The Theology of BB Warfield
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Protestants in China
Background Paper Protestants in China Issue date: 21 March 2013 (update) Review date: 21 September 2013 CONTENTS 1. Overview ................................................................................................................................... 2 2. History ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Number of Adherents ................................................................................................................ 3 4. Official Government Policy on Religion .................................................................................. 4 5. Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the China Christian Council (CCC) ................... 5 6. Registered Churches .................................................................................................................. 6 7. Unregistered Churches/ Unregistered Protestant Groups .......................................................... 7 8. House Churches ......................................................................................................................... 8 9. Protestant Denominations in China ........................................................................................... 9 10. Protestant Beliefs and Practices ............................................................................................ 10 11. Cults, sects and heterodox Protestant groups ........................................................................ 14 -
Global Persecution
GLOBAL PERSECUTION THE PRICE OF FAITH FOR CHRISTIANS WORLDWIDE CONTENTS This Publication ................................................................. 1 Introduction...................................................................... 2 Cause for Concern .............................................................. 3 Evidence.......................................................................... 6 Conclusion..................................................................... 105 The Maranatha Community UK Office, 102 Irlam Road, Flixton, Manchester, M41 6JT England Tel: (0044) 161 748 4858 Fax: (0044) 161 747 7479 Email: [email protected] www.maranathacommunity.org.uk This Publication This factual Report is compiled out of profound concern for the vast numbers of innocent people worldwide who have suffered and who continue to suffer grievously for their beliefs and pay a very high price for their Christian faith. This Report is being placed before the following with an urgent appeal for support and action in the light of the desperate urgency of the situation. Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations Organisation Mr. Baudelaire Ndong Ella, President, United Nations Human Rights Council Rt. Hon. David Cameron MP, Prime Minister Rt. Hon. William Hague MP, Foreign Secretary Rt. Hon. Nick Clegg MP, Deputy Prime Minister Rt. Hon. Ed Miliband MP, Leader of the Opposition Mr. Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland Mr. Carwyn Jones, First Minister of Wales Mr. Peter Robinson, First Minister of Northern Ireland Baroness Ashton of Upholland, Foreign Affairs Commissioner of the European Union The Leaders of the main political groups in the European Parliament His Holiness Pope Francis Rt. Rev. Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster Rev. Dr. Olav Fykse Tveit, General Secretary, World Council of Churches Ephraim Mirvis, The Chief Rabbi Dr. Muhammad Abdul Bari, Chairman of the Muslim Council for Great Britain Professor Fares Al-Mashagbah, President of Aal Al-bayt University. -
Christian History & Biography
Issue 98: Christianity in China As for Me and My House The house-church movement survived persecution and created a surge of Christian growth across China. Tony Lambert On the eve of the Communist victory in 1949, there were around one million Protestants (of all denominations) in China. In 2007, even the most conservative official polls reported 40 million, and these do not take into account the millions of secret Christians in the Communist Party and the government. What accounts for this astounding growth? Many observers point to the role of Chinese house churches. The house-church movement began in the pre-1949 missionary era. New converts—especially in evangelical missions like the China Inland Mission and the Christian & Missionary Alliance—would often meet in homes. Also, the rapidly growing independent churches, such as the True Jesus Church, the Little Flock, and the Jesus Family, stressed lay ministry and evangelism. The Little Flock had no pastors, relying on every "brother" to lead ministry, and attracted many educated city people and students who were dissatisfied with the traditional foreign missions and denominations. The Jesus Family practiced communal living and attracted the rural poor. These independent churches were uniquely placed to survive, and eventually flourish, in the new, strictly-controlled environment. In the early 1950s, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement eliminated denominations and created a stifling political control over the dwindling churches. Many believers quietly began to pull out of this system. -
2019 International Religious Freedom Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom. -
The Captivity of the Church: the Reformation, House Churches in China and Ecumenicity
