“Un Siglo De Arte Español Dentro Y Fuera De España”,.Pdf

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“Un Siglo De Arte Español Dentro Y Fuera De España”,.Pdf A Century of Spanish Art in Spain and Abroad JUAN MANUEL BONET Any serious appraisal of the evolution of modern Spanish Torres and Gustavo de Maeztu represented the new gen- This was also the time when the Ballets Russes made their art must begin with a categorical statement: for quite eration, while Darío de Regoyos — a true purist — Juan greatest impact. some time, the epicentre of the Spanish avant-garde was de Echevarría, and Francisco Iturrino had more secret found in Paris. In fact, beginning in 1900, artists such as destinies. Barcelona witnessed the consolidation of nou- A new concentration of Spaniards appeared in Paris in Juan Gris, Julio González, Pablo Gargallo, María centisme, a movement sponsored by the author and the twenties. Francisco Bores, Hernando Viñes, Joaquín Blanchard, Daniel Vázquez Díaz, Manolo Hugué — philosopher Eugenio d’Ors, which proposed a classicist Peinado, Jacinto Salvadó, Pedro Flores and Luis “Manolo” — and Mateo Hernández followed in Pablo and Mediterranean ideal: a moderate modernity spear- Fernández took up permanent residence there, while Picasso’s footsteps and settled in the city that was fast headed by painters Joaquim Sunyer, Xavier Nogués and Benjamín Palencia, Pancho Cossío, Manuel Ángeles becoming the art capital of the world. the young Joaquín Torres García, and sculptors Enric Ortiz, José María Ucelay, Pere Pruna, Ramón Gaya and Casanovas and Josep Clará. In Madrid, the painters who Alfonso de Olivares visited for shorter periods. Bores This roster alone makes it possible to gage the impor- were coming to the fore included the inspired and som- merits special attention as a supporter of “fruit-paint- tance of the Spanish contribution to the first internation- bre loaner, José Gutiérrez Solana, bard of a bleak Spain, ing”, as does Luis Fernández who, after practising con- al modernity. Cubism had a markedly Spanish accent: and the subtle and crystalline Cristóbal Ruiz, as well as structivism and surrealism, developed an austere figura- Picasso opened a century of painting — a century that sculptors Julio Antonio — with his Busts of the Race — tive style. practically bears his name — with his Demoiselles and Victorio Macho. d’Avignon (1907), and Juan Gris, whose mature works During these same years, the Spanish provinces under- were executed between 1910 and 1927, became the purest The First World War drove some of the protagonists of went a profound modernisation. Magazines, cinema of cubists. In sculpture, González and Gargallo emerged the Paris avant-garde to Spain, including Robert and Sonia clubs and cultural associations sprang up everywhere, as the masters of wrought-iron sculpture, opening new Delaunay, Francis Picabia, Albert Gleizes, Marie promoted by people who had up-to-date views on cul- paths for all those who were to follow. Laurencin, the Mexican Diego Rivera and Jacques ture, read certain journals and knew about Picasso, Lipchitz, among others. In Madrid, Ramón Gómez de la Freud, Marinetti, Joyce, Breton, Stravinsky, Le Both Picasso and his colleagues in arms were ignored for Serna took in the “Integral Painters” led by María Corbusier, Eisenstein... many years by Spanish art collectors, critics and man- Blanchard and Rivera in 1915. In Barcelona, the agers, who should have been paying more attention to Uruguayans Joaquín Torres García and Rafael Barradas The impact of surrealism cannot be limited to its central their work. The history of the Reina Sofía National Art practised their “vibracionismo” during the second half of figures: Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel and Óscar Museum, or rather of the art galleries that preceded it, the century’s second decade. Josep Dalmau, an exemplary Domínguez, “card-carrying” surrealists who had settled in is the history of official shortsightedness in the face of dealer who had already organised a cubist collective in Paris. Around 1930, many Spanish poets and several Picasso, Juan Gris or González’s work. The same would 1912, was the main recipient of all these innovations, as Spanish painters and sculptors were “surrealising”. occur later with Miró and Dalí, who were neglected in well as the organiser of the first individual show of an Supporters of this tendency sprang up in Barcelona, favour of more conventional artists. Indeed, within unknown artist named Joan Miró in 1918. From that date Lérida — home of Leandre Cristòfol’s brilliant poetic Spain, art was running a much more moderate course. on, Madrid, Seville, Palma de Majorca and other Spanish constructions — Saragossa, Tenerife… In Madrid, José Post-impressionists and symbolists were all the rage; cities witnessed the birth and development of ultraismo, Moreno Villa and José Caballero worked in the same vein. painters with nineteenth-century training, such as mainly a poetic movement that also had plastic repercus- Both were close to García Lorca, whose Tears for the Joaquín Sorolla, Ignacio Zuloaga or Santiago Rusiñol, sions. The ubiquitous Barradas played a leading role in Death of Ignacio Sánchez Mejías