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Plant Terminology
PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V. -
Transcript Profiling of a Novel Plant Meristem, the Monocot Cambium
Journal of Integrative JIPB Plant Biology Transcript profiling of a novel plant meristem, the monocot cambiumFA Matthew Zinkgraf1,2, Suzanne Gerttula1 and Andrew Groover1,3* 1. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, USA 2. Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, USA 3. Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA Article *Correspondence: Andrew Groover ([email protected]) doi: 10.1111/jipb.12538 Abstract While monocots lack the ability to produce a xylem tissues of two forest tree species, Populus Research vascular cambium or woody growth, some monocot trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis. Monocot cambium lineages evolved a novel lateral meristem, the monocot transcript levels showed that there are extensive overlaps cambium, which supports secondary radial growth of between the regulation of monocot cambia and vascular stems. In contrast to the vascular cambium found in woody cambia. Candidate regulatory genes that vary between the angiosperm and gymnosperm species, the monocot monocot and vascular cambia were also identified, and cambium produces secondary vascular bundles, which included members of the KANADI and CLE families involved have an amphivasal organization of tracheids encircling a in polarity and cell-cell signaling, respectively. We suggest central strand of phloem. Currently there is no information that the monocot cambium may have evolved in part concerning the molecular genetic basis of the develop- through reactivation of genetic mechanisms involved in ment or evolution of the monocot cambium. Here we vascular cambium regulation. report high-quality transcriptomes for monocot cambium Edited by: Chun-Ming Liu, Institute of Crop Science, CAAS, China and early derivative tissues in two monocot genera, Yucca Received Feb. -
Tansley Review Evolution of Development of Vascular Cambia and Secondary Growth
New Phytologist Review Tansley review Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth Author for correspondence: Rachel Spicer1 and Andrew Groover2 Andrew Groover 1The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2Institute of Forest Genetics, Pacific Tel: +1 530 759 1738 Email: [email protected] Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, USA Received: 29 December 2009 Accepted: 14 February 2010 Contents Summary 577 V. Evolution of development approaches for the study 587 of secondary vascular growth I. Introduction 577 VI. Conclusions 589 II. Generalized function of vascular cambia and their 578 developmental and evolutionary origins Acknowledgements 589 III. Variation in secondary vascular growth in angiosperms 581 References 589 IV. Genes and mechanisms regulating secondary vascular 584 growth and their evolutionary origins Summary New Phytologist (2010) 186: 577–592 Secondary growth from vascular cambia results in radial, woody growth of stems. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03236.x The innovation of secondary vascular development during plant evolution allowed the production of novel plant forms ranging from massive forest trees to flexible, Key words: forest trees, genomics, Populus, woody lianas. We present examples of the extensive phylogenetic variation in sec- wood anatomy, wood formation. ondary vascular growth and discuss current knowledge of genes that regulate the development of vascular cambia and woody tissues. From these foundations, we propose strategies for genomics-based research in the evolution of development, which is a next logical step in the study of secondary growth. I. Introduction this pattern characterizes most extant forest trees, significant variation exists among taxa, ranging from extinct woody Secondary vascular growth provides a means of radially lycopods and horsetails with unifacial cambia (Cichan & thickening and strengthening plant axes initiated during Taylor, 1990; Willis & McElwain, 2002), to angiosperms primary, or apical growth. -
Non-Destructive Estimation of Root Pressure Using Sap Flow, Stem
