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hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 40 Tuesday, May 15, 2007v 9:48 AM

A beaver ᮣ

Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO

SECTION Instruction A Profitable Fur Trade While the Spanish grew rich mining silver and gold in , the French profited from the fur trade SECTION in . But the trade relied on good relations with Objectives the Indians, who hunted and traded valuable beaver As you teach this section, keep students pelts with the French. At times, conflicts with the Iroquois halted the trade. As one missionary reported, focused on the following objectives to help faced ruin: them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. “At no time in the past were the beavers more plen- tiful in our lakes and rivers and more scarce in the • Explain how the fur trade affected the country’s stores....The war against the Iroquois has French and the Indians in . exhausted all the sources....The Montréal store has • Explain how and why was founded. not purchased a single beaver from the Natives in the • Describe the French expansion into past year. At Trois-Rivières, the few Natives that came were employed to defend the place where the enemy . is expected. The store in Québec is the image of poverty.” —François Joseph Le Mercier, ᮡ French fur trader Relations des Jésuites, 1653 Prepare to Read

Background Knowledge L3 The French Empire Remind students of the Spanish exper- ience in the . Ask them to predict how the experiences of other Objectives Why It Matters Spain’s success with its American colonies encour- colonists might be different, depending • Explain how the fur trade affected the French aged other European nations to establish colonies. French explorers on where they come from and where in and the Indians in North America. led expeditions along the North American Atlantic seaboard during the 1500s. These explorers established a number of French settle- the Americas they choose to settle. • Explain how and why Quebec was founded. ments along the St. Lawrence River and began trading fish and • Describe the French expansion into Louisiana. animal furs with Native Americans in the . In time, these small Set a Purpose L3 settlements grew and became the nucleus of present-day Canada. ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- Terms and People Section Focus Question: How did France’s American colonies differ from tion aloud, or play the audio. Northwest Passage coureurs de bois Spain’s American colonies? Quebec metis Witness History Audio CD, Samuel de Champlain A Profitable Fur Trade The French Establish a Fur Trade During the early 1500s, explorers who sailed for France, including Ask Why might Indians have Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier, were less interested in participated in the fur trade? Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast Fill establishing colonies and more interested in finding a Northwest (Sample answer: They were inter- in a Venn diagram like the one below comparing Passage—a water route to through the cold waters of present- Spanish America and French America. ested in the wares that Europeans day Canada. They probed the eastern coastline of North America, traded for the furs.) Why might Spanish French from present-day North Carolina to . During the 1530s good relations with Indians have America America and 1540s, Cartier investigated the St. Lawrence River. been important to French trad- • • • ers? (The Indians caught the plenti- France Establishes New France The French king claimed the • • • ful animals and traded the valuable region that Cartier explored as New France. At the mouth of the skins with the French.) St. Lawrence River, French mariners fished for cod and hunted for ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this ques- tion as they read. (Answer appears with Section 2 Assessment answers.) Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 12 ½ Preview Have students preview

the Section Objectives and the list of High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence Terms and People. dominate v. to have control, power, or authority over somebody or something ½ Using the Structured The Spanish tried to dominate the Pueblo Indians and force them to adopt Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20), European ways. have students read this section. As they read, have them use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast Spanish and French America. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

40 Europeans Establish Colonies hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 41 Thursday, April 12, 2007 11:21 AM

whales and seals. The mariners met Indian hunters, who offered furs in trade. Rendered scarce in by excessive Teach

