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Télécharger Article Rewiew Oussour 30-31 July. December 2016 AL-HA ḌRA L’ANTIQUE OPPIDUM NOVUM 1 BAKHTA MOUKRAENTA ∗ Résumé: L es sources arabes du Moyen  ge é vo q uant les villes et les anti q uit é s de diff é rents pays du monde nous confirment l ’ int é r ê t q ue les Arabes portaient à l ’ h é ritage des civilisations q ui les avaient devanc é s ; d ’ ailleurs traditionnellement les sources arabes, sp é cialement les sources histori q ues, consacraient un ou plusieurs chapitres au x civilisations anciennes. L e but de cet article est de pr é senter un ensemble de te x tes arabes à propos de la ville d ’ Al-Haḍ ra-O ppidum N ovum et ses anti q uit é s. M ots clés :O ppidum N ovum, El-Khadra, Maur é tanie C é sarienne, Alg é rie, anti q uit é s. Abstract : The Arab sources of the Middle Ages evoking the cities and the anti q uities of different countries of the world confirm the interest that the Arabs carried to the legacy of the civilizations that had preceded them ; Traditionally, Arab sources, especially historical sources, devoted one or more chapters to ancient civilizations. The purpose of this article is to present a set of Arabic te x ts about the city of Al-Ha ḍ ra-O ppidum N ovum and its anti q uities. ∗ - Maître de Conférences A à l’Université de Mascara Chercheur associé Centre Camille Jullian, UMR 6573, Université de Provence – CNRS , Membre de l’équipe :Histoire ancienne de l’Algérie, LABO :Sources et Biographies , Oran 1 , Algérie . - 7 - Rewiew Oussour 30-31 July. December 2016 Key words : O ppidum N ovum, El-Khadra, Mauritania Caesarean, Algeria, anti q uities. I ntroduction: Il y a d é j à plus d ’ une d é cennie q ue nous avons pr é sent é une th è se consacr é e à l ’ Alg é rie anti q ue au travers des sources arabes du Moyen  ge, recherche bas é e sur l ’é tude des villes 2. N ous avons choisi celles q ue les sources arabes d é signaient comme anti q ues mais cela ne nous a pas emp ê ch é d ' es q uisser une recherche sur l ’ ensemble des villes anti q ues de l ’ Alg é rie (Maur é tanie C é sarienne, Sitifienne et N umidie). N ous sommes arriv é à certains bilans dont le plus important concerne les investigations arch é ologi q ues, o ù nous constatons q ue la partie est de l ’ Alg é rie actuelle -P rovince de N umidie- a suscit é un plus grand int é r ê t q ue la partie ouest –P rovince de la Maur é tanie C é sarienne- et plus particuli è rement la r é gion de l ’O ranie-, q ui pourtant regorgent d ’ indices histori q ues anti q ues. N ous ne nions pas totalement l ’ id é e q ue les localit é s romaines diminuent significativement en allant vers l ’ ouest ! Mais est-ce une r é alit é d é finitive ? N ous nous interrogerons dans le cadre de cet article sur ce q u ’ ont gard é les sources arabes de l ’ histoire et des monuments anti q ues d ’ Al-Haḍ ra. Al-Haḍ ra 3 ville appartenant à la province de Maur é tanie est cit é e par huit auteurs arabes 4 : d ’ Al-Y a cqū bi ( Kit ā b al-buld ā n ), d ’ Al-Bakri ( Kit ā b al- mas ā lik wa l-mam ā lik ), d ’ Al-Idrisi ( Kit ā b nuzhat al-mu š ta q fi ihtira q al-‘ af āq ), de Kit ā b al-Istibs ā r fi cA ğā’ ib al-Ams ā r , de Yāqū t al-Hamawi ( Mu cğ am al- Buld ā n ), d ’ Al-W atw ā t ( Mab ā hi ğ al-fikr wa man ā hi ğ al-cibar ) et cAbd al- Mun cim (Kit ā b al-Rawd al-mi ct ā r fi abar al-a q t ā r ) pr é sentant un tableau g é o é conomi q ue et anti q ue. - 8 - Rewiew Oussour 30-31 July. December 2016 L a ville figure dans tous les te x tes arabes sous le vocable : " Al-Hadra ", ce q ui signifie litt é ralement la ville verte et e x prime donc la prosp é rit é et la richesse. L’ Anonyme