Annals of Botany 111: 271–282, 2013 doi:10.1093/aob/mcs249, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Non-destructive estimation of root pressure using sap flow, stem diameter measurements and mechanistic modelling Tom De Swaef*, Jochen Hanssens, Annelies Cornelis and Kathy Steppe Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 20 August 2012 Returned for revision: 24 September 2012 Accepted: 8 October 2012 Published electronically: 4 December 2012 † Background Upward water movement in plants via the xylem is generally attributed to the cohesion–tension theory, as a response to transpiration. Under certain environmental conditions, root pressure can also contribute Downloaded from to upward xylem water flow. Although the occurrence of root pressure is widely recognized, ambiguity exists about the exact mechanism behind root pressure, the main influencing factors and the consequences of root pres- sure. In horticultural crops, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), root pressure is thought to cause cells to burst, and to have an important impact on the marketable yield. Despite the challenges of root pressure research, progress in this area is limited, probably because of difficulties with direct measurement of root pressure, prompt- ing the need for indirect and non-destructive measurement techniques. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ † Methods A new approach to allow non-destructive and non-invasive estimation of root pressure is presented, using continuous measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variation in tomato combined with a mechanistic flow and storage model, based on cohesion–tension principles. -
Mechanical Properties of Blueberry Stems
Vol. 64, 2018 (4): 202–208 Res. Agr. Eng. https://doi.org/10.17221/90/2017-RAE Mechanical properties of blueberry stems Margus Arak1, Kaarel Soots1*, Marge Starast2, Jüri Olt1 1Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia 2Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Arak M., Soots K., Starast M., Olt J. (2018): Mechanical properties of blueberry stems. Res. Agr. Eng., 64: 202–208. In order to model and optimise the structural parameters of the working parts of agricultural machines, including har- vesting machines, the mechanical properties of the culture harvested must be known. The purpose of this article is to determine the mechanical properties of the blueberry plant’s stem; more precisely the tensile strength and consequent elastic modulus E. In order to achieve this goal, the measuring instrument Instron 5969L2610 was used and accompany- ing software BlueHill 3 was used for analysing the test results. The tested blueberry plant’s stems were collected from the blueberry plantation of the Farm Marjasoo. The diameters of the stems were measured, test units were prepared, tensile tests were performed, tensile strength was determined and the elastic modulus was obtained. Average value of the elastic modulus of the blueberry (Northblue) plant’s stem remained in the range of 1268.27–1297.73 MPa. Keywords: agricultural engineering; blueberry; harvesting; mechanical properties; elastic modulus Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium abandoned peat fields because of soils with high Ait.) is a native naturally occurring plant in North organic matter content and low pH (Yakovlev et America. -
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees Xinqiang He and Andrew T. Groover Abstract Advances in genomic science have enabled comparative approaches that can evaluate the evolution of genes and mechanisms underlying phenotypic traits relevant to angiosperm forest trees. Wood formation is an excellent subject for com- parative genomics, as it is an ancestral trait for angiosperms and has undergone significant modification in different angiosperm lineages. This chapter discusses some of the traits associated with wood formation, what is currently known about the genes and mechanisms regulating these traits, and how comparative evolution- ary genomic studies can be undertaken to provide more comprehensive views of the evolution and development of wood formation in angiosperms. Keywords Wood formation • Wood development • Wood evolution • Transcriptional regulation • Epigenetics • Comparative genomics Genomic Perspectives on the Evolutionary Origins and Variation in Angiosperm Wood Introduction The evolutionary and developmental biology of wood are fundamental to under- standing the amazing diversification of angiosperms. While flower morphology and reproductive characters associated with angiosperms have been the focus of numer- ous genetic and genomic evo-devo studies, wood development is a relatively neglected trait of angiosperm evolution and development that is now tractable for comparative and evolutionary genomic studies. The ability to produce wood from a X. He School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China A.T. Groover (*) Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, 95618 CA, USA Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95618 CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 205 A.T. Groover and Q.C.B. -
LESSON 5: LEAVES and TREES
