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Columna Traiana COLUMNA TRAIANA STUDIATA DIN PUNCT DE VEDERE ARCHEOLOGIC, GEOGRAFIC SI ARTISTIC DE TEOFIRR1 RNITONESCU PROFESOR LA UNIVERSITATEA DIN IASI VOLUIVIUL I OPERA l.LUSTRATA CU 29 PI,ANE MULTE PLANURI $1 DESEMNE r- .r77.- ' I A I TIPOGRAFIA H. GOLDNER, STRADA PRIMIRIEI No. 17 1910. COLUMNA TRA IAN A PLANSA I. ANTONESCU, COLUMNA TRAIANA. -/ 1,0 1,-.He&, -16 .....,,ew,a.f.lz .*, ..I 1 li..-. 16' a H "Sm. - >, n - sc Ar, , 1111W, ° . g p r o liIJ goi",;1. A ° A I -` I VEDEREA COLUMNEI TRAIA NE DIN ROMA. COLUMNA TRAIANA STUDIATÀ DIN PIINCT DE VEDERE ARCHEOLOGIC, GEOGRAFIC SI ARTISTIC DE TEOKRRI RNTONESCU PROFESOR LA UNIVERSITATEA DIN IASI VOLU MU L I OPERA ILIJSTRATA. CIJ 29 PLANE, n MULTE PLANUItl IVI DESEMNE 14,7 r f° '11 I,P ' 1g)t.; ° LAYil : m z rr, IAI TIPOGRAFIA H. GOLDNER, STRADA PRIMARIEI No. 17 1910, IN LOC DE PREFATA Scriu aceste cateva rdnduri cu durerea n suflet, cdci acel ce a muncit din greu la alcdtuirea acestei insemnate lucrdri,explicareai comentarea Columnei lui Traian, a päräsit lumea noastret cu mult inainte de timp i s'a dus de untie nimeni nu se mai intoarce.i s'a dus tocmai atunci cdnd dupd multet trudd multe cercetäri ajunsese la deplinettatea desvoltetrei sale intelectua le, alatuind o- pere de sama ce vor rdmineu ca pietre de temelie in studiul trecutului nostru, Dupd ce Teohari Antonescu f5si indrumase min tea dare archeologie, sub conducerea marelui maestru, neuitatul Alexandra Odobescu, prin te:a sa de h- emp' Cultul Cabirilor, el dädu la lumina cad pe king& mai multe articole pu- blicate in Convorbiri literare", inteli volumul setu de vulgarizare a cunostintelor asupra civiliaiilor vechiului Betsdrit, Lumi uitate; apoi cercetdrile sale privi- toare la Monumentul de la Adamclissii acuma se apucase, de vr'o 8 ani, da un studiu foarte greui obositor, identificarea basoreliefelor de pe Columna lai Traian cu localitätile actuale care au pdstrat In ruinele ce le impodobese rdmitsite din viata de demult a Dacilor si a Romanilor. Aceste cercetetri sunt depuse in lucrarea de fag Pentru a scoate ici cap:it acenstet intreprindere, a h-ebuit ed faca: un studiu amdnuntit al localitätilor din toate Prile Bomine de la nordul Dundrei, care infdtiseazet rdnursiti de zidiri vechi,sei le cerceteze cu cea mai mare luare aminte in planurile lor, In modul lor de construire, in asezarea lor geograficet sau strategicd,si dupit aceea th caute a determina, care din aceste lo- calitäti se pot identifica cu scenele infetfisate pe monumentul lui Traian. Este cunoscut toti comentatorii spiralei ba,soreliefelor acestui monument au fost convinsi sculpturile de pe dánsul nu sunt plcOmuiri fantastice, ci re- producerea unor scene si inconjurimi reale redate de artistii ce au impodobit co- lama. Fröhner cel intdi, apoi dupd ddnsul Cichorius, Domaszewsld, Petersen, Torma i alii, in comentarea tablourilor de pe columna, au presupus totdeauna aceastd reproducere ; dar ei nu avuseserd prilejul de a cerceta cu deamernuntulTet- rile Bomine si retmdsitele de ruini pdstrate Inca:, in ciuda distrugdtorului timp. Antonescu reia munca predecesorilorsetii intemeindu-se pe multe din Tezulta- tele lor, impinge mai departe identificdrilei ajunge la descoperiri noud, indrep- Mind multe greselii indeplinind multe lipsuri din lucretrile inainte-mergdtorilor II lui. Aici std