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PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series Number 9 Fall 2007 SPECIAL Iss UE : Essays Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of the Numata Chair in Buddhist Studies at the University of Calgary GUE S T EDITOR S : Leslie Kawamura and Sarah Haynes FRONT COVER PACIFIC WORLD: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series, Number 9 Fall 2007 SPINE PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies HALF-TITLE PAGE i REVERSE HALF TITLE ii PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series Number 9 Fall 2007 SPECIAL Iss UE : Essays Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of the Numata Chair in Buddhist Studies at the University of Calgary GUE S T EDITOR S : Leslie Kawamura and Sarah Haynes TITLE iii Pacific World is an annual journal in English devoted to the dissemination of historical, textual, critical, and interpretive articles on Buddhism generally and Shinshu Bud- dhism particularly to both academic and lay readerships. The journal is distributed free of charge. Articles for consideration by the Pacific World are welcomed and are to be submitted in English and addressed to the Editor, Pacific World, 2140 Durant Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704-1589, USA. Acknowledgment: This annual publication is made possible by the donation of BDK America of Berkeley, California. Guidelines for Authors: Manuscripts (approximately twenty standard pages) should be typed double-spaced with 1-inch margins. Notes are to be endnotes with full biblio- graphic information in the note first mentioning a work, i.e., no separate bibliography. See The Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition), University of Chicago Press, §16.3 ff. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of all quotations and for supplying complete references. Clear, clean typescript is required for electronic page scanning. Please include electronic version on disk in both formatted and plain text, if possible. Manu- scripts should be submitted by February 1st. Foreign words should be underlined and marked with proper diacriticals, except for the following: arhat, bodhisattva, buddha/Buddha, dharma/Dharma, Hinayana, kalpa, karma, Mahayana, nembutsu, nirvana, samsara, sangha, shinjin, sutra, yoga. Roman- ized Chinese follows Pinyin system (except in special cases); romanized Japanese, the modified Hepburn system. Japanese/Chinese names are given surname first, omitting honorifics. Ideographs preferably should be restricted to notes. Editorial Committee reserves the right to standardize use of or omit diacriticals. Conventionalized English form of sutra title may be used if initially identified in original or full form in text or note. Editorial Committee reserves the right to edit all submis- sions. Upon request, page proofs may be reviewed by the author. Include institutional affiliation and position, or present status/occupation and place. All manuscripts submitted for publication become the property of Pacific World. By agreeing to publication in the Pacific World, authors give the journal and the In- stitute of Buddhist Studies an unlimited license to publish and reprint the essay. This license includes, but is not limited to, any media format (hard copy, electronic, etc.), and international rights. Copyright remains the author’s. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Richard K. Payne, Chair David Matsumoto Eisho Nasu Natalie Quli, Assistant Editor REVERSE TITLE PAGE iv PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series, Number 9 Fall 2007 SPECIAL Iss UE : Essays Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of the Numata Chair in Buddhist Studies at the University of Calgary CONTENTS Prolegomenon LE S LIE KAWAMURA AND SARAH HAYNE S 1 The Unanswered Questions: Why Were They Unanswered? A Re-examination of the Textual Data YA K UPITIYA G E KARUNADA S A 3 The Role of Prātimokṣa Expansion in the Rise of Indian Buddhist Sectarianism CHARLE S S. PREBI S H 33 Transitivity, Intransitivity, and tha dad pa Verbs in Traditional Tibetan Grammar TOM J. F. TILLEMAN S 49 How Did the Buddhists Prove Something? The Nature of Buddhist Logic SHORYU KAT S URA 63 An Instance of Dependent Origination: Are Krishnamurti’s Teachings Buddhadharma? HILLARY RODRI G UE S 85 Christina “the Astonishing” Meets the Tibetans Returning from the Beyond: A Case of Mutual Recognition? PAUL WILLIAM S 103 v Striving for Perfection: On the Various Ways of Translating Sanskrit into Tibetan MICHAEL HAHN 123 The Buddhist Pratimālakṣaṇa: “Defining the Image” CHARLE S WILLEMEN 151 Mythologies of Bosat Viṣṇu JOHN CLI ff ORD HOLT 169 Expanding Notions of Buddhism: Influences beyond Meiji Japan JOHN HARDIN G 189 The Names of Buddhist Hells in East Asian Buddhism INE K E VAN PUT 205 The Cult of Amitābha and the Apotheosis of the Tibetan Ruler EV A