d ’ Al-Istibs ā r est le seul parmi les auteurs q ui a donn é une e x plication à cette d é nomination: « Al-Haḍ ra é tait ainsi nomm é e à cause de ses nombreu x jardins(…) » , donc son nom est li é à sa fertilit é , q ui d ’ ailleurs é tait vant é e dans tous les te x tes q ue nous avons recueillis, du premier te x te d ’ Al-Y a cqū bi q ui date du I X e si è cle au dernier de cAbd al-Mun cim q ui date du XV si è cle. Il est é galement important de signaler q ue le nom anti q ue O ppidum N ovum q ui signifie « ville nouvelle » n ' a pas é t é repris à l 'é po q ue m é di é vale :Al-Hadra , la ville verte . Concernant la localisation, la ville ne peut pas ê tre identifi é e avec e x actitude en se basant uni q uement sur des te x tes arabes q ui la situent dans une grande vall é e et sur une grande rivi è re. Il faut attendre le X II e si è cle pour q ue l ’ Anonyme d ’ Al-Istibs ā r suppose q ue cette rivi è re est le Ch é lif « (…) Elle est situ é e sur une rivi è re, q ue je crois ê tre le Š elif, la q uelle q uand elle d é borde, l ’ inonde en partie » . L es sources anti q ues localisent parfaitement la ville mais ne la d é crivent pas. À partir de la localisation des te x tes anti q ues et de l ’é pitaphe trouv é e in situ ainsi q ue des mentions des te x tes arabes, on peut affirmer q ue Al-Hadra est situ é e sur la rive gauche du Ch é lif 5 pr è s de la source de ce fleuve à peu pr è s à deu x kilom è tres au nord-est d ’ A ï n el-Defla 6, sur un mamelon isol é , contourn é à l ’ est et au nord par le Ch é lif. Q uand on souhaite aborder l ’ histoire anti q ue de la ville ; nous ne trouvons aucune mention sur cette p é riode. Cependant les auteurs arabes des X I e au XV e si è cles, (Al-Bakri, Al-Idrisi, L’ Anonyme d ' Al-Istibsar, Yāqū t al-Hamawi et cAbd al-Mun cim) à l ’ e x clusion d ’ Al-Y a c q ubi q ui parle de l ’ origine de la ville, tous la consid è rent comme une ville d ’ origine anti q ue , ce q ui confirme la premi è re constatation du Dr Shaw au XV III e si è cle 7. Il semble avoir é t é le premier à d é crire les ruines q u ’ il d é signe par le nom d ’ El Khadah-rah ; dans une premi è re - 9 - Rewiew Oussour 30-31 July. December 2016 é dition (1738), il h é site entre deu x villes anti q ues " O ppidum N ovum " et "Zuccabar ", mais dans la seconde é dition de son livre, il opte pour la ville de Zuccabar. P ourtant, par la suite, les d é couvertes arch é ologi q ues infirmeront ce choi x , en premier lieu avec une inscription : C(aio) U lpio C(aii) f (ilio) Q uir(ina tribu) Mater(o) Aedil (i), duumvir (o), duumvir (o) q (uin) q (uennali), omnibus honoribus functo, princi pi loci, aere conlato, O ppidon (ovenses) d é couverte sur le site en 1842 par P . Bolaye, publi é e en 1849 par A. Berbrugger et reprise avec plus d ’ attention et d ’ interpr é tation en 1858, apr è s des fouilles effectu é es par le lieutenant Guiter à O ppidum N ovum o ù il d é couvrit deu x inscriptions, dont l ’ une concernant notre ville. Elle est donc localis é e par l ’é pigraphie 8 pr è s de la ville d ’ A ï n el-Defla. L es sources anti q ues parlent é galement de la ville. P line 9 nous indi q ue q u ’ elle fut é difi é e par Claude « Apollinis ] oppidum q ue ibi celeberrium Caesarea, ante vocitatum Iol, Iubae regia a Duo Claudio coloniae iure donata-eivsdem uissu ductis veteranis O ppidum N ovum et latio dato Tipasa ». De m ê me, la distance q u ’ indi q ue l ’ Itin é raire d ’ Antonin 10 ( O ppido N ovo colonia) correspond avec e x actitude à l ’ emplacement d ’O ppidum N ovum ; P tol é m é e 11 la cite parmi les villes de la Maur é tanie C é sarienne .
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