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A Note on Transliteration Introduction Notes A Note on Transliteration 1. See Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai, eds., Same- Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 200– 201. 2. Three Mughal Poets: Mīr, Sauda, Mīr Hasan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), 165, 230. 3. Ibid., 230. 4. S. R. Faruqi, “Conventions of Love, Love of Conventions: Urdu Love Poetry in the Eighteenth Century,” Annual of Urdu Studies 14 (1999): 3– 32. 5. “‘The Straw that I Took in my Teeth’: Of Lovers, Beloveds, and Charges of Sexism in the Urdu Ghazal,” Manushi 136 (May– June 2003): 31– 34; see especially 33. Introduction 1. See Carla Petievich, “Gender Politics and the Urdu Ghazal,” The Indian Economic and Social History Review 38, no. 3 (2001): 223– 48. 2. Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India (Netherlands: Brill, 1976), 106. 3. Khalil Ahmad Siddiqi, Rekhti ka Tanqidi Mutala’ah (Lucknow: Nasim Book Depot, 1974), 85. Hereafter cited as RTM. 4. Michel Foucault, “Of Other Spaces,” trans. Jay Miskowiec, Architecture/Mouvement/ Continuite 5 (October 1984): 46– 49. 5. See S. R. Faruqi, “Mir Saheb ka Zinda Ajayabghar,” in Kulliyat- i Mir (New Delhi: Qaumi Kunsil bara’e Farugh- i- Urdu Zaban, 2003), 2:47– 77. 6. Siddiqi, RTM, 112, states that in rekhtī for the first time woman emerges as a living human being. 7. Amritlal Nagar, Ye Kothevaliyan (Allahabad: Lokabharati Prakashan, 2008), 145. 8. K. C. Kanda, Bahadur Shah Zafar and his Contemporaries (New Delhi: Sterling, 2007), 384. 9. Sa‘adat Yar Khan Rangin Dehlvi, Masnavi Dilpazir, ed. Sayyad Suleiman Husain (Lucknow: Nizami Press, 1992), 73. 10. Vikram Sampath, “My Name Is Gauhar Jan” (New Delhi: Rupa, 2010), 284– 301. 11. Nagar, Ye Kothevaliyan, 154. 12. A twentieth- century courtesan by this name appears in Ye Kothevaliyan, 27– 32. 260 l Notes 13. Mirza Ja‘far Husain, Qadim Lakhnau ki Akhiri Bahar (New Delhi: Qaumi Kunsil bara’e Farugh- i- Urdu Zaban, 1998), 193, 199, 207. 14. Ibid., 431, 436. 15. Sayyid Sulaiman Husain, ed., Masnavi Dilpazir (Lucknow: Nizami Press, 1992),101. 16. Siddiqi, RTM, 61. 17. Sibt- i Muhammad Naqvi, ed., Intikhab- i Rekhti (Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Urdu Akadmi, 1983), 83. 18. Ibid. 19. Mir Insha Allah Khan Insha, Daryā-ĕ La̤tāfat, trans. into Urdu by Pandit Brijmohan Dattatreya “Kaifi” (Delhi: Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu, 1988), 86– 88. Hereafter cited as D- eL. 20. Rangīn, Masnavi Dilpazir, 155. 21. Faruq Argali, Rekhti (New Delhi: Farid Book Depot, 2006), 59. Hereafter cited as R. 22. Ahmad Ali Nisbat, Manuscript. Hereafter cited as MS. 23. Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai, eds., Same- Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 108– 9. 24. Gail Minault, “Other Voices, Other Rooms: The View from the Zenana,” Women as Subjects: South Asian Histories, ed. Nita Kumar (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 108– 24. 25. Monique Wittig, “The Mark of Gender,” in The Straight Mind and Other Essays (Boston: Beacon, 1992, 76– 89. 26. Sa‘adat Yar Khan Dehlvi Rangin, Nazm- a Dawawin (Call No. 964, Serial No. 7, Folio 63, written in 1925, Rampur Raza Library), 73. Hereafter cited as MS 964. Some variants in R, 114. 