La Satasaī Di Bihārī Lāla Caube (1595-1663)

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La Satasaī Di Bihārī Lāla Caube (1595-1663) Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, culture e società Ciclo 26° Anno di discussione 2015 La Satasa ī di Bih ārī Lāla Caube (1595 -1663) , un’opera del rītik āla in lingua brajabh āṣā . Traduzione, note, commento SETTOR E SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLI NARE DI AFFERENZA : L -OR/19 Tesi di Dottorato di Monia Marchetto , matricola 955814 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutor e del Dottorando Prof. Federico Squarcini Prof. Thomas W. P. D ähnhardt LA SATASA Ī DI BIH ĀRĪ LĀLA CAUBE (1595 -1663), UN’OPERA DEL RĪTIKĀLA IN LINGUA BRAJABH ĀṢĀ. TRADUZIONE , NOTE E COMMENTO . 1. Introduzione 5 2. Bih ārī Lāla Caube: vita e periodo storico 13 3. La letteratura kāvya e la Satasaī 25 3.1 Il genere delle satasaī 33 4. La corrente ritī e la letteratura in lingua brajabhāṣā 37 4.1 La scienza degli ornamenti ( alaṃkāra śāstra ) 45 4.2 Nāyaka nāyikā bheda 55 5. La lingua della Satasaī 59 5.1 Origini storiche della lingua brajabhāṣā 59 5.2 Il lessico della Satasaī 62 5.3 La grammatica e la sintassi del brajabhāṣā della Satasaī 63 5.4 La metrica della Satasaī 68 6. Il contenuto della Satasaī 71 7. I commentari e le edizioni critiche 77 8. Traduzione e note 83 9. Glossario 256 10. Bibliografia 273 1. INTRODUZIONE La Satasaī del poeta Bihārī Lāla Caube, comunemente noto come Bihārī o Bihārī Lāla, è un celebre esempio di poesia di corte del XVII secolo d. C.; è ritenuta un capolavoro della poesia lirica in lingua brajabhāṣā ed è ancor oggi popolare nell’India centro- settentrionale. La Satasaī è una raccolta di circa settecento dohā e alcuni sorṭhā , strofe di due versi in rima concluse in se stesse. L’idea della ricerca è nata dal constatare che l’opera e la corrente letteraria cui essa è ritenuta appartenere sono state relativamente poco esaminate dagli studiosi occidentali i quali in genere vi hanno dedicato poche pagine nei manuali di letteratura.1 Dall’altro canto, la Satasaī è ben nota negli ambienti letterari indiani dove tuttavia gli studi che la riguardano risentono della particolare prospettiva ideologica assunta dalla neo nata critica letteraria hindī agli inizi del Novecento, come cercheremo di chiarire nel capitolo relativo alla corrente rīti . L’opera si presta a un approccio non solo letterario e storico ma anche artistico e etnologico. Infatti, la Satasaī è stata spesso rappresentata in pittura secondo vari stili dell’India settentrionale specialmente tramite raffinate miniature come un’altra celebre opera medievale, il Gītagovinda di Jayadeva composto nel XII secolo. Inoltre, varie considerazioni storiche e culturali permettono di supporre che l’opera sia stata recitata oralmente (talora musicata), perlomeno fino alla prima metà del Novecento, da parte di bardi dell’epoca moderna o da letterati all’interno di vere e proprie tenzoni letterarie indette da figure notabili di vari circoli culturali. La trasmissione orale di qualsiasi forma di letteratura riveste in India un’importanza tale da rendere necessaria allo studioso l’indagine sulla recitazione di antichi testi letterari anche ai nostri giorni. Naturalmente l’opera è stata trasmessa anche per iscritto; innumerevoli sono i manoscritti di commentari sulla Satasaī disseminati in biblioteche e collezioni private, specialmente nell’India settentrionale. Già pochi decenni dopo la sua composizione e nei due secoli a seguire, infatti, la Satasaī è stata oggetto di numerosi commentari in varie lingue dell’India settentrionale e di alcune edizioni critiche. Nel nostro lavoro ci siamo limitati a trattare la Satasaī da un punto di vista strettamente letterario; l’abbiamo tradotta integralmente, con annotazioni e commento, e abbiamo analizzato il contesto storico e culturale in cui è stata prodotta. La Satasaī è un raffinato esempio di una forma recente di letteratura indiana classica (kāvya ) redatta seguendo gli antichi canoni dell’ ars poetica sanscrita. Essa è ritenuta da molti studiosi un’opera particolarmente significativa da un punto di vista critico e storico del periodo letterario classificato sotto il nome di manierismo indiano, rītikāvya o rītikāla . Si tratta di un movimento letterario che si sviluppò tra il XV secolo d.C e la prima metà del XIX e che dai critici letterari dell’Ottocento e del Novecento spesso è stato sbrigativamente definito come una scuola che imitò e coltivò 1 Fa eccezione l’indologo e linguista Rupert Snell il quale si è occupato a lungo di Bihārī e sta ultimando la traduzione integrale in inglese della Satasaī. 