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Narratu Sunt Digna: Aspects of the Socio-Economic Life of Rome's Plebs, 275- 455 Ce

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Narratu Sunt Digna: Aspects of the Socio-Economic Life of Rome's Plebs, 275- 455 Ce NARRATU SUNT DIGNA: ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ROME'S PLEBS, 275- 455 CE By John Fabiano A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Copyright by John Fabiano 2020 i NARRATU SUNT DIGNA: ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ROME'S PLEBS, 275- 455 CE John Fabiano Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2020 ABSTRACT This dissertation provides a wide-ranging analysis of the socio-economic life of the non-elite urban population of Rome and their interactions with the institutions and administration of the city from 275 until 455 CE. The traditional view holds that during this period the life of the plebs Romana became measurably worse, as empire-wide reforms precipitated a continual numerical decline in the city's population and shrinking economic opportunity. I demonstrate, on the contrary, that a large portion of the city's population experienced vitality on a level not hitherto appreciated by historians of the later Roman empire. I first address the issue of the size of Rome's population. Through a close reading of various complex pieces of epigraphic and legal evidence pertaining to the city's food supply, I propose that Rome not only maintained a high population throughout the fourth century, but that there was also likely an increase in the number of those entitled to free food distributions, the so-called plebs frumentaria. The consequence of this argument is that a larger portion of population now possessed the opportunity to acquire wealth well above the level of subsistence. I then consider by what means Rome's plebs might access and control their wealth. Work, labour, and urban commerce prove to be useful heuristic categories. The epigraphic record reveals that members of the plebs Romana continued to identify with their work as they had during the ii earlier Empire, while juridical and literary texts disclose that this same population came to be defined by and fix to their work. It is here that this dissertation intersects with the broader scholarly discourse on work and labour, as I show that membership in professional associations — collegia and corpora — was imposed on all craftsmen, artisans, and entrepreneurs. Far from functioning as restrictive and oppressive institutions, these associations formed an increasingly interdependent relationship with the administrative apparatus of the city, which members both collectively and individually exploited to their political and economic benefit. The study concludes with systematic analysis of the construction industry in Rome as a case study both of collegial activity and of population dynamics. Late-antique Rome, it is shown, was a city in which a section of its non-elite population, its plebs, were able to turn the new demands imposed on them by the city and the state to their social and economic advantage. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the product of the teaching, advice, and support of many people, and it is only appropriate that my appreciation of their efforts is placed here in the beginning pages, even if my gratitude comes nowhere near repaying their contributions. I am indebted most of all to my supervisor, Christer Bruun, without whom this project would have never come to fruition. His unwavering support and patient supervision provided me the confidence to pursue my work, while his inexhaustible knowledge of the Roman world and meticulous reading challenged me to improve it. From him I also learned the careful craft of the epigrapher and the due caution required when reconstructing social, political and economic context. But above all else, he taught me how to be a historian, and for this I will be eternally grateful. I am also obliged to Kevin Wilkinson and Seth Bernard. Throughout the entire project, and even before, they have offered invaluable lessons on how to be a scholar and teacher, while their insightful comments have improved this thesis immeasurably. In the final stage of the project, Christel Freu offered stimulating and generous commentary, for which I also owe a debt of gratitude. The Department of Classics at the University of Toronto proved to be a perfect home to undertake this project. I am grateful to the many friends and colleagues who made it so by providing continual inspiration, mentorship, and friendship, not least Boris Chrubasik, Ben Akrigg, Eph Lytle, Marion Durand, Brad Hald, Jody Cundy, Jeff Easton, and Drew Davis. I would be remiss without also thanking Coral Gavrilovic and Ann-Marie Matti, whose patience and empathy were always very welcomed and much-needed. iv Finally, to my family, the debt I owe for the