Sophocles, for the Use of Schools;

I LLJNO I S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PRODUCTION NOTE

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2012. COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION

In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923.

This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law.

Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin

2012 ~0

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NORN THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

From the library of Charles Melville Moss Professor of Class ics Presented by Mirs. Moss 881 S5 1861 Vlarenan rselV ss strites

AJAX

CAMPBELL AND ABBOTT %onbon HENRY FROWDE

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE AMEN CORNER, E.C. SOPHOCLES

IN "SINGLE PLA YS

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS

EDITED

WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND ENGLISH NOTES

LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D.

Professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrewa

AND EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., LL.D. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford

AJAX

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1890

[All rigits reserved ]

PRE FACE.

THE present edition of the plays of Sophocles has been compiled from the larger edition of the Plays and Fragments published by Prof. Campbell', with such alterations and addi- tions as seemed necessary to adapt the work for use in schools. The text is almost identical in the two editions, and the same marks are used. A departure from MS. authority is distinguished by an asterisk, and a word or phrase which, though retained from the MSS., is almost certainly corrupt, is distinguished by an obelus. In the notes, the critical part of the larger edition bearing on the text has been omitted. Here and there, it is true, various readings have been given, but no attempt is made to present a connected account of the text. And little or nothing is said about the metres. Whatever light may have been thrown on Greek music and metre by recent researches in Germany, the results have not been such that they can

1 Sophocles. By Prof. Campbell. Clarendon Press, i879-81. 63667 vi PREFA CE. with any advantage be embodied in an English School Edition1. In the illustration of grammatical constructions the smaller edition is sometimes more full than the larger. It is obvious that knowledge which may be presumed in an older reader can be profitably enough imparted to one who is reading Sophocles for the first time, and reading him principally with a view to improve his knowledge of Greek. But, in order to save space, references are sometimes given to grammatical works, especially to Professor Goodwin's 'Moods and Tenses.' In the larger edition the most important facts of the language of Sophocles have been collected, analysed, and arranged, in an introductory essay: in this edition the matter of that essay has been embodied in the notes on various passages. This change seemed necessary in a work which is intended to facilitate the reading of the author without aiming at a general criticism of his language. But a use of the indices will enable any one who wishes to construct for himself a fair conspectus of the leading features in the style of Sophocles. It will be observed that in many passages more than one rendering is given, and it may perhaps be thought that such alternatives are merely a confession of ignorance. But although it is true that the writer's meaning is one and one only, it is often scarcely possible to express this, even when

1 Brambach has published ' Die Sophocleischen Gesinge fiir den Schulgebrauch metrisch erkliirt.' Leipzig, 1870. PREFA CE. Vi, perceived, by a single English version, and there are some passages in which the grounds of interpretation are so nicely balanced, that the charge of ignorance would rather be applicable to a dogmatic rendering. Beyond doubt, many passages admit grammatically of two interpretations, either of which is possible in the context in which the words occur. There may be a preference in favour of one or the other, but to exclude either would mark this preference too strongly. Moreover in a work of joint authorship there will necessarily be some difference of opinion; and although there are but few passages over which the editors have felt themselves to differ seriously, this should be noticed as another cause of the alternative renderings. The lines of the plays are quoted according to the notation of Dindorf, which is now almost universally adopted. The numbering of the fragments is that of Nauck, in his 'Tragi- corum Graecorum Fragmenta.' Though the present edition has been compiled mainly from the larger work, the notes of other scholars have of course been consulted. The most useful commentaries in German are those of Schneidewin-Nauck, Gustav Wolff, and Weck- lein. Of those with Latin notes the most important are the editions by Hermann, Dindorf, and Wunder, to which perhaps Linwood's should be added, though most readers will regret that so able a scholar did not give the world a more elaborate work. The chief English editions have also been consulted. It is needless to enumerate them, and it would be out of place to criticise them here. viii PREFACE.

Some pains have been taken to make the introductory analyses, prefixed to the notes, a real help to the young reader in mastering the structure and the leading motives of each play. But for further information on these points the student is referred to the Introductions in the larger edition. AIA 2.

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INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS.

