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Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia Transition Resumed? Report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia Transition Resumed? Under the Analytical Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC), Contract No. AEP-I-00-99-00041-00, Core Task Order January 2003 Submitted to: Frank Hawes USAID/Zambia Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 Tel: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 658-4247 Acknowledgements This Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia resulted from collaboration between USAID/Zambia, the Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance’s Office of Democracy and Governance (DCHA/DG), which provided the funding, and the Africa Bureau’s Office of Sustainable Development (AFR/SD/DG). The report was produced by ARD, Inc. The assessment team consisted of Dr. Stevens Tucker (ARD), Melissa Rosser (AFR/SD/DG), Frank Hawes (USAID/Zambia DG Advisor), and Mwalimu Simfukwe (Lusaka-based independent consultant contracted by ARD). The assessment methodology was developed by the Strategies and Field Support Team of the Center for Democracy and Governance under the leadership of Jerrold Hyman. The assessment team wishes to acknowledge the logistical and substantive assistance provided by personnel of USAID/Lusaka, particularly Mambepa Kalwani. The views expressed in the following assessment are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the US government. Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia i Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................i Acronyms....................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................v 1.0- Introduction and Overview................................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................................1 2.0 The DG Problem: Executive Dominance and Absence of Political Accountability......................8 2.1 Consensus .........................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Inclusion............................................................................................................................................9 2.3 Competition.....................................................................................................................................10 2.4 Rule of Law.....................................................................................................................................11 2.5 Governance .....................................................................................................................................13 3.0 Arenas of Politics: Key Actors, Institutions and Policies ..............................................................14 3.1 The Competitive Arena...................................................................................................................17 3.1.1 Elections..................................................................................................................................17 3.1.2 Political Party Development and the Political Opposition......................................................19 3.1.3 Legislative Power and the National Assembly .......................................................................23 3.2 The Civic Arena..............................................................................................................................24 3.2.1 Civil Society Organizations and Civic Advocacy...................................................................24 3.2.2 Media ......................................................................................................................................28 3.3 Anti-Corruption: Political Incentives and Specialized Institutions.................................................29 3.4 Decentralization and Local Governance .........................................................................................31 3.4.1 Devolution vs. Deconcentration..............................................................................................31 3.4.2 Control of Resources...............................................................................................................33 3.4.3 Local Government and Community Participation ..................................................................34 3.4.4 Formal vs. Traditional Authority ............................................................................................35 4.0 Program Recommendations.............................................................................................................36 4.1 Strategic Direction ..........................................................................................................................36 4.1.1 Public Debate and Civil Society Strengthening......................................................................37 4.1.2 Civil Society – Public Sector Linkages...................................................................................38 4.1.3 Anti-Corruption.......................................................................................................................39 4.1.4 Crosscutting Themes...............................................................................................................40 4.2 Choosing Among Options...............................................................................................................40 4.2.1 Criteria and Thresholds...........................................................................................................40 4.2.2 Donor Coordination ................................................................................................................43 Annex 1: Persons Consulted.....................................................................................................................45 Annex 2: Bibliography..............................................................................................................................47 Annex 3: Draft Democracy and Governance Concept Paper (27 June 2002) .....................................50 Annex 4: Scope of Work—D/G Strategic Assessment for Zambia.......................................................55 Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia ii Acronyms AAC Anglo-American Corporation ACC Anti-Corruption Commission AFR/SD Africa Bureau’s Office of Sustainable Development AFRONET Inter-African Network for Human Rights and Development AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AZ Agents for Zambia BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CBO Community-Based Organization CDC Constituency Development Committee CDF Constituency Development Fund CCJDP Catholic Commission for Justice, Development and Peace CSO Civil Society Organization DA District Administrator DCHA Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance DDCC District Development Coordinating Committee DEC Drug Enforcement Commission DG Democracy and Governance DOS Department of State DPP Director of Public Prosecutions ECZ Electoral Commission of Zambia EU European Union FDD Forum for Democracy and Development FODEP Foundation for Democratic Process FPTP First-Past-The-Post GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GOZ Government of Zambia HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HP Heritage Party HRC Human Rights Commission IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IFI International Financial Institutions IR Intermediate Result KCM Kkonkola Copper Mines LAZ Law Association of Zambia LGAZ Local Government Association of Zambia MLGH Ministry of Local Government and Housing MMD Movement for Multiparty Democracy MOLA Ministry of Legal Affairs NAMAC National Movement Against Corruption NCC National Citizens Coalition NGO Nongovernmental Organization NGO-CC NGO Coordinating Committee NLD National Leadership for Development PAZA Press Association of Zambia PDCC Provincial Development Coordinating Committee PF Patriotic Front PHI Presidential Housing Initiative Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia iii RDCC Residents Development Coordinating Committee SDP Social Democratic Party SWAP Sector Wide Assistance Program TI Transparency International TIZ Transparency International/Zambia USAID United States Agency for International Development UNIP United National Independence Party UPND United Party for National Development VPC Village Productivity Committee WDC Ward Development Committee ZADECO Zambia Democratic Congress ZAMCOM Zambia Institute of Mass Communication Education Trust ZCTU Zambia Congress of Trade Unions ZIMA Zambia Independent Media Association ZLDC Zambian Law Development Commission ZNWLG Zambia National Women’s Lobby Group ZRA Zambia Revenue Authority ZRP Zambia Republican Party ZSIS Zambia Security Intelligence Service Democracy and Governance Assessment of Zambia iv Executive Summary The stalling of political liberalization after the 1991 transition resulted in large part from the failure to alter institutional arrangements designed to entrench executive dominance of both state
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