27. Inshaullah Khan Insha, Diwan- i Insha (Call No. 935, Serial No. 5, Folio 442, Rampur Raza Library), 12. Hereafter cited as MS 935. Variants in R, 178. 28. Iqtida Hasan, ed., Kulliyat- i Jur’at (Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1970), 2:261– 62. The whole poem is translated in Vanita and Kidwai, Same- Sex Love in India, 222– 23. 29. Carla Petievich, When Men Speak as Women: Vocal Masquerade in Indo- Muslim Poetry (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007). 30. Ruth Vanita, Love’s Rite: Same- Sex Marriage in India and the West (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), chap. 4. 31. Both C. M. Naim, “Transvestic Words? The Rekhti in Urdu,” Annual of Urdu Studies 16, no. 1 (2001): 3– 25, and Carla Petievich, “Gender Politics and the Urdu Ghazal,” make this argument. 32. R, 73, with slight variant. 33. Insha ki Do Kahaniyan, introduction by Intizar Husain (Lahore: Majalis Taraqqi Adab, 1971), 107. 34. Abid Peshawari, Insha Allah Khan Insha (Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Urdu Akadmi, 1985), 546. 35. Mirza Mohammad Askari, ed., Kalam- i Insha (Allahabad: Hindustani Akademi, 1952), Introduction, p. dāl lām 36. Fīl (“Elephants”) in KI, 366– 74; Khaṭmal, 351– 52; Zaṅbūr, 346– 47; Hijv Mags, 358– 60. 37. Makkhiyāṅ in Nazir Akbarabadi, Kulliyat- i Nazir (New Delhi: Kitabi Duniya, 2003), 527– 29:100. Notes l 261 38. Apart from the political record, see also Hussein Keshani, “Strangers, Lovers and Kin: Gender Roles and their Interplay with the Architecture of Awadh,” in Studies on Architecture, History and Culture: Papers by the 2003– 4 AKPIA@MIT Visiting Fellows (Cambridge, MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004). 39. Siddiqi, RTM, 77, 104. 40. Saleem Kidwai, “Of Begums and Tawaifs: The Women of Awadh,” Women’s Studies in India: A Reader, ed. Mary John (New Delhi: Penguin, 2008), 118– 23. 41. Michael Herbert Fisher, A Clash of Cultures: Awadh, the British, and the Mughals (Riverdale, MD: Riverdale Company, 1987), 162– 87. See also Rosie Llewellyn- Jones, A Fatal Friendship: The Nawabs, the British and the City of Lucknow, in The Lucknow Omnibus (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001), 4– 5, 176– 77. 42. See Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan, Tazkirat us- Salatin Chaghta: A Mughal Chronicle of post- Aurangzeb period, 1707– 1724, ed. Muzaffar Alam (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1980), 159– 67. 43. Nagar, Ye Kothevaliyan, 61– 62. 44. For emperors’ involvements with dancing girls, see Harbans Mukhia, The Mughals of India (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 117– 18. 45. Siddiqi, RTM, 91. 46. Ibid., 94. 47. See Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, ed., Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature (New York: New York University Press, 1997); Katherine Butler Brown, “If Music Be the Food of Love: Masculinity and Eroticism in the Mughal Mehfil,” in Love in South Asia: A Cultural history, ed. Francesca Orsini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 61– 83. 48. Sa‘adat Yar Khan Rangin, Majalis- i Rangin, ed. Sayyid ‘Ali Haidar (Patna: Idara Tahqiqat- e Arabi- o Farsi, 1990), 45. 49. Siddiqi, RTM, 91. 50. Tota Ram Shayan, Tilism- e Hind (Lucknow: Naval Kishor, 1874), 285. 51. Peshawari, Insha Allah, 222. 52. Siddiqi, RTM, 31. 53. Muhammad Taqi Ahmad, trans., Tarikh Badshah Begam (Delhi: Idarah- i Adabiyat- i Delli, 2009), 4– 5. 