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Ficha País De Zambia OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Zambia República de Zambia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. ABRIL 2021 Forma de Estado: República presidencialista. Zambia División Administrativa: Zambia está organizada territorialmente en 10 pro- vincias: Central, Copperbelt, Este, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Norte, No- roeste, Sur y Oeste. Cada una de ellas cuenta con la figura de un viceminis- tro, que actúa como Gobernador. Nº residentes españoles: 31 (31/01/2021) Día Nacional: 24 de octubre. Mpulungu Año Independencia: 1964 (24 de octubre de 1964, fecha de su indepen- REPÚBLICA DEMOCRÁTICA TANZANIA dencia de Reino Unido). Kasama DEL CONGO Gentilicio : Zambiano, -na; zambianos, -nas (RAE). Lago 1.2. Geografía Kansanshi Malawi Mufulirá Kitwe Ndola La mayor parte de su superficie se encuentra en una llanura de entre 1.000 y ANGOLA MALAWI Kapiri Mposhi 1.500 m de altura respecto del nivel del mar, al que Zambia no tiene acceso. Kabwe El punto orográfico más elevado (2.200 m) son las Montañas Muchinga, en el MOZAMBIQUE Mongu LUSAKA este del país. Las Cataratas Victoria y el Río Zambeze comparten frontera con Zimbabue. 1.3. Indicadores sociales NAMIBIA ZIMBABUE BOTSUANA Densidad de población: 23,3 habitantes/km² (2020) © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Población urbana: 44,1% (2020) PIB por habitante: $ 3.630 (2020) Porcentaje de la población por debajo del umbral de la pobreza (1.90 US$/ 1. DATOS BÁSICOS día): 49,5 (2018); 57,5 (2020) Esperanza de vida al nacer: 63,9 (2020); 60,8 hombres y 66,9 mujeres Crecimiento de la población (anual): 3,0% (2017) 1.1. Características generales Tasa de alfabetismo adulta (15 y más): 86,7 % (2020) Tasa mortalidad (por cada 1.000 personas): 12,60 (2017) Nombre oficial: República de Zambia Tasa mortalidad infantil (por cada 1.000 nacidos vivos): 40,4 (2020) (Me- Superficie: 752.612 km² nores de 5 años: 57,8) Límites: Limita con 8 países: al sur con Zimbabue, Botsuana y Namibia, al Tasa natalidad (por cada 1.000 personas): 42,82 (2017): 1,03 hombres oeste con Angola, al norte con la República Democrática del Congo y Tanza- nacidos por cada mujer (2019) nia y al este con Malaui y Mozambique. No tiene salida al mar. Tasa de fecundidad: 4,6/mujer (2018) Población: 17.351.822 habitantes y edad media 17,6 años (2020). Unas Tasa de mortalidad materna (por cada 100.000 nacimientos): 213 (2020) 72 tribus. IDH y puesto: 0,584 / 146 (2020); 0,569 mujeres y 0,593 hombres Capital: Lusaka (1,526 millones). Porcentaje presencia de mujeres en Gobierno: 7,1 (2020) Otras ciudades: Kitwe (562.000 habitantes), Ndola (518.000 habitantes), Porcentaje de presencia de mujeres en el Parlamento: 18 (2020) Livingstone (141.000 habitantes). Fuente: Central Statistical Office Zambia, ADB, Unicef, Banco Mundial, Economist Idioma: El inglés es el idioma oficial. Otras lenguas: bemba, nyanja, tonga y Intelligence Unit y UNDP lozi. Hasta 72 dialectos. Moneda: Kwacha zambiana: ZMK. Por 1US$: 19,4 ZMW (octubre 2020). 1.4. Estructura del PIB Religión: Zambia es oficialmente una nación cristiana de acuerdo con su Constitución de 1996 y la mayor parte de la población es cristiana (75%) y De 65.175 M US$ en 2016, en el año 2017, el PIB de Zambia alcanzó católica (20%). Pero hay una importante y creciente presencia de las religio- los 25.576 M US$ con un crecimiento del 3,5%, cifras similares a los dos nes musulmana e hindú (24%). años anteriores. Durante el año 2018 continuó el crecimiento del PIB a un 2 FICHA PAÍS ZAMBIA 4% y en 2019 inició una caída que llega hasta la actualidad, agravada por Pero es esencial para el desarrollo de este sector la mejora de las infraestruc- el impacto de la pandemia de Covid-19 en el país: se prevé que en 2021 turas de transporte y las telecomunicaciones. Para ello, el Gobierno continúa el PIB de Zambia se contraiga en un 0,5%, tras la contracción en 2020 de con el desarrollo nacional a través del séptimo Plan Nacional 2017-2021. poco menos del 2,5%. En este plan quinquenal se da prioridad a los objetivos de reducción de la pobreza y refuerzo para el ajuste entre la planificación y el presupuesto. Este La distribución de la renta es muy desigual, con el 57,5% de la población por plan es parte del núcleo de la Visión Nacional 2030. debajo del umbral de la pobreza en 2020. 