meritul cel marel incercdrei lui Teohari Antonescu, care va face din cartea lui un nou adceos1a interpretdrile Columnei lui Traian Ø deci la marile rezboae care au Ypu& temelia nationalitcttei romine. trebitexca un Romin, 0 un Romin plin de focul sfdnt al ittbirei de Ord ci neam sit se apuce de aceastd treabd ; càci de0 cercetare curat ØiiniftcàÇ tre- buea totwi atragerea cdtre dinsa a unei simtiri mai adinci de eft dorul dupd a- devdr, pentru a intreprinde o asemene lucrare. Pdcat cà Antonescu nu ne a läsat un memoritt asupra eadtoriilori cerce- tdrilor la fata localuice a trebuit sct facd spre a scoate la capcjitlucrarea lui. Am fl cunoscut atuncitoategreutätile,toate ostenelile, toate primejdiile chiar, prim care' atrecut, and trebuia sä urce muntii, sd se acate de crengi 0 de rddäcini crescute pe prdpästii, pentru a se putea apropia de ruinile insälbdticite, atfrnate pe piscuri neumblate ca cuiburi de vulturi. De cede ori ploaia näpras- ni-ct nu l-a sciadat ca intr'un rîu, fdr 'da putea gäsi acläpost pentru a' 0 usca ve0mintele udate, 0 de ate-ori nu s'a fmbolndvit el din pricina acestor primej- dioase umblete. Pentru o bunä parte Imbolndvireai moartea lui prea timpurie sunt datorite recelilor suprapu use contractate de eli care i-au atacat rinichii in- täii apoi intregul säu organismu. Dar cel putin nu 0-a dat el viata degeaba, edei lucrarea croitä din aceastd muncd obositoare poartä pecetea verticiei. Ori ccite s'ar putea intimpina contra nouelor ipoteze aduse de Antonescu in explicarea columnei f i restatornicirea im- prejurctrilor dispdrute, aceste ipoteze vor rdmcinea ca nige cctlä'ttze fndrumätoare de noud cercetdri. A.a bund oard Antonescu emite pentru fntäia oarä presupune- rea unui atac fdcut pestr Dunärede _Roxolani 0 de Bastarni, In timpul ex- peditiei lui Traian asupra Daciei, pentrit a detrage pe itnpdrat de la fntreprin- derea lui, amenintindu-i linia de retragere f i tara din care 4i trägea proviziile. Tot alsa de noud este ipoteza, cobordrea Wirei romane pe fetici pe cursul Du- nctrii cätre teatrul rdzboittlui, dupd' fncheierea intdiului an al expeditiei, nu s'a fäcut din Panonia,uncle Traian s'ar fi retras pentru a petrece iarna, cum se admiten acum, ci aceastä expeditie pleed de la Pontes in fata Turnultti Severin de astäzi, pentru a coborf Dundrea pina: In Dobrogea, uncle Traian voia scr supund pe Roxolani 0 pe Bastarni, ce nävdliserd peste Dundrei unde bd- tdndui, a rddicat mdretul monument de la Adamclissi, o paralela: din Dacia a Columnei ridicate in Roma. Incere 'drile de identificare a scenelor de pe Co - lumnd cu acel e de pe monztmentul dobrogean, meritä toatd luarea aminte. Cetirea cdrtei tut Antone,scucere o incordatd luare aminte, cdci este inte- meiatä pe o retea de principii archeologice stabilite antcme pentru interpretdrile de fäcut basoreliefelor columnei. Aceste principii sunt scoase fntäi din nevoile artisticei estetice de repro- ducere a scenelor reale, precum bund oará reprezentarea proportionalä mult mai mare a oamenilor deal a ampeniei, (peizagitatti)fnconjurdtor,väi, rfuri, munti, apoi din nevoia artistului de a reduce unele elenzente numai la n4te semne sau simboluri precum cetdtile, la un turn ; cetdtile dace, la un turn cu ceardac ; adfn- cinzea riurilor, la partea de corpuri omeneei ce rämlin afard din apd, etc. Mai greu mult de priceputeste orientarea tablourilor, adicä