AFRIG\ A Complicated War The UNESCO General The Harrowing of Mozambique WILLIAM FINNEGAN History of Africa "A sobering look at one of Africa's most devastating civil "One ot the most ambitious academic projects to wars. ...Vivid reportage, thoughtful analysis, and compre- be undertaken in this century."—West Africa hensive research; a seminal work not only on the war itself but on the conflicts that threaten post-cold-war, post- apartheid Africa."—Kirkus Revieus Volume V $25.00 doih PerslKctives on Southern Africa Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eigh- teenth Century Edited by B. A. OGOT A Democratic This fifth volume covers the history of the conti- nent as two themes emerge: the continuing inter- South Africa? nal evolution ot the states and cultures of Africa; Constitutional Engineering in and the increasing involvement of Africa in exter- a Divided Society nal trade—with consequences for the whole world. DONALD L. HOROWITZ $45.00doth, illustrated New in paper—"A masterful analysis of the current situation in South Africa ... it makes suggestions that New Abridged Paperback Edition— might well shape the outcome of discussions in South Africa regarding the country's future." Volume III —Lcroy Vail, Harvard University Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh SJ3.00 paper Perspectives on Southern Africa Century M. EL FASI, Editor I. Hrbck, Assistant Editor "A welcome contribution to the literature about Africa an important period in African history. ... A Endurance and Change South of the Sahara stimulating and informative guide." CATHERINE COQUERY-VIDROVITCH —African Economic History Translated by David Maisel $12.00 paper, illustrated New in paper—"A first-rate study on the forces and developments that have shaped contemporary Africa." —International journal of African Historical Studies $15.00 paper Winner of the Prix d'Aurnaie of the ActuLhrie des Sciences Morales et Polhiques At hr»Jcst<nvs in- order toll-free I -800-822-6657. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES NEW YORK OXFORD MAY-JUNE 1992 AMERICAS VOLUME 37, NUMBER 3 LEADING MAGAZINE cflFRICflON AFRICA A Publication oi the (REPORT African-American Institute Update The African-American Institute Editor: Russell Geekie Kenya Chairman The Politics of Doom 13 Maurice Tempelsman By Makau wa Mutua President Interview Vivian Lowery Derryck Gitobu Imanyara: Fighter for Human Rights 17 By Russell Geekie and Margaret A. Novicki Publisher Malawi Frank E. Ferrari Defying the Dictator 21 Editor-in-Chief Moi's Machinations By Melinda Ham Page 13 Margaret A. Novicki Drought Production Editor The Big Scorcher 25 Joseph Margolis By Andrew Meldrum Assistant Editor Mozambique Russell Geekie Refuge from Renamo 28 By Andrew Meldrum Contributing Editors Alana Lee Drought and Desperation 33 Andrew Meldrum By Ruth Ansah Ayisi Daphne Topouzis Interview Art Director Salim Ahmed Salim: A New Agenda for the OAU 36 Kenneth Jay Ross By Margaret A. Novicki Advertising Office A New OAU? Conflict 212 949-5666, ext. 728 Page 36 War or Peace? 40 By Anne Shepherd Intern Fertice Miller III Nigeria Biting the Bullet 43 Africa Report (ISSN 0001-98361. a By Karl Mater non-profit magazine of African affairs, is published bimonthly and is sched- Eternal Enmities 47 uled 1o appear at the beginning of each date period at 833 United By Karl Maier Nations Plaza, New York, N.Y 10017. 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Knd of the Honeymoon 61 By Melinda Ham South Africa Competition or Coalition? 64 Photo Credit: By Patrick Ixiurence The cover photograph was taken in Kitui district, Kenya, by The Third Force 68 Betty Press. By Philippa Garson After the Referendum Page 64 MELILLA Tjnis CEUTA GUINEA-BISSA GUINEA Bissau ^- Conakry Fleet own SIERRA LEONE MAURITIUS REUNION LESOTHO Maseru Copyright © 1984 by the African-American Institute. Inc N THE NEWS Can Unita Survive the Democratization Process? In the 1980s, Washington lobbyists about the plot were aimed at minimiz- friends that he was in danger, Chingunji for the National Union for the Total ing the damage done to the organiza- returned to Unita's headquarters in Independence of Angola (Unita) suc- tion's image by Savimbi's acknowl- Jamba, Angola, in November 1988. cessfully cultivated Jonas Savimbi's edgement that abuses had taken place. with the belief that prospects for peace image as a "freedom fighter" and an Perhaps ihe most notable of the had made Savimbi a "changed man." indispensable ally of the United States, rights violations which Savimbi