NEUMAIER 231 Ākāra and Direct Perception (Pratyakṣa) K. L. DHAMMA J OTI 245 Aparimitāyus: “Tantra” and “Pure Land” in Medieval Indian Buddhism? RICHARD K. PAYNE 273 Book Reviews 309 BDK English Tripitaka Series: A Progress Report 331 vi Prolegomenon Leslie Kawamura, Professor Holder of the Numata Chair in Buddhist Studies Department of Religious Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Calgary Sarah Haynes, Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy & Religious Studies Western Illinois University FROM MAY 13 TO 17, 2004, A SYMPOSIUM to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the Chair of Buddhist Studies in the Department of Religious Studies was held at the University of Cal- gary. Through the kind assistance of Dr. Akira Yuyama, the first Visit- ing Numata Scholar to the University of Calgary, an original donation of $300,000 Canadian was received in 1987 from Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai (BDK Tokyo, Japan). To this was added a donation of $35,000 Canadian from the Honpa Buddhist Churches of Alberta. Both donations were matched two to one by the Government of Alberta to establish the Nu- mata Chair of Buddhist Studies Endowment of $1,000,000 Canadian at the University of Calgary. During the intervening years, the Numata Endowment sponsored international scholars who resided at the University of Calgary for one term (a four-month period) or for longer periods of up to one year to teach, to conduct research, and to give public lectures. The public lec- tures have been published (except for a few at the beginning, from the early stages of the Endowment, when there were insufficient funds for publication) and can be obtained free of charge from the Department of Religious Studies. The symposium brought together scholars who were recipients of the Numata fellowships at the University of Calgary. Other scholars 1 2 Pacific World from the University of Lethbridge, where Numata Visiting Scholars lectured in its classes or gave public lectures, also participated in the symposium. Invitations for the symposium were sent to BDK Canada, BDK US, BDK Japan, and to scholars who were Numata Chair Coordina- tors in North America. As part of the symposium, the group took a trip to the Canadian Rockies. It is with great pleasure that the papers presented at the sympo- sium are made available to the scholarly world and to the adherents of Buddhism. These papers are published as a tribute in memory of Mr. Yehan Numata and the members of the Honpa Buddhist Churches of Alberta who have kindly contributed towards the establishment of the Numata Chair in Buddhist Studies Endowment. Mr. Numata’s vision to propagate the buddhadharma throughout the entire world by means of both popular and academic projects has enabled the Department of Re- ligious Studies, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Calgary to continue the Buddhist Studies Program. We look forward to a brighter future for Buddhist studies because of that vision. I would like to thank Dr. Sarah Haynes, Assistant Professor at West- ern Illinois University, for her untiring assistance in organizing the papers found in this volume. Thanks must be extended to Dr. Richard Payne, who kindly offered the Pacific Worldas the venue through which these papers could appear in print, and to Natalie Quli, Assistant Editor of the Pacific World who provided a majority of the editorial work re- quired to bring this volume to completion. It goes without saying that this volume could not have been possible without the contribution by the scholars who took the time and effort to attend and present papers at the Symposium. Thank you all. May these papers bring happiness and joy to all. The Unanswered Questions: Why Were They Unanswered? A Re-examination of the Textual Data Yakupitiyage Karunadasa Centre of Buddhist Studies, University of Hong Kong EVER SINCE THE ACADEMIC study of Buddhism began in the early nineteenth century, one question that has intrigued scholars is why the Buddha deemed it unnecessary to answer certain questions. Although the Buddha gave his own reasons for leaving these questions unanswered, modern scholars wanted to know what other reasons lay behind the Buddha’s “silence.” So we find attempts being made to understand this situation in the light of such ideological stances as skepticism, agnosticism, pragmatism, logical positivism, and so on. Among the many writings on the subject of undetermined questions, the latest and most exhaustive is the one made by K. N. Jayatilleke in his monumental work, The Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge.1 After criti- cally examining all previous interpretations on the subject and basing himself on almost all textual data, Jayatilleke sums up his study in such a manner that it seems to exclude the need for any further contribu- tion to our
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