TII fate of Ajax in life and after death, which is the subject of t this tragedy, had an intense interest for the Athenians. He was the Eponymus and reputed ancestor of one of their ten tribes and the patron and defender of Salamis. (Hdt. 8. 64, 121.) Both Athens, therefore, and all Hellas had reason to hold dear the honour of the son of Telamon; and to this feeling we owe much of the picturesqueness and beauty of colouring which the poet has thrown around his work. The chorus of Salaminian mariners, the hero's' co-mates and brothers in exile,' could not fail to enchain the sympathies of the lovers of Salamis, who were also lovers of the sea. If the home-affection is less personal here than in the Oedipus Coloneus, it is not less vivid and has a wider range. It is partly on the same account that the chief character is treated so lovingly. Ajax is at least a foster-son of Athens (1. 861). But Sophocles has other and deeper reasons for the care which he has spent on this grand figure. To him the end of Ajax seemed typical, (I) of the effect of repulse and failure on a nature formed for great achievements; (2) of the truth that the magnanimous and faithful spirit, though error and shame may overcloud it for a day (1. 756), shall at last be justified; (3) of the lesson of moderation, as learnt by Ajax through suffering, viz. that the self-confidence of passionate strength leads men to ruin unless chastened and subdued; (4) of the corresponding lesson, as taught to Odysseus by inspiration of Athena, viz. that enmity nmust not be pushed beyond the grave, since our reverence for nobleness and pity for misfortune ought to be shown even towards an enemy when he can no longer do us harm (advavTaywiehr 46 AyAX.

rvoiga T7reitTrat, Thuc. 2. 45). This was so hard a saying that the actual sight of Ajax' ruin is needed to impress it even on Odysseus. I. In his conception of the character of Ajax, Sophocles has taken many hints from earlier poetry; but he has given us, nevertheless, a noble creation, inspiring in a peculiar manner at once affection and awe. The hero's enemies and detractors may see in him the huge man- mountain, a tower of strength in the field, but useless in counsel (11. 1250 foll.) Those nearest him are most aware what depth of protecting tenderness lies beneath the rugged fierceness of his nature. To his younger brother, accustomed to creep behind his shield 'as a child taking refuge with his mother' (I1. 8. 271), to his captive bride, related to him as Briseis to Achilles, to his island comrades, his fiery mood, though it may break forth on them, is only a source of pride. They cling with growing fondness to the noble personality, ' whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.' They would claim for him, as he claims for himself (1. 424), the highest place in all the host. Even Odysseus acknowledges that none except Achilles can justly be preferred to him. (Cp. Hom. Il1. 17. 280, Alcaeus, fragm. 48, etc.) On this character, rough and impetuous, but profoundly sensitive, the blow of repulse has suddenly fallen. A representative court of the Achaeansiuenc y e Atridae (not without suspicion of factitious votes, 1. 1135) have adjudged the arms of Achilles to Odysseus as the prize, of merit. They have preferred farseeing wisdom before valour. Ajax, like Achilles in the Iliad, broods during many days and nights in sullen and fierce inaction beside his ships, muttering curses against the chieftains (11.930 foll.) and lamenting over the loss of the prize, on which he had counted to commend him to his father's eye (11.462 foll.) At length his passion completely masters him, and he goes forth at mid- night alone and armed intending to assassinate the chiefs. He has just reached the generals' quarter, when Athena, ever watchful to protect the Argives, appears beside him, and causes his wrath to culminate in madness. Having found, as he supposes, such an ally, he rushes forth, impelled by illusion, into the meadow where sheep and oxen, the common property of the whole army, are grazing or at rest. Imagining them to be the Argives, he falls upon them, and, when weary of slaughter, drags the remainder as captives to his hut. Before morning the alarm is raised: suspicion falls on Ajax; he is, NOTES. 47 convicted by Odysseus with Athefia's help, and his career is over. He, who had saved TiHie s now committed against them an unpardon- able sin. We see him for a moment in his madness; and all our pity is stirred by the sight at which his enemy is moved'. Then we hear of the rumour from the Salaminian mariners. They learn the truth of Ajax' madness from Tecmessa. She learns from them the extent of the disaster, and tells them that the worst is yet to come, since Ajax in his grief and shame is evidently bent on suicide. He is discovered amidst the slaughtered sheep, and in broken utter- ances makes us feel something of his agony. The poet, with rare skill, allows some traces of his past disorder to mingle with the wildness of his passion. As yet, the fierceness of his towering spirit seems only aggravated by his misfortune. He is full of the desire of vengeance and of resentment against the gods (11. 387, 589). But amidst the tumult of his first rage there already sounds the clear note of one fixed resolve, one deeply felt necessity. Ajax knows that he cannot outlive his honour; and because of this, while he hails his comrades with unreserved affection, he treats Tecmessa with an abrupt harshness that ineffectually veils the wounded spirit within him. (Cp. Ant. 548, Shak. Hamlet 3. I, III foll.) Then follows a soliloquy, in which injured pride contends with the love of home. He cannot meet his fatheli annot serve the Atridae; he can but die. Next he calls for his son, whom he fondles proudly as a soldier's child, commending him to the Salaminians and through them to Teucer and to his parents. One word of kindness to Tecmessa is allowed to escape by the way (1. 536). But when she weeps he again grows impatient, and at his own request is withdrawn within the hut. Tecmessa also withdraws with her child. The Chorus then give vent to their feelings of mourning over Ajax and of longing for their glorious home. After this, Ajax comes forth with a bright sword in his hand, not that with which he had slain the cattle, but the gift of Hector (I1. 7. 303) never before used by a Greek. He is now perfectly self-possessed, although an undertone of suppressed excitement is still discernible (see esp.