ASIAN HORIZONS Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2017 Pages: 340-356 THE CAPTIVITY OF THE CHURCH: THE REFORMATION, HOUSE CHURCHES IN CHINA AND ECUMENICITY Lap-Yan Kung♦ Chinese University of Hong Kong Abstract The churches in every generation have the crisis of being in captivity in various ways. It is important for the churches to be attentive to the Gospel and to be humble to receive criticism in order to be God’s faithful witness. The concerns of this paper are what the captivity of the churches in the Reformation and in China are, how these two experiences are correlated and what theological and spiritual significance of their witnesses contribute to ecumenicity. On the one hand, house churches in China are enriched by the discovery of the Gospel of Luther’s reformation and its commitment to the ecumenicity of the churches. On the other hand, the experience of house churches in China raises the concern of ecumenical solidarity with the oppressed people. Keywords: China, Chinese Church, Ecumenicity, Reformation Introduction During the 1990s, “justification by love” proposed by late Bishop K.H. Ting had sparked off a very controversial discussion among the churches in China, not only because theologically, Ting’s proposal was very different from the Reformation’s emphasis on the justification by faith, 1 but also because politically he was the ♦Lap Yan Kung teaches Christian ethics, missiology and value education at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Apart from his academic life, he is a social activist, and meanwhile, he is the honorary general secretary of the Hong Kong Christian Institute. -
Qin2020.Pdf (1.836Mb)
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE EVOLUTION OF EVANGELICAL SOCIO-POLITICAL APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (1980S-2010S) Daniel Qin Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2019 DECLARATION I confirm that this thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, has i) been composed entirely by myself ii) been solely the result of my own work iii) not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification A revised version of chapter II is forthcoming in 2020 in Studies in World Christianity as ‘Samuel Lamb’s Exhortation Regarding Eternal Rewards: A Socio- Political Perspective.’ Daniel Qin _________ Date: ABSTRACT This thesis explores the evolution of Evangelical socio-political approaches in contemporary China, arguing that Evangelicals in both the Three-Self church and the house churches have moved towards an increasing sense of social concern in the period from the 1980s to the 2010s. -
Volume 2, Issue 1 January—February 2018
The Journal of CESNUR $ Volume 2, Issue 1 January—February 2018 $ The Journal of CESNUR $ Director-in-Charge | Direttore responsabile Marco Respinti Editor-in-Chief | Direttore Massimo Introvigne Center for Studies on New Religions, Turin, Italy Associate Editor | Vicedirettore PierLuigi Zoccatelli Pontifical Salesian University, Turin, Italy Editorial Board / International Consultants Milda Ališauskienė Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Eileen Barker London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom Luigi Berzano University of Turin, Turin, Italy Antoine Faivre École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France Holly Folk Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA Liselotte Frisk Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden J. Gordon Melton Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA Susan Palmer McGill University, Montreal, Canada Stefania Palmisano University of Turin, Turin, Italy Bernadette Rigal-Cellard Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Bordeaux, France Instructions for Authors and submission guidelines can be found on our website at www.cesnur.net. ISSN: 2532-2990 The Journal of CESNUR is published bi-monthly by CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions), Via Confienza 19, 10121 Torino, Italy. $ The Journal of CESNUR $ Volume 2, Issue 1, January—February 2018 Contents Articles 3 Anti-Cult Campaigns in China and the Case of The Church of Almighty God: An Introduction PierLuigi Zoccatelli 13 Xie Jiao as “Criminal Religious Movements”: A New Look at Cult Controversies in China and Around the World Massimo Introvigne 33 The List: -
THE MISSION in CHINA: HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS for TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHURCHES of CHRIST James W. Ellis Academy of Visual
Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.7, No. 4, pp.57-77, April 2019 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) THE MISSION IN CHINA: HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHURCHES OF CHRIST James W. Ellis Academy of Visual Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University ABSTRACT: Jesus gave his followers a momentous task: to go and make disciples of all nations. China presents unique challenges to fulfilling the Great Commission. This essay explores three topics: 1) the origins of the Churches of Christ and their mission philosophy; 2) factors affecting Christianity in China; and 3) mission strategies available to the Churches of Christ in contemporary China. The aim is to help accomplish the church’s mission in China. KEYWORDS: China, church of Christ, great commission, Stone-Campbell INTRODUCTION Jesus initiated the church’s mission of worldwide evangelism. Before his ascension, Jesus told his followers “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you” (Matt 28:18-20 NKJV). The Apostles, filled with the Holy Spirit, began fulfilling this Great Commission on the Day of Pentecost in Jerusalem. Before a large gathering of people from every nation under heaven, Peter delivered a powerful gospel sermon and God added approximately three thousand souls to the church that day (Acts 2). The remaining books of the New Testament explain how the church expanded through missionary journeys and evangelization, under God’s providence and guidance. -
Abbot, Paul 35 Abcfm (American Board of Commissioners For
