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“A MUCH MILDER MEDIUM”: ENGLISH and GERMAN WOMEN WRITERS in ITALY 1840-1880 by Federica Belluccini Submitted in Partial Fulf

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“A MUCH MILDER MEDIUM”: ENGLISH and GERMAN WOMEN WRITERS in ITALY 1840-1880 by Federica Belluccini Submitted in Partial Fulf “A MUCH MILDER MEDIUM”: ENGLISH AND GERMAN WOMEN WRITERS IN ITALY 1840-1880 by Federica Belluccini Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2011 © Copyright by Federica Belluccini, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY INTERDISCIPLINARY PHD PROGRAM The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled ““A MUCH MILDER MEDIUM”: ENGLISH AND GERMAN WOMEN WRITERS IN ITALY 1840-1880” by Federica Belluccini in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dated: December 2, 2011 External Examiner: _________________________________ Research Supervisor: _________________________________ Examining Committee: _________________________________ _________________________________ Departmental Representative: _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: December 2, 2011 AUTHOR: Federica Belluccini TITLE: “A MUCH MILDER MEDIUM”: ENGLISH AND GERMAN WOMEN WRITERS IN ITALY 1840-1880 DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Interdisciplinary PhD Program DEGREE: PhD CONVOCATION: May YEAR: 2012 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii In Memory of Dr. Jane V. Curran For mamma and papà, Barbara, Joaquín, and Diana, and David iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract vii Acknowledgments viii CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Separate Spheres Ideology and Nineteenth-Century Women’s Travel Writing 6 1.2 The Tradition of English and German Travellers to Italy and their Writings 21 1.3 On Narrating Italian Nation-Building and on the Hybrid Character of Travel Writing 41 CHAPTER 2 Fostering Young Generations and Nations: Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 48 2.1 Preface and First Letter: Introducing the Political Scope and the Main Themes of Rambles 57 2.2 Part I of Rambles: A Sympathetic Education 75 2.3 Part II of Rambles: Education through Art and History 87 2.4 Part III of Rambles: A Lesson in Italian Nationalism 114 CHAPTER 3 Adele Schopenhauer’s Florenz: Ein Reiseführer mit Anekdoten und Erzählungen (1847/48): Creating a Gendered Version of the Guidebook for Travellers 142 3.1 Goethe and Adele Schopenhauer: Rome versus Florence 143 3.2 Murray’s and Baedeker’s Guidebooks for Travellers versus Schopenhauer’s Florenz 153 3.3 Schopenhauer’s “Narrative Guide” Florenz and Nineteenth-Century Women’s Travel Writing 176 CHAPTER 4 Frances Power Cobbe’s Italics: Brief Notes on Politics, People, and Places in Italy, in 1864: Discovering Alternative Ways of Life for Single Women 193 4.1 “Italia Rinascente”: Cobbe’s Survey of Italy After 1861 in the First Chapters of Italics 198 v 4.2 “Liberty, Equality, and the Feudal System”: Anglo-Italian Politics in Italics 219 4.3 “Catholic Italy”: Italian Religion and Cobbe’s Feminism in the Central Chapters of Italics 229 4.4 “People One Meets in Italy”: The Final Chapters of Italics and Cobbe’s Presentation of Alternative Models of Femininity 246 CHAPTER 5 Fanny Lewald’s Reisebriefe aus Deutschland, Italien und Frankreich 1877, 1878: Defining Women’s Role in the Newly Formed German Nation 272 5.1 “Von Hause fort!” (Away from Home!): The First Letters of Reisebriefe 286 5.2 “Einst und jetzt” (Then and Now): Reisebriefe’s Letters from Rome 302 5.3 “An die deutschen Frauen” (To the German Women): The Last Letters of Reisebriefe 339 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion 355 Bibliography 359 vi ABSTRACT Travel writing is by definition an open and hybrid form that encompasses a variety of genres, styles, and modes of presentation. This study focuses on four little- known travel texts about Italy written between 1840 and 1880 by two English and two German women writers and shows how, by exploiting the openness of the form of travel writing, they broadened its scope beyond mere description to provide insight into national ideologies and identities while expanding the boundaries of the female sphere of influence. This study considers the following texts: Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (1844), Adele Schopenhauer’s Florenz: Ein Reiseführer mit Anekdoten und Erzählungen (1847/48) (2007), Frances Power Cobbe’s Italics: Brief Notes on Politics, People, and Places in Italy, in 1864 (1864), and Fanny Lewald’s Reisebriefe aus Deutschland, Italien und Frankreich 1877, 1878 (1880). In the first chapter, the four texts under consideration are presented against the backdrop of nineteenth-century sexual ideology of the ‘separate