hunting, furs, especially beaver fur, com- manded high prices. The French Establish Indians eagerly traded fur for metal arrowheads, hoes, axes, knives, and hatch- a Fur Trade L3 ets, all useful both as tools and weapons, and for iron or brass kettles, which made it Instruct easier to boil their meals. A Montagnais ½ Introduce: Key Terms Have stu- Indian explained, “The Beaver does every- dents find the key terms Northwest thing perfectly well, it makes kettles, Passage and Quebec (in bold) in hatchets, swords, knives, bread; in short, the text and explain their signifi- it makes everything.” Increasingly, the Indi- cance. Then, ask students to write a ans hunted for a foreign market rather sentence using the two terms. than just for their own subsistence. Killing the beaver faster than the ani- ½ Teach Ask Why were French mals could reproduce, the coastal Indians explorers interested in a North- sought new stocks by invading the hunting west Passage? (They hoped to find a territories of their neighbors. This provoked new route to Asia.) Why did fur wars between Indian groups. Those without become such an important item metal weapons lost these wars, which also of French and Indian trade in gave them a powerful incentive to trade Canada? (because the European sup- with the French. Every American Indian ply had become depleted and could no nation tried to attract European traders Quebec longer satisfy demand for the and keep them away from their Indian enemies. Founded in 1608, Quebec was the material and because Indians wanted Just as the Indians fought one another over trade, the traders plundered and first permanent European settlement European goods) How might the killed one another in their competition for furs. To repel rivals, a French com- in Canada. How did Quebec’s location relationship between the French pany built a fortified trading post at Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in 1608. contribute to its defense and and Indians have been different Quebec was the first permanent European settlement in Canada. economic prosperity? if explorers had discovered great French–Indian Relations Unlike the Spanish in , the Canadian French mineral wealth in Canada? (Possi- could not afford to intimidate, dispossess, or enslave the Indians. The French ble answer: French colonists would needed them as hunters and suppliers of furs—roles that the Indians eagerly probably have arrived in greater num- performed. Few in number, the French took little land, coming into little conflict bers, and their relationships with the with Canada’s Native Americans. Indians would probably have been Samuel de Champlain, Quebec’s founder, traded with the Montagnais, Algonquin, less mutually advantageous and more and Huron Indians. In return, they expected Champlain to help them against exploitative.) Discuss the effects of their foes: the Iroquois, who lived to the south in what is now . In 1609, Champlain’s helping his Indian Champlain and nine French soldiers helped their allies attack an Iroquois camp allies defeat the Iroquois. beside the lake later named after Champlain. Expecting a traditional Indian bat- tle, rich in display and light in casualties, the Iroquois formed up in a mass. They counted on their wooden shields, helmets, and body armor for protection from Independent Practice arrows. They were shocked when Champlain and his soldiers fired their guns, Have students list the items that instantly killing Iroquois chiefs and warriors. Bewildered, the Iroquois warriors Native Americans received in exchange ran away. for furs and then categorize these Champlain won the battle at a high long-term cost. He made enemies of the items. For example, students might powerful Iroquois, who for decades thereafter raided the French settlements. include kettles and knives under the The battle also revolutionized Indian warfare. The Iroquois abandoned wooden category of cooking implements. Once armor, and they avoided massed formations. Instead, they relied on trees for they have categorized the items men- cover and shifted their tactics to hit-and-run raids. They also demanded their tioned in the text, have students think own guns as the price of trade. Obtaining guns from Dutch traders on the Hud- of other items or categories that might son River, the Iroquois became better armed than their Algonquin, Montagnais, have played a role in the fur trade. and Huron enemies. Monitor Progress As students fill in their Venn dia- grams, circulate to make sure that they understand the similarities and L1 Special Needs Students L4 Advanced Readers differences between Spanish America

L2 English Language Learners L4 Gifted and Talented Students and French America. For a completed version of the Venn diagram, see Note L2 Less Proficient Readers Taking Transparencies, B-19. Ask students to design posters about the fur trade in Have students use information from the text to create New France. Organize students into small groups. Tell an illustrated journal of a fur trader in the Americas. them that their posters must include a title, a brief Students may want to include information from library explanatory paragraph describing the economic and and school-approved Internet sources. The journal historic causes of the trade, and other details that should include a map of the route that the trader trav- Answer make clear how European demands for fur affected els and descriptions of the land. Encourage students to the economic, social, and political life of New France. include drawings of native plants and animals and Caption Quebec’s location on a hill made translations of Indian words. Have students display the city easier to defend, and its location along their journals in the classroom. a river made it accessible to merchant ships. Chapter 2 Section 2 41 hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 42 Friday, April 27, 2007 8:36 AM