Index Abbot, Paul 35 Asia abcfm (American Board of Commissioners Pentecostal movement in 40, 63, 135, for Foreign Missions) 47, 48, 63, 66, 67 181 Africa see also specific countries forms of Christianity in 221 Asian Outreach International 204 Pentecostal movement in Assemblies of God (AoG) in general 17, 63, 221, 312, 346 in general 9, 34 and indigenous culture 119 baptism of the Holy Spirit in 169, 170–171 African community (Guangzhou) 194 emotional expression in 323 Agape Centre (Taiwan) 228 establishment of 34, 35 Agape International Leadership Institute female leadership in 333 (aili; us) 228 General Council of 55, 56, 57–58, 59 Agape Renewal Ministry (爱修园) 333 glossolalia in 169 Agape Vineyard Churches 332 in Korea 288 ahistoricity 304 in Malaysia 313 Ah Son 78 missionaries of 38, 313 aili (Agape International Leadership in Singapore 292 Institute) 228 in United States 332 Ai Ra Kim 340 mention of 6 Albrecht, Daniel 169 Assemblies of God Chinese Christian Center American Board of Commissioners for (San Francisco) 332 Foreign Missions (abcfm) 47, 48, 63, attendance 66, 67 at Chinese Congregational Church 70 American (Northern) Presbyterian Shandong at Chinese house-churches 30 Mission 35 at City Harvest Church 291 n10 The Analects (Confucius) 131 at Three-Self churches 28–29, 30 ancestor worship 318 Au, Connie 9 Anderson, Allan 44 “A United Appeal by the Various Branches of Ang Chui Lai 318, 319, 322 the Chinese House Church”, 204 Anglican church 290, 292, 293 autonomy Anglin, Ava 54 of Koreans in China 20 Anglin, Leslie M. 52, 53–54 in registered churches 242 angpaos (red packets) 320 Au-Yeung 332 Anhui Lixin Church (安徽利辛教会) 25 Awrey, Daniel 69 Anti-Christian movement 346 Azusa Street Revival (Los Angeles) 9, 25, Anti-Rightist Movement 123 44, 96, 161 AoG (Assemblies of God). -
Sept October 2001 Frontline
A Modern-DayFrontLineFrontLine Macedonian Call • Learning Chinese • Building Bridges to China B R I N G I N G T H E T R U T H H O M E September/October 2004 • $3.95 Bible-believing Contents churches are SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2004 FRONTLINE MAGAZINE VOLUME 14 • NUMBER 5 MAKING 6 A Modern-Day Macedonian Call 9 Map of China Departments “Jerry” Your planning must THE SWITCH begin with prayer. Use What can you do for China? 4 Mail Bag to Anchor Here are strategic steps that this map to call out to you can take right now! the Lord of the Harvest 5 On the Front Line Sunday School materials! to send forth laborers. 11 China: 21st Century Go, Win, Baptize, Teach Challenge John C. Vaughn Ai Zhong 20 On the Home Front Would you not ask the Lord to give you a great burden 25 Wit & Wisdom for this great nation? David Atkinson 14 Learning Chinese 29 The Evangelist’s Peter McKitrick Corner How long does it take one to learn Chinese? With this The Ethics of the Evangelist introduction, you can find Jerry Sivnksty out what it takes 30 At a Glance A head knowledge of to get started. First Corinthians Scripture is simply not enough. 21 The China Layton Talbert Challenge Anchor materials will give students 33 Newsworthy the knowledge of Scripture that leads Tony Fox Learn to think Scripturally 35 Global Focus 17 Building to a heart knowledge of the Savior. and strategically about China in Your Own Backyard Bridges to China Our systematic approach conveys a more China. -
Annual Report 2010 How Shall We Picture the Kingdom of God? It Is Like a Mustard Seed
Annual Report 2010 How shall we picture the kingdom of God? It is like a mustard seed. Dearof the Mustard Seed Foundation, Friends ! e 27th year of the Mustard Seed Foundation was One of the fastest growing programs of Mustard Seed is characterized by continued recovery and consolidation our granting to a number of seminaries and universities following the 2008 global economic recession. Our total worldwide that are teaching courses in the “! eology of giving for 2010 was $4.7 million, a reduction of $300,000 Work.” In 2010 the Foundation awarded 29 grants totaling from giving in 2009. ! e Foundation awarded 508 grants, nearly $300,000 to teach “theology of work” courses to nearly nearly 100% of which went to local churches in 76 countries. 7,000 students in both formal and informal courses, both in It is not easy work discovering and funding worthwhile the U.S. and abroad. projects from local churches that are seeking to love their neighbors and to share the good news of the Christian faith. ! e year was marked by the death of Savina Tong, a beloved We are grateful for the team of eleven Mustard Seed sta$ MSF sta$ member, after a valiant struggle against cancer. members, six of whom live and work outside the Savina was an extraordinarily gifted, energetic and courageous United States. woman. For eight years Savina worked tirelessly and creatively to enable MSF to provide grants to Chinese o# cial and Our average grant size was a little more than $5,000. house churches. We miss her both as a friend and for the ! is grant size has remained fairly constant through the extraordinary work she did to further Christ’s Kingdom Foundation’s history and has characterized our work to fund through the Foundation. -
ABSTRACT Multiple Modernizations, Religious Regulations and Church
ABSTRACT Multiple Modernizations, Religious Regulations and Church Responses: The Rise and Fall of Three “Jerusalems” in Communist China Zhifeng Zhong, Ph.D. Mentor: William A. Mitchell, Ph.D. There is an extensive literature on modernization, regulation and religious change from a global perspective. However, China is usually understudied by the scholars. Numerous studies tackle the puzzle of the rising of Christianity and its implications in China. However they fail to synthesize the multiple dynamics and diverse regional difference. This dissertation approaches the development of Christianity in contemporary China from a regional perspective. By doing a case study on twelve churches in three prefecture cities (Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Nanyang), I examine how different historical processes and factors interacted to shape the uneven development of Christianity under the communist rule. The main research questions are: How did Protestantism survive, transform and flourish under a resilient communism regime? What factors account for the regional variance of the transformation of Christianity? I argue that there are multiple modernizations in China, and they created various cultural frames in the regions. Although the party-state tried to eliminate religion, Protestantism not only survived, but transformed and revived in the Cultural Revolution, which laid the foundation for momentum growth in the reform era. The development of Protestantism in China is dynamic, path-dependent, and contingent on specific settings. Different modernizations, religious regulation, historical legacy and church responses led to the rise and fall of three “Jerusalems” in communist China. Copyright © 2013 by Zhifeng Zhong All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................