54. Siddiqi, RTM, 38. 55. Saleem Kidwai, trans., Song Sung True: The Memoirs of Malka Pukhraj (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 2002), 114. 56. Kidwai, “Begums and Tawaifs,” and Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War: the Politics, Culture and History of Shi’ite Islam (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). 57. Tarikh Badshah Begam, 9– 10. 58. Ibid., 10– 12. 59. Ibid., 12. 60. Siddiqi, RTM, 28. 61. Even as sympathetic a historian as Fisher does not entirely escape this view, Clash of Cultures, 74– 75. 62. Saleem Akhtar, Urdu Adab ki Mukhtasar Tarin Tarikh (Lahore: Sang- i Mil Publica- tions, 2000), 190; and Siddiqi, RTM, 59. 63. Faiz Bakhsh, quoted in Siddiqi, RTM, 25. 64. Saleem Akhtar, Urdu Adab,186. 262 l Notes 65. W. H. Sleeman, A Journey through the Kingdom of Oude in 1849– 1850, with private correspondence relative to the annexation of Oude to British India (London: R. Bentley, 1858), 392, 422, 369. 66. Siddiqi, RTM, 6. 67. C. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770– 1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 266. 68. Narayani Gupta, Delhi between Two Empires, 1803– 1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981); Fisher, Clash of Cultures, 21, 71– 89. 69. Khalil- ur Rahman Da‘udi, ed., Kulliyat- i Insha (Lahore: Lahore Majlis- i Taraqqi- yi Adab, 1969), 76:79. Hereafter cited as KtI. 70. Sa‘adat Yar Khan Rangin Dehlvi, Akhbar- i Rangin ma‘ah muqaddimah o ta‘liqat, ed. S. Moinul Haq (Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1962), 19. 71. Saleem Akhtar, Urdu Adab, 187. 72. Siddiqi, RTM, 36. 73. Llewellyn- Jones, Fatal Friendship, 81. 74. Siddiqi, RTM, 39. 75. Rosie Lllewellyn- Jones, “Africans in the Indian Mutiny,” History Today 459, no. 12 (December 2009): 40– 47. 76. Words for “prostitute” have a similar etymology in some other languages; in Bohemian, nevestika (“prostitute”) is the diminutive of nevesta (“bride”), and in Dutch, deerne (“prostitute”) originally meant “girl.” 77. Nagar, Ye Kothevaliyan, 155. 78. Bharatendu Granthawali (Varanasi: Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha, 1955), 3:844– 45. 79. D- eL, 225. 80. D- eL, 133. 81. Dorothy Ko, “The Written Word and the Bound Foot: A History of the Courtesan’s Aura,” in Writing Women in Late Imperial China ed. Ellen Widmer and Kang- i Sun Chang (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997), 77. 82. Saleem Kidwai, “The Singing Ladies Find a Voice,” Seminar 540 (August 2004). 83. See, for example, Nurulhasan Hashimi, Dilli ka Dabistan- i Sha‘iri (Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Urdu Akadmi, 1992), 280. 84. Abida Samiuddin, Encyclopedic History of Urdu Literature (Delhi: Global Vision, 2007), 1:517. 85. Amaresh Dutta, The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1988), 2:1797. 86. Aditya Behl, “Poet of the Bazaars: Nazir Akbarabadi 1735– 1830,” in A Wilderness of Possibilities, ed. Kathryn Hansen and David Lelyveld (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), 194. 87. Frances W. Pritchett, Nets of Awareness (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 25– 45; C. M. Naim and Carla Petievich, “Urdu in Lucknow/Lucknow in Urdu,” in Lucknow: Memories of a City, ed. Violette Graff (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 166– 80.
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