con- Bridgeland described Chingunji as ensuring that his armed movement was firmed were the disappearances of "fighting for survival" when he last saw well financed. When Unita and the Pedro "Tito" Chingunji and Wilson dos him in December 1988. Angolan government signed peace Santos, who were both high-level Unita In a blow to Unita, Savimbi's asser- accords in May 1991, officially ending officials. Questions about the fate of the tion that Puna and Fernandes were to Angola's 16-year civil war, the guerrilla two men, which Unita backers and crit- blame for the disappearances was group, known for its prowess in the ics alike had found troubling, are reportedly called insufficient by Secre- bush, was forced to re foe us its energies believed to be responsible for much of tary of Slate James Baker in a March 28 on the country's first multi-parly letter he sent to Savimbi, formally elections, scheduled for September demanding a detailed explanation of under UN supervision. With the vot- Unita's abuses. The State Depart- ing less than six months away, the ment spokeswoman. Margaret confirmation of human rights abuses Tutwiler, said, "We have called upon and high-level defections within Unita to address these allegations, Unita have seriously shaken the including the welfare and where- movement's efforts to present itself abouts of the two former Unita offi- as a viable alternative to the govern- cials (Chingunji and dos Santos), in ing Popular Movement lor the Liber- an open and public manner." The let- ation of Angola (MPLA), raising Margaret A Novicki ter reportedly said that a failure to questions about the continuation of from Cabinda to Cunene, only one people, only one nation" address the allegations could threat- U.S. support for its Cold War-era client. the pressure on Savimbi to explain en the continuation of the ceasefire and Past reports of divisions and human alleged abuses in Unita. elections. It is also reported to have said rights abuses within Unita were resur- Chingunji, who was Unita's represen- that those responsible for the abuses rected after two senior leaders from the tative to Washington in the 1980s, had should be punished. movement defected in February and been well-liked by pro-Unita decision- Puna and Fernandes, who talked to accused Savimbi of rights violations in makers in the United States. Savimbi's the press in Paris, maintain that Chin- mid-March. On March 25, Savimbi, claim in February that he was alive and gunji, his two children, and dos Santos who had always denied these allega- well did little to quell allegations that the were murdered in August, under orders tions, confirmed that they had been tak- former Unita representative had been from Savimbi. Puna, Unita's former ing place inside Unita for years, but murdered. The State Department had secretary for home affairs, said that blamed the defectors. Miguel N'Zau been raising the issue of Chingunji's fate Savimbi is also responsible for the dis- Puna and Tony da Costa Femandes. with Savimbi "regularly" over the past appearances of 30 other Unita leaders. Coinciding with his remarks were six to eight months, according to a state- Savimbi countered the defectors' Unita assertions that the defections ment it issued in March. accusations in more depth in a press con- were linked to an MPLA plot to assas- Chingunji's fall from grace in Unita ference on April 5, claiming that the mur- sinate Savimbi. which it claimed was described in an article for The ders took place in November of last year, "Western intelligence sources" had Washington Post by Fred Bridgeland, when he was in the Angolan capital, uncovered. In an interview on Unita's who is known to have had close contact Luanda. He was away from the Unita radio station, Voice of Ihe Black Cock- with the Unita leadership and is the base in Jamba from September 24 to erel, the movement's chief of staff of author of a flattering biography of Sav- February 20 and has said that Puna was in the armed forces. Gen. Arlindo Chenda imbi. Bridgeland recounted that four charge during his absence. Savimbi main- Pena "Ben-Ben." said. "There is a very years ago. Chingunji, at the height of tains that he only learned of the murders clear link between the desertion of Puna his Unita career in Washington, had upon his return to Jamba in February and and Tony and the macabre MPLA plan said that Savimbi was responsible for that he was not lying when he said that to assassinate Comrade President Sav- the deaths of his parents and several Chingunji was alive and well prior to that.