dispozitia lor III ta g cu cele 4 punte eardinale care nu sunt respectate dupd afezarea lor natu- ralä, ci intoarse de artist cum ii venea mai bine pentru fnfcttifarea tabloului. Res- tabilirea adevdratei orientäri este Ina n eapäratd pentru identificarea tablourilor Cu localitdtile reale. Greutatea ideilor este bud mult redusd prin talentul cel tnare de expunere al autorului, prin stilul sau eel curgätor f i frumuseta limbei in care e scrisd car- tea;ectci una din insusirile de cdpetenie a celui ce a lost Teohari Antonescu era ingrijirea de formä. Desi fondul lucrdrilor sale este absolut ftiintific, ve0- mlintul limbei in care Antonescm: 4i imbraed geindirile este totdeauna frumos : frumos mai intäi prin limpezeala expunerei, frumos apoi prin rotunzimea fraze- lor, frumos in sib-0 prin graiul säu eel neaoromelnesccare leagd intre ele notiunile techniee. $i cum nu ar fi ingrijit Antonescu de tocite elementele pldsmuirilor sale, ceind el Nora, nu doar dintr'un interes läturalnie, (i imboldit numai de dragul qtiintei fi de dorul de a fa-e ea fi tara lui sä contribue la inaintarea ei ? Ast- fel e aceastä carte, Columna lui Traian, pe care euvintele noastre vrau s'o insoteased in viata ei viitoare, ca o vie märturisire a pdrerei de rdu cd An- tonescu n'o sä le mai ceteascid. A. D. XENOPOL INTRODUCERE REZUMAT. Columna opor& de artAi monumerit istoric. Fröhner reproduce bine liefele. Descrierile salo sunt sobroi tot* complete. Principiul localizArii scenelor. Cichorius descrierilo sale amAnuntite. Concluzii scoase din aceste descricri. Superioritatea lui Cicho- rius in localizttrile scenelor. Prima çi cea de a treia campanie ta hail generale bine localizato, In amAnunte insb. greaite. Cauza greaelilor sale. E. Petersen ai meritole salo. Repartizaro nou& de scone. Reliefele devin adevArate izvoare istorice. Campania a doua militará aro lee In Moesia inferioarl. Greaelile salo privitoare la a treia campanie. Nancrodcrea sa ta rolul signelori emblemelor scuturilor. Domaszewski localizeazA definitiv o brinA parto din scenele primei campanil. Columna traiana este fr tndoialunul din monumentele cele mai im- portante pe care anticitatea le-a transmis timpurilor noastre. Este marturia cea 1nai veridica nu numai a luptefor cumplite din care s'au urzitInceputurile neamului romanesc, dar In acelas timpi a vietii artistice si militare a impe- riului roman din vremile sale deInflorire. De aceia, taina figurilor sapate lungul lngustei spirale de reliefe, a atras asa de mult marea aminte a invitta- tilor din apus, si mai cu seama a artistilor de la Renastere Incoace 1). De patru veacuri meren Incercarile de explicare ale acestor reliefe se re- peta neIneetat, precum neIncetat sunt reproduse figurile sculptatecu toate aces- -tea ultimul cuvant asupra lor Inca nu s'a spus 2). Pana la publicatia lui Fröhner nu aveam nici macar o descriere exacta a diferitelor reliefe. Reproducerea fi- gurilor columnei era neIndestulatoare : unul, (Girolamo Muziano, 1528-1590), cu tonta ex:actitatea desemnelor sale, era onanierat", altul, (Bartoli, 1635-1700), Raphaël, Jules Romain, Polydore de Caravage, copierent los bas-reliefs de la colonne et s'en inspirèrent dan leurs tableaux". Salomon Reinach, La colonne Trajane, p. 13. lat& publicatille rele rnai de mamáaplirute asupra acestui monument:Alf.
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