1.5. Coyuntura económica La agricultura representa alrededor del 2,7% del PIB, la industria el 42,12 % -con el peso predominante de la minería y, en mucha menor medida, de la INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS construcción-, y los servicios algo más del 50% -especialmente el turismo-. DATOS ECONÓMICOS 2017 2018 2019 2020 (P) Tradicionalmente la economía del país viene dependiendo sobre todo de la PIB absoluto (M$ corrientes)* 25.514 26.719 24.252 20.555 agricultura (que emplea casi al 85% de la población), y del cobre. De hecho, Evolución del PIB (%)* 4,1 3,1 1,4 3,5 a partir de 2019 la economía se vio gravemente afectada por las sequías que PIB por habitante ($ PPP)* 4.056 4.155 (p.) 3.860 3.630 redujeron la producción agrícola, pero también a la generación de energía IPC (% variación últimos 12 meses)** 6,1 8,5 11,7 14,8 hidroeléctrica, lo que afecta al conjunto de sectores económicos del país. Tipo de interés de referencia* 12,5 9,8 10,3 14,8 Por otro lado, también hubo un descenso en los rendimientos del cobre y una Desempleo (%) 13,5 N.D. 11,43 N.D. bajada de su precio en los mercados. Zambia es un país muy dependiente de Exportaciones (M$)* 8.216 9.029 7.228 7.024 las materias primas, en concreto del cobre, que en 2020 representó prácti- Exportaciones de la UE (M€) 386 410 485 2461 camente el 73% de sus exportaciones. Por ello, uno de sus mayores desafíos Importaciones (M$)* 7.852 8.516 6.499 6.012 es la diversificación y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones marcadas por Importaciones de la UE (M€) 361 411 379 2291 el FMI. A este desafío debe añadirse la austeridad a la que se enfrenta el país IED recibida (M$) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. tras el impago de deuda externa de finales de 2020. IED emitida (M$) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Saldo por cuenta corriente (M$)* -1.007 -1.434 241 43 Aunque son superiores a los de otros países de la zona, Zambia necesita un Reservas exteriores, excluido oro (M$)* 2.082 1.590 1.450 1.044 mayor desarrollo del sector privado y del tejido empresarial en general. La Saldo presupuestario (% PIB)* -6,9 -7,6 -4,8 -7,6 austeridad fiscal junto con la imposibilidad de crédito externo hasta 2022, Deuda externa (M$)* 17.521 19.124 19.383 19.917 año en que se prevé el fin del proceso de la reestructuración de la deuda, Tamaño sector público (Ingresos/ PIB)* 17,5 19,1 19,5 16,9 hacen que no pueda no darse una tendencia de crecimiento hasta entonces. Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit, UNCTAD, Fondo Monetario Internacional 1 de enero a noviembre Durante los últimos años ha ido disminuyendo el peso de la agricultura en el PIB zambiano debido a las sequías mencionadas. En los últimos años ha La situación económica actual de Zambia está caracterizada, por lo tanto, por crecido de forma espectacular la producción de algodón, tabaco, soja, le- el descenso del crecimiento de su PIB y un elevado nivel de endeudamiento, gumbres y flores frescas. Sin embargo, los altos precios del transporte limitan que se ha incrementado más todavía durante el último año, a lo que se añade el crecimiento a gran escala. Zambia tiene un potencial agrícola inmenso, una creciente inflación, la depreciación de la moneda local y un creciente pero no se ha invertido lo suficiente en dicho sector, por lo que, pese a los déficit fiscal (con un aumento de casi el 92% en 2019). Alrededor de 1,7 abundantes recursos hidráulicos con los que cuenta en las provincias clave millones de personas (18% de la población) se vieron afectadas por la grave para desarrollar su agricultura, ha tenido que acudir a importar alimentos del sequía y desde 2019 Zambia está en fases 3 ó 4 de la clasificación de riesgo mercado exterior. de inseguridad alimentaria. La economía depende en gran medida del cobre, del que Zambia es uno de Controlar la inflación se ha convertido en una de las prioridades del Banco los primeros productores mundiales. Además, Zambia es el segundo mayor Central de Zambia. Si bien Zambia inició 2016 con un elevado IPC, esta productor de cobre de África después de la República Democrática del Congo tendencia fue mermando a lo largo del año, consiguiendo cerrar el mismo (RDC), de ahí que la principal fuente de riqueza del país sean las explotacio- con un 7,5% de inflación, lo que implica una caída del 13,6% respecto al nes de este mineral procedentes del denominado Copperbelt (Cinturón del final de 2015.
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