Jesuit Missionaries Like the Spanish, the French Life in New France L3 dispatched Catholic priests as missionaries to con- vert the Indians. Belonging to the Jesuit order, the Instruct French missionaries enjoyed their greatest success ½ among the Hurons, who lived beside Lake Huron, Introduce: Key Terms Have stu- one of the Great Lakes. But that success attracted dents find the key terms coureurs Iroquois warriors, who destroyed the Huron villages de bois and metis (in bold) in the between 1648 and 1649. Killing hundreds, including text. Remind students that metis is most of the priests, the raiders carried away thou- the French equivalent of the Span- sands of Huron captives for forced adoption by the ish mestizos, a word they encoun- Iroquois. The Jesuit missions survived only in the tered in the previous section. Have St. Lawrence Valley, between the major towns of Mon- students discuss what Europeans treal and Quebec. gained from intermarriage with Indians. How did the battle at Lake Champlain change the methods used by the ½ Teach Ask How was the govern- Exploring the Iroquois to fight the French? ment of New France similar to French explorers Louis Joliet and that of New Spain? (The monarchs Father Jacques Marquette traveled of both Spain and France exercised together from the Great Lakes to the Life in New France tight control over the colonies.) Dis- Mississippi River in 1673. New France’s government resembled that of New Spain. Both were strictly con- play Color Transparency: French trolled by the powerful monarchs of the homeland. The French king appointed Colonialism in North America, and a military governor-general, a civil administrator known as the intendant, and a have students discuss the main Catholic bishop. Like the Spanish, the French king did not permit an elected areas of French settlement in the assembly in Canada. seventeenth century. Then, using the New France Grows Slowly Attracting few immigrants, New France grew Idea Wave strategy (TE, p. T22), slowly. By 1700, the colony still had only 15,000 colonists. Potential colonists have students discuss conditions in balked at the hard work of clearing dense forests to plant new farms. The long Louisiana in the early 1700s. What Canadian winter shocked newcomers from temperate France. Worst of all, does the population of Louisi- immigrants dreaded the Iroquois raids. ana in 1731 suggest about its Vocabulary Builder Most French colonists were farmers who settled in the St. Lawrence Valley. To labor system? (The presence of dominate–(DAHM uh nayt) v. to the west, Indians dominated the vast hinterland of forests and lakes, where the twice as many enslaved Africans as have control, power, or authority colonists were few and scattered. In the Great Lakes and countries, the white people makes it clear that the over somebody or something French established a handful of small settlements, including Detroit. They lived colony’s white population relied by a mix of farming and trade. heavily on slave labor.) Color Trans- parencies A-6 Alliances With Indians Bring Benefits To survive and prosper in an Indian world, the French had to adopt some of the Indians’ ways. Known as coureurs de ½ Analyzing the Visuals Have stu- bois (koo rer duh BWAH), many fur traders married Indian women. The children dents examine the images on these of these marriages became known as the metis. pages as well as the image of Quebec With the help of the coureurs de bois and the metis, the French allied with the on the previous page. Ask What Great Lakes Indians, who primarily spoke an Algonquian language. The allies geographic feature do these defeated the Iroquois during the 1680s and 1690s, compelling them to make images share? (All include water, peace in 1701. At last, the fur traders of the Great Lakes and the grain farmers suggesting the importance of water to of the St. Lawrence Valley could work in safety from Iroquois raids. new settlements.) What stages of Louisiana and New Orleans In 1682, the French explorer Robert de LaSalle settlement does each image rep- was hoping to find a Northwest Passage. Guided by Native Americans, he made resent? (Sample: Joliet and Mar- his way south on the Mississippi River toward what he hoped was an opening to quette are the earliest, just arriving the Pacific . Instead, he found the . La Salle claimed the in a new country with local guides; territory around the Mississippi River basin for France, naming it Louisiana, in the view of New Orleans shows an honor of King Louis XIV. In 1718, near the river’s mouth, the French founded established town that does not New Orleans, which became the colony’s largest town and leading seaport. extend far inland; the view of Quebec shows a well-developed city.)