was illustrated by who enjoyed considerable recognition abroad as well. this movement, along with other foreigners, including the Caballero. Meanwhile Alberto Sánchez — “Alberto” —, Young and literary painters such as Julio Romero de Argentinean Norah Borges and the Pole Wladyslaw Jahl. Benjamín Palencia, Maruja Mallo, Luis Castellanos, Un siglo de arte español dentro y fuera de España JUAN MANUEL BONET Un balance de lo que ha sido el arte moderno español debe empezar por genial y sombrío solitario que fue José Gutiérrez Solana, cantor de la una afirmación rotunda: la vanguardia española tuvo durante bastante España negra, y el sutilBustos y cristalino de la raza Cristóbal Ruiz, y escultores como tiempo su epicentro en París. En efecto, de 1900 en adelante, y tras los Julio Antonio –con sus – o Victorio Macho. pasos de Pablo Picasso, en aquella ciudad que entonces se consolidaba como capital mundial del arte, se afincaron, entre otros, Juan Gris, Julio La primera guerra mundial empujó a España a algunos de los protagonis- González, Pablo Gargallo, María Blanchard, Daniel Vázquez Díaz, tas de la vanguardia de París, como Robert y Sonia Delaunay, Francis Pica- Manolo Hugué –«Manolo»–, Mateo Hernández... bia, Albert Gleizes, Marie Laurencin, el mexicano Diego Rivera, Jacques Lipchitz... En el Madrid de 1915 Ramón Gómez de la Serna apadrinó a los La simple nómina precedente nos permite calibrar la importancia de la «Pintores íntegros», con María Blanchard y Rivera a la cabeza. En Bar- contribución española a la primera modernidad internacional.Las señoritas El cubis- de celona, los uruguayos Joaquín Torres-García y Rafael Barradas practicaron, Amovig tuvonon un marcado acento español. Si en pintura, con durante lamarch segundaand mitad de los años diez, el «vibracionismo». Josep Dal- (1907) Picasso abre el siglo que en buena medida va a llevar su mau, un ejemplar, que ya en 1912 había organizado una colectiva nombre, y si Juan Gris, cuya producción de madurez ocupa el período cubista, fue el principal receptor de todas aquellas novedades, y también 1910-1927, puede ser considerado como el cubista más puro, en escultu- el organizador, en 1918, de la primera individual de un desconocido llama- ra González y Gargallo son los maestros del hierro forjado y abren nue- do Joan Miró. A partir de aquel año, Madrid, Sevilla, Palma de Mallorca y vos caminos a quienes vendrán después. otras ciudades españolas vieron nacer y desarrollarse el ultraísmo, movi- miento principalmente poético que tuvo consecuencias plásticas, y dentro Tanto Picasso como el resto de sus compañeros de aventura serían igno- del cual el ubicuo Barradas representó un papel central, junto a otros rados durante largos años por los coleccionistas, críticos y gestores espa- extranjeros, como la argentina Norah Borges o el polaco Wladyslaw Jahl. ñoles que tenían que haber estado pendientes de su trabajo. La historia Fue grande, por aquella época, el impacto de los Ballets Russes. del Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, o más bien la de las pinacotecas que precedieron a ésta, es la historia de la miopía de la ofi- La década de los veinte vería consolidarse un nuevo núcleo de españoles cialidad frente a las propuestas de Picasso, Juan Gris o González –más en París. Fijarían allá su residencia, por siempre, Francisco Bores, Her- tarde, frente a las de Miró o Dalí–, preteridos a favor de artistas más nando Viñes, Joaquín Peinado, Jacinto Salvadó, Pedro Flores o Luis Fer- convencionales. El arte español del interior discurrió efectivamente por nández. Más limitada en el tiempo sería la presencia de Benjamín Pa- cauces mucho más moderados. Triunfaban postimpresionistas y simbo- lencia, Pancho Cossío, Manuel Ángeles Ortiz, José María Ucelay, Pere listas, formados durante el siglo XIX, como el luminista Joaquín Sorolla, Pruna, Ramón Gaya o Alfonso de Olivares. Cabe recordar de un modo Ignacio Zuloaga o Santiago Rusiñol, que habían alcanzado por lo demás especial a Bores, partidario de la «pintura-fruta», y a Luis Fernández, que un gran reconocimiento internacional. El relevo lo representaban pin- tras practicar el constructivismo y el surrealismo, se afianzaría en una tores más jóvenes como los muy literarios Julio Romero de Torres y figuración austera. Gustavo de Maeztu. Más secreto sería el destino del purísimo Darío de Regoyos, de Juan de Echevarríanoucentisme o de Francisco Iturrino. Barcelona asis- Nuestras provincias conocieron por aquel entonces una profunda tió a la consolidación del , movimiento apadrinado por el modernización. Por doquier surgieron revistas, cineclubs, sociedades escritor y filósofo Eugenio d’Ors, que proponía un ideal clasicista y culturales, impulsados por gentes que tenían una visión al día de la cul- mediterraneísta, una modernidad atemperada, y cuyos principales tura, leían ciertas revistas, sabían quiénes eran Picasso, Freud, representantes fueron Joaquim Sunyer, Xavier Nogués y el primer Marinetti, Joyce, Breton, Strawinsky, Le Corbusier, Eisenstein... El Joaquín Torres García en pintura, y Enric Casanovas y Josep Clará en impacto del surrealismo no puede limitarse a los nombres por lo demás escultura.
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