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of California’s Part 2: How Forms Iconic North Coast California Na.ve Society Free Webinar 7 PM Tomorrow Night Dr. Ma9 Ri9er h9ps://us04web.zoom.us/webinar/register/ WN_s4i_BmnlTryUe_7t45a9Qw

Botany of Trees Tuesday, April 14th: IntroducTon to trees, growth, development, , and morphology • Five part series -Tuesdays, 11 AM to 12:30 PM • Each will be ~1 hour with 30 minutes of ques.ons

Tuesday, April 28th: names, Tuesday, April 21st: Trunks, , diversity, and why names change tree form, branching pa9erns, and shape, and how wood forms Tuesday, May 5th: Water in trees, Tuesday, May 12th: ReproducTon, , and respiraTon flower formaTon, , and

All aboveground plant structures are: Interpret the sharp structure: stems, leaves, or Modified - spine

becoming a new Pointy Structures on Big Leaf () Thorn Spine Prickle

modified branch modified leaf epidermal that comes from that comes from outgrowths that an axillary bud below the occur at random on axillary bud the stem (not necessarily at nodes)

Big Leaf Maple (Acer Leaves macrophyllum) • Leaves of two kinds: primary scales and secondary needles • Primary leaves of are membranous scales • A set number of needle leaves are produced on short branches (fascicles) • Each bundle (fascicle) of needles is surrounded by membranous bud scales

Leaf

Leaf Leaf

Stump SprouTng & Epicormic Growth : where growth occurs • Apical Meristems • Form primary .ssues • Increase in plant length and height

Trees get taller because of primary growth

Leaf A9achment (Phyllotaxy) DisTchous Decussate Apical

Alternate Opposite Whorled

Leaf Form (Shape)

pinnate leaf venation terminal leafet leaf blade leafet leaf veins leaf axil leafet

stipules secondary axillary leafet petiole bud nodes rachis primary stem leafet Simple Pinnately Bipinnately Palmately Compound Compound Compound in Trees • Why wood and are needed • Vascular • Ini.a.on, fusiform ini.als, rays, cambial cells, grows and development of the cambium • Secondary • Types of cells in wood, growth rings, heart wood / wood / reac.on wood • Secondary and Bark • and , len.cels

Root - Leaf Constraint Meristems: where growth occurs • Lateral meristems young

young old • Form secondary .ssues Monocot with a stem Broad-leaved tree with a • Increase in plant girth Palm Trees • Vascular cambium

Grass • Cork cambium

old Monocot without Tree increase in girth a stem because of secondary growth Vascular Cambium

Phloem Cork Xylem 3 1 2

Pith

Cork Vascular Rays Phloem Vascular Cambium

Rays (darkly stained 3 cells)

Xylem 2

1

Growth rings result from “And see this ring right here, Jimmy? … That’s different cell sizes in another Tme when the old fellow miraculously xylem Tssue survived some big fire.” Heartwood no longer conducts water, sapwood sTll does. Heartwood Sapwood

Sequoiadendron

200 years

Quarter-sawn Wood White Cuts

Cross-secTon (x)

TangenTal Radial (T) ®

Cell Types in Wood • Conduc.ng cells • • Vessel elements • Fibers - structural • - living thin-walled cels The density of different Rosewood A Balsa is based on the cells that make up that wood

B

Weaker Wood Strong Wood

The characterisTcs of different woods is based on its evoluTonary history Hard Wood Soft Wood • ( or soUwood trees) - Only tracheids • Angiosperms - (flowering or trees) Vessel Elements + Tracheids • Both have fibers, but they Douglas are more common and Red Maple () abundant in angiosperms ( menziesii)

branch ReacTon Wood load Graning • Gymnosperms (conifers) - • Most economically important type compression wood of plant propaga.on aUer seeds • Angiosperms - tension wood • Transplan.ng a shoot from one plant to another • Scion- bud or shoot • Stock- stock Cork Cambia

LenTcels

Cork Oak () LenTcel Stem cross secTon Bark Secondary Phloem

Wood Summary Botany of Trees • The leaf - root constraint is solved by making www.wcisa.net more conduc.ng cells. to register for the next session • The forma.on of wood is due to the ac.vity of Introduc.on to trees, growth, development, leaves, and April 14th the vascular cambium morphology.

Trunks, branches, tree form, branching pa_erns, and shape, and • Growth rings vary and they’re due to differen.al April 21st how wood forms growth of the vascular cambium • The character of different woods is based on the April 28th Tree names, diversity, and why names change

different cells in it May 5th Water in trees, photosynthesis, and respiraTon • Cork cambia form as living cells that give rise to dead protec.ve cells on the outside of the bark May 12th ReproducTon, flower formaTon, fruit, and seeds

Botany of Trees CEU and Survey Link: h9ps://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ ri9erpart2