Independent Practice Have students complete Outline Map: New France. Teaching Resources, p. 18 Jesuits Shortly after Martin Luther’s challenge to The order was characterized by its dedication to the Catholic Church in 1517 launched the Protestant centralized authority, its military-style mobility, and Monitor Progress Reformation, the Catholic Church swung into action, its absolute obedience to the pope. In their defense of beginning its own Counter-Reformation. During the the Church, the Jesuits, as the Society’s members As students complete their maps, cir- Counter-Reformation, Catholic leaders struggled to were called, focused on education and missionary culate to make sure that they are fill- ing them in accurately. defend the Church against Protestant expansion and work. They opened schools and colleges throughout also to begin a process of internal renewal and mod- Europe and sent members overseas, including to the ernization. The Church was greatly assisted in this Americas, to found Jesuit missions. Today, the Jesuits endeavor by the Society of Jesus, a religious order are one of the largest religious orders in the Catholic Answer founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola. Church and maintain 28 colleges and universities in The Iroquois began to arm themselves the . with guns, avoid massed formations, and shift their tactics to hit-and-run raids. 42 Europeans Establish Colonies hsus_te_ch02_na_s02_s.fm Page 43 Tuesday, May 15, 2007 9:56 AM

Assess and Reteach

Assess Progress L3 ½ Have students complete the Section Assessment. ½ Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, p. 23 ½ To further assess student under- standing, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 27.

Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking L3 Study Guide Like Canada, Louisiana struggled to attract colonists. The economy provided New Orleans Adapted Reading and L1 L2 few opportunities beyond trading with the Indians for deerskins or raising Despite a hot, humid climate and the Note Taking Study Guide danger of coastal storms, the French tobacco of poor quality. The hot climate and swampy landscape also promoted built a settlement at New Orleans. deadly diseases, especially dysentery and malaria. Only a third of the Spanish Reading and L2 Why was control of New Orleans Note Taking Study Guide immigrants remained alive in Louisiana in 1731, when the colony had just important to the French? 2,000 whites and 4,000 enslaved Africans. The French primarily valued Louisiana as a military base to keep the English Extend L4 from grabbing the immense Mississippi watershed. As in the Great Lakes coun- Remind students that the French try, the French sought Indian allies to help them confine the English colonies that founded the colony of Louisiana. Ask were growing to the east along the Atlantic coast. students to conduct research on Louisi- Why did New France attract few colonists? ana to find modern examples of the cultural influence of the French. Have them present their findings in a class SECTION presentation. 2 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-test with vocabulary practice Web Code: nca-0204 Answers Comprehension Critical Thinking 2. Reading Skill: Caption The French wanted control of 1. Terms and People For each item Compare and Contrast Use your 4. Analyze Information Why did the below, write a sentence that tells how Venn diagram to answer the Section economy of the French colonies in the New Orleans because it was the outlet of the it contributed to the development of Focus Question: How did France’s Americas depend on a good relation- Mississippi River, allowing them access to a New France. American colonies differ from Spain’s ship with Native Americans? great deal of trade going from America to • Northwest Passage American colonies? 5. Recognize Cause and Effect How Europe. • Quebec Writing About History did trade and warfare with France • Samuel de Champlain affect the Iroquois and other Native Dense forests, a relatively harsh climate, 3. Quick Write: Identify Effects • coureurs de bois American nations? and fear of Indian raids made settle- • metis Make a list of one or two effects of each of the following events: the 6. Support Generalizations What ment in New France unappealing. search for the Northwest Passage, the evidence supports the following fur trade, and Champlain’s attack on generalization: Conflicts among the the Iroquois in 1609. nations of Europe emerged as they competed for territory in the Americas.

Section 2 Assessment 4. The French depended on Native Ameri- cans to provide the furs that were the 1. Students’ sentences should reflect an mainstay of their trade. understanding of how each term or per- 5. Native American nations had to adapt to son contributed to the development of the territorial competition brought about New France. by the fur trade and had to change their 2. Unlike the Spanish colonies, the settle- military tactics to deal with the changes ments of New France reflected the brought about by European weaponry. beneficial relationship that developed 6. Possible response: The French estab- between Native Americans and the lished colonies in the French, who required the Indians’ cooper- and in Louisiana, in part, to prevent the ation to carry on the fur trade. For additional assessment, have students access growing presence of English settlers in Progress Monitoring Online at Web 3. Students should accurately list one or the immense Mississippi watershed. two effects for each event listed. Code nca-0204.

Chapter 2 Section 2 43