5 fino all’eccesso la tradizione retorica sanscrita dando origine a opere di un’eleganza artificiale e un utilizzo esagerato di figure retoriche. Il rītikāla tese indubbiamente alla ricerca di una estrema raffinatezza stilistica e in questa sua naturale inclinazione era più vicino alla perfezione della opere in lingua sanscrita che alla spontaneità e alla creatività del grande movimento bhakta cioè devozionale che lo aveva preceduto, tuttavia grazie alla raffinatezza e purezza del linguaggio, alla ricchezza delle immagini e a un numero inesauribile di concezioni e stilemi fu in grado di produrre opere letterarie di notevole spessore quali la Satasaī. Le strofe dell’opera sotto esame nel presente studio sono tutte autonome, anche sintatticamente, come spesso avviene nella lirica indiana antica. Gli studiosi sono concordi nel ritenere che Bihārī le avesse raccolte in un testo unitario senza seguire alcun criterio se non quello, forse, della cronologia di composizione. Non è certo se Bihārī stesso avesse trascritto le strofe della Satasaī oppure le avesse trasmesse oralmente e a metterle per iscritto siano stati letterati a lui contemporanei o addirittura di periodi successivi. L’opera ottenne immediatamente un successo tale da indurre un gran numero di letterati a produrre commentari già qualche decennio dopo la sua composizione. È probabilmente una delle opere più commentate in India dopo il Rāmacaritmānasa del grande Tulsīdāsa (1532-1623). Nel corso del tempo i distici sono stati raccolti e classificati secondo vari criteri, generalmente non secondo sequenze narrative (non appare esservi alcuno specifico legame narrativo tra i dohā) né dialoghi bensì in base alla classificazione tecnica delle figure di stile e agli altri principi codificati dalla retorica classica. Inoltre è lecito supporre che i commentatori, molti dei quali a loro volta poeti e letterati, possano aver aggiunto versi di loro invenzione oltre quelli originali. L’opera potrebbe quindi avere sub ito interpolazioni successive. Il numero stesso dei distici oscilla, a seconda dell’edizione, tra i 713 e i 726 versi. Al tempo stesso gli studiosi indiani contemporanei accettano come autorevole una particolare edizione pervenuta attraverso i commentari: quella denominata azamī shāhī, comprendente 726 dohā, basata sulla classificazione di eroi e eroine ( nāyaka- nāyikā -bheda ) e compilata da un’assemblea di poeti sotto l’egida del principe Mughal Aʻẓam Shāh (1653-1707), il terzogenito del grande imperatore mughal Aurangzeb ‘Ālamg īr, il quale volle metter ordine nelle numerose recensioni che già circolavano in quel periodo. Torneremo su questi argomenti nel capitolo relativo alle edizioni critiche e ai commentari. Nel complesso, la lingua della Satasaī è sobria e lineare; i versi sono melodiosi, presentano una ricca varietà di vocaboli e un’estrema flessibilità sintattica che ha permesso al poeta liberi giochi verbali spesso di difficile traduzione nella lingua italiana (si è reso necessario un certo apparato di note al fine di chiarire gli elementi tipici esclusivamente della civiltà indiana); lo stile è molto conciso a causa della scala ridotta delle strofe indipendenti e dimostra la maestria del poeta nell’utilizzare i molti artifici della retorica classica; la fluidità dei dohā e l’abilità del poeta quale ‘intagliatore verbale’ sono stati tra le cause dell’ampia popolarità di cui godette. I distici, ognuno 6 dei quali costituisce un quadro in sé completo, attingono alle convenzioni letterarie dei testi poetici classici e i temi sono molteplici: devozione ( bhakti , anche se non può essere considerato un poema devozionale alla stregua del Gītagovinda ), etica e politica (nīti ), concezioni dottrinali, massime e aforismi significativi. L’argomento principe è certamente l’amore ( śr̥ṅgāra rasa ), tema su cui tuttavia il poeta non indulge maliziosamente come molti altri esponenti del periodo i quali hanno contribuito ad associare la scuola rīti a un poetare decadente e di dubbio valore e a distoglier così l’attenzione degli studiosi da un attento esame del rītikāla . Numerose strofe sono ispirate al culto di Kr̥ṣṇa e assumono la forma di quadretti tra il dio e la sua amata, Rādhā. Le immense fonti di letteratura retorica e le elaborate strutture narrative e devozionali della bhakti rivolta a Rādhā-Kr̥ṣṇa condizionavano profondamente l’ambiente culturale di formazione del poeta: Gwalior città natale, Mathura luogo di elezione, Amber antica capitale, poi sostituita da Jaipur, del re Jaya Siṅgh sotto il cui patrocinio Bihārī fu poeta di corte e compose la Satasaī. Gli studiosi indiani sono concordi nel ritenere che il fascino dei suoi versi stia nella freschezza e spontaneità delle immagini evocate, nella concisione dell’espressione, nella accuratezza delle descrizioni, nell’abile uso degli artifici retorici. La Satasaī è testimonianza di una cultura letteraria raffinata. L’opera raccoglie molte delle immagini e figure ritenute, all’epoca della sua composizione di particolare valore poetico e stilistico, accanto a motivi popolari rielaborati dal kāvya , a strofe che
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