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The French Empire Remind Students of the Spanish Exper- Ience in the Americas

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The French Empire Remind Students of the Spanish Exper- Ience in the Americas hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 40 Tuesday, May 15, 2007v 9:48 AM A beaver ᮣ Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction A Profitable Fur Trade While the Spanish grew rich mining silver and gold in South America, the French profited from the fur trade SECTION in Canada. But the trade relied on good relations with Objectives the Indians, who hunted and traded valuable beaver As you teach this section, keep students pelts with the French. At times, conflicts with the Iroquois halted the trade. As one missionary reported, focused on the following objectives to help New France faced ruin: them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. “At no time in the past were the beavers more plen- tiful in our lakes and rivers and more scarce in the • Explain how the fur trade affected the country’s stores....The war against the Iroquois has French and the Indians in North America. exhausted all the sources....The Montréal store has • Explain how and why Quebec was founded. not purchased a single beaver from the Natives in the • Describe the French expansion into past year. At Trois-Rivières, the few Natives that came were employed to defend the place where the enemy Louisiana. is expected. The store in Québec is the image of poverty.” —François Joseph Le Mercier, ᮡ French fur trader Relations des Jésuites, 1653 Prepare to Read Background Knowledge L3 The French Empire Remind students of the Spanish exper- ience in the Americas. Ask them to predict how the experiences of other Objectives Why It Matters Spain’s success with its American colonies encour- colonists might be different, depending • Explain how the fur trade affected the French aged other European nations to establish colonies. French explorers on where they come from and where in and the Indians in North America. led expeditions along the North American Atlantic seaboard during the 1500s. These explorers established a number of French settle- the Americas they choose to settle. • Explain how and why Quebec was founded. ments along the St. Lawrence River and began trading fish and • Describe the French expansion into Louisiana. animal furs with Native Americans in the region. In time, these small Set a Purpose L3 settlements grew and became the nucleus of present-day Canada. ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- Terms and People Section Focus Question: How did France’s American colonies differ from tion aloud, or play the audio. Northwest Passage coureurs de bois Spain’s American colonies? Quebec metis Witness History Audio CD, Samuel de Champlain A Profitable Fur Trade The French Establish a Fur Trade During the early 1500s, explorers who sailed for France, including Ask Why might Indians have Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier, were less interested in participated in the fur trade? Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast Fill establishing colonies and more interested in finding a Northwest (Sample answer: They were inter- in a Venn diagram like the one below comparing Passage—a water route to Asia through the cold waters of present- Spanish America and French America. ested in the wares that Europeans day Canada. They probed the eastern coastline of North America, traded for the furs.) Why might Spanish French from present-day North Carolina to Newfoundland. During the 1530s good relations with Indians have America America and 1540s, Cartier investigated the St. Lawrence River. been important to French trad- • • • ers? (The Indians caught the plenti- France Establishes New France The French king claimed the • • • ful animals and traded the valuable region that Cartier explored as New France. At the mouth of the skins with the French.) St. Lawrence River, French mariners fished for cod and hunted for ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this ques- tion as they read. (Answer appears with Section 2 Assessment answers.) Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 12 ½ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence Terms and People. dominate v. to have control, power, or authority over somebody or something ½ Using the Structured The Spanish tried to dominate the Pueblo Indians and force them to adopt Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20), European ways. have students read this section. As they read, have them use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast Spanish and French America. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide 40 Europeans Establish Colonies hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 41 Thursday, April 12, 2007 11:21 AM whales and seals. The mariners met Indian hunters, who offered furs in trade. Rendered scarce in Europe by excessive Teach hunting, furs, especially beaver fur, com- manded high prices. The French Establish Indians eagerly traded fur for metal arrowheads, hoes, axes, knives, and hatch- a Fur Trade L3 ets, all useful both as tools and weapons, and for iron or brass kettles, which made it Instruct easier to boil their meals. A Montagnais ½ Introduce: Key Terms Have stu- Indian explained, “The Beaver does every- dents find the key terms Northwest thing perfectly well, it makes kettles, Passage and Quebec (in bold) in hatchets, swords, knives, bread; in short, the text and explain their signifi- it makes everything.” Increasingly, the Indi- cance. Then, ask students to write a ans hunted for a foreign market rather sentence using the two terms. than just for their own subsistence. Killing the beaver faster than the ani- ½ Teach Ask Why were French mals could reproduce, the coastal Indians explorers interested in a North- sought new stocks by invading the hunting west Passage? (They hoped to find a territories of their neighbors. This provoked new route to Asia.) Why did fur wars between Indian groups. Those without become such an important item metal weapons lost these wars, which also of French and Indian trade in gave them a powerful incentive to trade Canada? (because the European sup- with the French. Every American Indian ply had become depleted and could no nation tried to attract European traders Quebec longer satisfy demand for the and keep them away from their Indian enemies. Founded in 1608, Quebec was the material and because Indians wanted Just as the Indians fought one another over trade, the traders plundered and first permanent European settlement European goods) How might the killed one another in their competition for furs. To repel rivals, a French com- in Canada. How did Quebec’s location relationship between the French pany built a fortified trading post at Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in 1608. contribute to its defense and and Indians have been different Quebec was the first permanent European settlement in Canada. economic prosperity? if explorers had discovered great French–Indian Relations Unlike the Spanish in Mexico, the Canadian French mineral wealth in Canada? (Possi- could not afford to intimidate, dispossess, or enslave the Indians. The French ble answer: French colonists would needed them as hunters and suppliers of furs—roles that the Indians eagerly probably have arrived in greater num- performed. Few in number, the French took little land, coming into little conflict bers, and their relationships with the with Canada’s Native Americans. Indians would probably have been Samuel de Champlain, Quebec’s founder, traded with the Montagnais, Algonquin, less mutually advantageous and more and Huron Indians. In return, they expected Champlain to help them against exploitative.) Discuss the effects of their foes: the Iroquois, who lived to the south in what is now New York. In 1609, Champlain’s helping his Indian Champlain and nine French soldiers helped their allies attack an Iroquois camp allies defeat the Iroquois. beside the lake later named after Champlain. Expecting a traditional Indian bat- tle, rich in display and light in casualties, the Iroquois formed up in a mass. They counted on their wooden shields, helmets, and body armor for protection from Independent Practice arrows. They were shocked when Champlain and his soldiers fired their guns, Have students list the items that instantly killing Iroquois chiefs and warriors. Bewildered, the Iroquois warriors Native Americans received in exchange ran away. for furs and then categorize these Champlain won the battle at a high long-term cost. He made enemies of the items. For example, students might powerful Iroquois, who for decades thereafter raided the French settlements. include kettles and knives under the The battle also revolutionized Indian warfare. The Iroquois abandoned wooden category of cooking implements. Once armor, and they avoided massed formations. Instead, they relied on trees for they have categorized the items men- cover and shifted their tactics to hit-and-run raids. They also demanded their tioned in the text, have students think own guns as the price of trade. Obtaining guns from Dutch traders on the Hud- of other items or categories that might son River, the Iroquois became better armed than their Algonquin, Montagnais, have played a role in the fur trade. and Huron enemies. Monitor Progress As students fill in their Venn dia- grams, circulate to make sure that they understand the similarities and L1 Special Needs Students L4 Advanced Readers differences between Spanish America L2 English Language Learners L4 Gifted and Talented Students and French America. For a completed version of the Venn diagram, see Note L2 Less Proficient Readers Taking Transparencies, B-19. Ask students to design posters about the fur trade in Have students use information from the text to create New France. Organize students into small groups. Tell an illustrated journal of a fur trader in the Americas. them that their posters must include a title, a brief Students may want to include information from library explanatory paragraph describing the economic and and school-approved Internet sources.
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