spheres’ and the conventions of women’s travel writing. A survey of the long tradition of English and German travellers to Italy and their writings is provided to establish the context in which the texts were produced. Also considered is the role they play in the narrative of Italian nation-building. In the second chapter, the discussion of Rambles in Germany and Italy examines how, by presenting herself as a mother and an educator, Shelley foregrounds the pedagogical purpose of the book, which aims at garnering the sympathy of her British audience for the oppressive political situation of the Italian people and their growing nationalism. The third chapter explores Schopenhauer’s attempt in Florenz to create her own gendered version of the guidebook for travellers in the style of Murray and Baedeker and to revive the memory of the democratic institutions of thirteenth-century Florence at a time when Italians were fighting for democratic reforms and independence. The fourth chapter shows how, in Italics, the representation of Italy in the wake of its partial unification in 1861 is closely intertwined with Cobbe’s own thinking on politics, religion, and women’s emancipation. The fifth chapter examines how, in Reisebriefe, the discussion of the social and political changes that had affected both Italy and Germany in the previous forty years allows Lewald to engage in a reflection on her own femininity and on the role of women in the newly formed German nation. Shelley, Schopenhauer, Cobbe and Lewald each used travel writing to explore their own identities as women and as writers. Pushing the form beyond exposition into the realm of social commentary, they used it to shape public opinion and to explore new roles for women in society. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to many people and institutions for helping me during the process of completing this dissertation. First I would like to take a moment to remember Dr. Jane Curran. Her encouragement, expertise, and kindness have been invaluable for me during my years at Dalhousie and her untimely death in July 2011 has left a terrible void. My warmest gratitude goes out to my examining committee, in particular to my reader Dr. Marjorie Stone for her careful reading, useful suggestions, and helpful insight, and to my external examiner, Dr. Linda Hughes, for bringing stimulating questions to the table. Special thanks go to my other reader, Dr. Hans-Günther Schwarz, for his fundamental role in my decision to study at Dalhousie and for recommending the Interdisciplinary PhD program to me. Above all, I am thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Rohan Maitzen, for her boundless support and encouragement, her valuable advice and understanding, and her patience and cheerfulness throughout the duration of this project. She has been a true source of inspiration in my work and in my life. I must acknowledge the financial support of the Killam Trusts: the Killam Scholarship has made it possible for me to undertake and carry out this project. I would like to thank the faculty and staff of the Department of German, the Department of English, and the Interdisciplinary PhD Program for their help and guidance. Thanks also go to the Italian Studies program for the many valuable teaching opportunities I was able to take advantage of. To the many other people who have accompanied me as travel companions during the adventurous, exciting, and at times exhausting journey of completing this thesis goes my deepest gratitude. Their support, encouragement, and affection have helped me get to my destination and I thank them all. For their continual friendship since I first arrived in Canada, Gloria Haskett, Sergio David Iza, and Tijana Stojkoviü deserve special mention and thanks. To David Ritacco, with whom I have travelled in so many ways since we met, I owe a debt of gratitude for sharing with me more than anybody else the daily joys and hardships of this journey. Thank you for everything! And finally I thank my parents, Bruno and Sara, and my sister, Barbara, for the immense patience, understanding, and love with which they have always supported me and my choices. The visits home and the daily conversations over the phone have been something to look forward to and their constant reassurance has sustained me. Thank you for always being there for me: grazie, vi voglio tanto bene! viii Descending from the Alps into Italy is always like passing from winter into summer. Be the season of the year what it may, we never fail to feel the same sense of coming into sunshine, and into the freedom of outdoor life; […] we have left behind the atmosphere of black frosts, moral and physical, and may expand ourselves happily in a much milder medium.
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