countless hours they spent listening to me drone on about my research, for the personal sacrifices they have all made to my benefit, and for the unflagging confidence they all had in my ability, always far outstripping my own, no words can express. So to Mom, Dad, Kristin, Martin, Mark, and Ray for your selflessness and love, I can only thank you. Brigitte, ma chérie, tu m'as donné l'inspiration et le courage dont j'ai eu besoin pour terminer cette thèse. Je t'en remercie. It is to you all that I dedicate this dissertation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES ix LIST OF APPENDICES x INTRODUCTION 1 A "Worthy" Pursuit: the motivation and aim of the present dissertation 1 Definitions and Terminology: an overview 6 Plebs, plebs urbana, and plebs Romana 6 Labor, ars, and vocatio or labour, work, and professions: work and the language of work 8 Sources for the Study of the Plebs Romana in Late Antiquity 10 Chapter Structure 18 CHAPTER ONE. Viewing the Plebs in Late Antiquity: Plebeius Labor and the Stratification of Society 23 A Binary Late Roman Society? 27 Stratification of Late-Antique Society: defining a "middle class" 34 Plebeius Labor: Work, Profession, and Plebs in Late Antiquity 44 Conclusion 50 CHAPTER TWO. Pork, People, and the Plebs Frumentaria: the Demographic Profile of Fourth-Century Rome 52 Interpreting Population Dynamics: models and approaches 55 The size of the plebs frumentaria in late-antique Rome 62 Calculating the size of the population from the size of the plebs frumentaria 84 Inclusive exclusion and reconciling 317,000 beneficiaries 96 Valentinian I and Valens: the great benefactors of Rome’s plebs 102 Continuity, Maintenance, and Growth 108 Conclusion 113 CHAPTER THREE. From Taxation to Occupational Obligation: a Profile of late Rome’s Middling Population 115 The Plebs Romana and the non-elite relationship with occupation 117 Obnoxius vocationi: late-antique taxation and obligatory occupations 123 Iugatio-capitatio: an overview of the tetrarchic tax system 124 Capitatio plebeia and the collatio lustralis: from urban to occupational taxation 128 Functiones and munera: from occupation to obligation 135 vi Constituting Rome’s collegia and corpora: tax, munera, and the nature of Rome’s late- antique associations 137 Rome’s Working plebs: the numerical significance of the city’s collegia and corpora 147 A Universal Tax? The collatio lustralis at Rome 148 The numerical significance of collegiati and corporati at Rome 150 Conclusion 162 CHAPTER FOUR. Membra Aeternae Urbis: The Advantages of Being a collegiatus in Late- Antique Rome 165 Membra aeternae Urbis: the public identity and status of collegia and corpora in late- antique Rome 167 Public display and imperial recognition: collegia and the adventus 169 Evecti honoribus: the advantages of patronage 171 Other patroni: the intersection of the late-antique collegial order and the administrative order 177 Marshaling the people: the corpus omnium mancipum and contract labour 182 The Economic Advantages of Being a collegiatius: wealth and monopolies 194 Conclusion 207 CHAPTER FIVE. Building and Builders: the organizational structure and economic impact of Rome’s building industry on its population from Aurelian's to Honorius' wall 209 Building Rome: an overview of the organization of construction up to the Severan Period 211 Sub dispositione viri illustris praefecti urbis: the administration of public building in fourth-century Rome 225 Sunt qui fabriles manus augustis operibus adcommodent: Builders and Craftsmen in fourth-century Rome 236 Collegia, corpora, and craftsmen 236 Obnoxietas and the marshaling of labour in the building industry 244 Economic, Social, Demographic Developments in the Late-Antique Building Industry at Rome: Builders and the Elite 253 Demand, from the Tetrarchy to Constantine 253 Counting bricks I: labour for Aurelian’s wall 257 Private construction, ecclesiastic building, and a new imperial interest: building from the mid-fourth century to the early fifth century 263 Counting bricks II: the Honorian wall 272 Fourth-Century Building and Labour Migration 276 Economic Opportunities: compulsion, contracts, and collectives 280 Conclusion 292 CONCLUSION 295 Appendix 1: Edicts Pertaining to the Number of Beneficiaries of Pork 304 vii Appendix 2: Job Titles Attested at Rome in the 4th and 5th Centuries 311 Appendix 3: Catalogue of Inscriptions of Collegia and Corpora 316 Appendix 4: Ambrosino 1939, 85-94= Emerita 8, 1940, 134-139 = AE 1941, 68 327 Appendix 5: Building attestations in Rome from the Tetrarchy until 425 CE 330 Bibliography 343 viii LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1.1 Compensation in Amphorae 70 Table 1.2 The percentage of "levamen" granted to the suarii in 363/367/452 72-74 Table 1.3 The obsonia and the beneficiaries 75-76 Table 5.1 The Size of the Aurelian Wall 260 Table
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