LESSON 5: LEAVES and TREES LEVEL ONE This lesson might also be called “more about the vascular system.” We are going to study leaves, which are part of the vascular system, and trees, whose trunks and bark are also a part of the vascular system. Let’s look at leaves first. There are names for the parts of a leaf: Some of you may be thinking the same thought that our friend is. Why do scientists always have to make things more difficult by using hard words? It’s because science requires precision not just with experiments, but with words, too. Some of the words on the leaf diagram appear in other branches of science, not just botany. For instance, the word “lateral” pops up in many branches of science, and no matter where you see it, it always means “side,” or something having to do with sides. “Apex” always means “tip,” and the word “lamina” always refers to something flat. Leaves come in a great variety of shapes, and botanists have come up with names for all of them. (That’s great news, eh?) Every leaf can be classified as one of these: simple palmate pinnate double pinnate triple pinnate Look carefully at the patterns of the double and triple pinnate leaves. Can you see how the same pattern is repeated? In the triple pinnate leaf, the tiny branches and the intermediate branches have the same pattern as the whole leaf. There are a great variety of simple leaf shapes and some of these shapes don’t look so simple. -
Botany for the Herbalist Common Plant Families 7Song, Director Northeast School of Botanical Medicine 7Song.Com
Botany for the Herbalist Common Plant Families 7Song, Director Northeast School of Botanical Medicine 7Song.com This handout describes common plant families in the US and Canada. Each family segment contains general characteristics of the family as well as some of the more commonly known species within. In some families such as the Liliaceae, the genera of the plants are still in transition and being placed in newly created families. In other families such as the Scrophulariaceae, some of the former genera have been placed into different already existing families. Within this handout they are generally kept in the older family grouping with the new family identified next to the genus. Field botany is the study of identifying plants and grouping them into categories based on shared anatomical characteristics. Much of this is based on their reproductive parts, especially their flowers. One of the most useful starting points to identify specific plants in the field is by knowing their plant families. Families are a useful category to understand, as plants within them may share obvious traits both botanical (anatomical similarities) and other qualities such as aromatics. As far as medicinal characteristics within a family, there are generally more exceptions to shared traits than similarities in uses. An example showing both sides this is the Apiaceae. This family includes many aromatic, flavorful plants such as Dill, Fennel, and Angelica but also Poison hemlock (Conium), a notoriously poisonous plant. Another example is the Liliaceae with edible foods such as garlic, onion and asparagus but also the toxic Veratrum and Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria). -
Plant Structure | Topic Notes
Plant Structure | Topic Notes A cotyledon is an embryonic seed leaf. Types of tissue in angiosperms (flowering plants): 1. Dermal (or epidermal): this is the outer covering of the plant. As well as providing protection, in the roots it’s specialised to absorb water &minerals from the soil while in the leaves it secretes a waxy cuticle to prevent loss of water. 2. Ground: makes up the bulk of a plant, providing support, photosynthesis and storage for water and food. 3. Vascular: involves xylem tissue (transports water and minerals up the plant), and phloem tissue (transports food up and down the plant). The meristem is composed of unspecialised cells that are continuously dividing by mitosis. (It develops into each of the three tissue types). The functions of a shoot system include photosynthesis, reproduction (sexual & asexual), storage of food, gas exchange andtransport. Parts of the flowering plant: differences between monocots &dicots: . Stems of monocots are usually herbacaeous, meaning they’re green in colour and capable of photosynthesis. Lenticlesare small pores on a stem that function in gas exchange. In the center of a stem the ground tissue is called the pith, whereas the outer region is called the cortex. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that captures the energy in sunlight to make food in the process of photosynthesis. 1 . The leaf functions in photosynthesis and transpiration (the loss of water from the leaf) . The edge of a leaf is called the leaf blade or lamina. The leaf is attached to the stem or branches by a leaf stalk or petiole. There are two types of venation in plants. -
INTRODUCTION Cialized Epidermal Cells of the Plant, Chaetachme
