º Fe (aq) MnO4 (aq) º Mn (aq) b.