NEGATIVE TRANSPORT & RESISTANCE TO WATER FLOW THROUGH PLANTS1"2 R. DUANE JENSEN, STERLING A. TAYLOR, & H. H. WIEBE3 UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, LOGAN INTRODUCTION I. Some investigators have considered the entire soil-plant-atmosphere system (1, 6, 19, 24). They Negative transport is the downward conduction applied an analogue of Ohm's law and showed that of water in the plant. This phenomenon has been water transport is controlled by the potential dif- studied by several investigators, yet oonsiderable con- ference across the section and the resistance within troversy about several aspects of the problem still the segment. This theory also proposes the im- exists. portant consideration that the rate of movement is The portion of the leaf through which water en- governed by the point or region of greatest resistance ters is obscure. Meidner (16) suggested that spe- in the system. Those who have studied this theory cialized epidermal cells of the plant, Chaetachme agree that the greatest resistance under natural con- aristata were involved in the phenomenon. Gessner ditions is usually located at the leaf-atmosphere inter- (8) decided that most of the water was absorbed face where the water is converted from liquid to directly through the cuticle. Most investigators (4, vapor. Most of these studies seem to be based more 23) have considered that no water enters through the upon theoretical arguments than direct experimental stomates (except perhaps a small amount of water results. vapor). II. Other scientists have investigated the move- Breazeale, McGeorge, and Breazeale (2, 3) in- ment of water in plants by studying some particular vestigated the absorption of water by leaves and its part of the system, such as the flow of water in the subsequent transport through the plant to the soil roots, leaves, or stem. -
Section 1. Western White Pine (Pinus Monticola)
40 - PART 1. CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS ON BIOLOGY OF TREES Section 1. Western white pine (Pinus monticola) 1. Taxonomy The largest genus in the family Pinaceae, Pinus L., which consists of about 110 pine species, occurs naturally through much of the Northern Hemisphere, from the far north to the cooler montane tropics (Peterson, 1980; Richardson, 1998). Two subgenera are usually recognised: hard pines (generally with much resin, wood close-grained, leaf fascicle sheath persistent, two fibrovascular bundles per needle — the diploxylon pines); and soft, or white pines (generally little resin, wood coarse-grained, sheath sheds early, one fibrovascular bundle in a needle — the haploxylon pines). These subgenera are called respectively subgenus Pinus and subgenus Strobus (Little and Critchfield, 1969; Price et al., 1998; Gernandt et al., 2005). Occasionally, one to about half the species (20 spp.) in subgenus Strobus have been classified instead in a variable subgenus Ducampopinus. Western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) belongs to subgenus Strobus (Syring et al., 2007). Pinus monticola was classified by Critchfield and Little (1966) as one of 14 white pines in section Strobus, subsection Strobi, now call section Ouinquefoliae and subsection Strobus, respectively. Earlier classifications have varied in the number of species assigned to subsection Strobus, but P. monticola has consistently been grouped with the New World species P. ayacahuite, P. lambertiana, and P. strobus and the Old World species P. wallichiana (synonym P. griffithii) and P. peuce (Critchfield, 1986). A molecular phylogeny of the genus Pinus, based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), did not support separation of subsection Strobus from either subsection Cembrae or subsection Krempfianae (Liston et al., 1999). -
Botany of Trees 2
Botany of Trees California’s Part 2: How Wood Forms Iconic Flora North Coast California Na.ve Plant Society Free Webinar 7 PM Tomorrow Night Dr. Ma9 Ri9er h9ps://us04web.zoom.us/webinar/register/ WN_s4i_BmnlTryUe_7t45a9Qw Botany of Trees Tuesday, April 14th: IntroducTon to trees, growth, development, leaves, and morphology • Five part series -Tuesdays, 11 AM to 12:30 PM • Each will be ~1 hour with 30 minutes of ques.ons Tuesday, April 28th: Tree names, Tuesday, April 21st: Trunks, branches, diversity, and why names change tree form, branching pa9erns, and shape, and how wood forms Tuesday, May 5th: Water in trees, Tuesday, May 12th: ReproducTon, photosynthesis, and respiraTon flower formaTon, fruit, and seeds All aboveground plant structures are: Interpret the sharp structure: stems, leaves, or buds Modified leaf - spine bud becoming a new branch Pointy Structures on Plants Big Leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) Thorn Spine Prickle modified branch modified leaf epidermal that comes from that comes from outgrowths that an axillary bud below the occur at random on axillary bud the stem (not necessarily at nodes) Big Leaf Maple (Acer Pine Leaves macrophyllum) • Leaves of two kinds: primary scales and secondary needles • Primary leaves of pines are membranous scales • A set number of needle leaves are produced on short branches (fascicles) • Each bundle (fascicle) of needles is surrounded by membranous bud scales Leaf Leaf Leaf Stump SprouTng & Epicormic Growth Meristems: where growth occurs • Apical Meristems • Form primary .ssues • Increase in