1 It is to this scene only (11.91-133) that the word .aoaryopo'por can properly be applied. 48, AyAX. 11.667, 8). His resolution is firnier than ever, but is to be carried out in the calm of solitude, not in the heat of passion. He, therefore, with the instinctive craft of one bent on suicide, successfully dissembles his unalterable purpose, the more easily because the Chorus interpret him by their wishes, and Tecmessa cannot suspect him of deceiving her. (See 11.693, 807, 8, 911.) But Ajax, like Deianira (Trach. 436 foll.), even in dissembling expresses a real feeling. He has found a deep necessity for dying, of which, in his more passionate mood, he had been only imperfectly conscious. He is aware that he has broken through the sacred bounds of rule, and that he can only clear himself by death. He cannot submit, whilst he is Ajax-that is ethically impossible-but he can go where his enemies cannot come, and his debt to Athena will thus be paid. The rigour of the situation is threefold: he cannot brave the chieftains and Athena, for he is in the wrong; he cannot undergo disgrace, and live; he cannot yield homage to his enemies,-he can only pass beyond the limits of their sway. His manner to Tecmessa is now quite softened, and he gives to her and to Teucer through the mariners his last injunctions, of which the meaning is apparent afterwards. When he is gone, the Chorus burst into a strain of wild hopefulness, such as elsewhere (Ant. '115 foll., O. T. Io86 foll., Trach. 205 foll.) pre- cedes an unforeseen disaster. But their delight is checked by a message from Teucer, who has been warned by Calchas, and they set forth in different directions to look for Ajax. Tecmessa also goes, after a moment's piteous glance at her child. The messenger returns to hasten the coming of Teucer. (See below, pp. 49, 50.) The solemnity of this moment is marked by three most exceptional circumstances, the absence of the Chorus, a complete change of scene (1. 815, note), and the death of the hero on the stage1. The suicide of Ajax could only take place in solitude and on a desert spot, and Sophocles has chosen to present it to the eyes of the spectators, because only thus could he sufficiently mark the deliberateness of the act, which, unlike the rash suicide of Haemon, had been planned with the clearest forethought, and was executed with iron determination and sustained

1 Other peculiarities in the dramatic structure of the Ajax, are the O8es drb I rxav in the opening scene and the suspension of the action towards the end of the play. NOTES* 49 resolve (1. 926orrpE'pov). It is essential for the poet's purpose that the loneliness should be complete-no witness seeing unseen-and that the spectator should himself watch narrowly the working of the hero's mind until the end. The real Ajax can only now be made manifest; and there is less in this scene to shock an Athenian spectator than in the colloquy with Athena or the disclosure of the bleeding sheep., To a Greek apprehension

Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail Or knock the breast; nothing but well and fair, And what may quiet us in a death so noble.

Ajax is never so much himself as at the last, unfaltering, but full of feeling. As one whose mind has been preternaturally exercised, he is conscious of the minutest circumstances I. But he has passed beyond excitement, and knows himself to be on the verge of lasting rest. To the gods he speaks a few necessary words, more as demanding a right than as craving a boon. To the Furies he utters one brief impassioned cry, unforgiving here as in the Odyssey (II. 543 foll., cp. Aj. 1395), but committing his cause to those to whom vengeance belongs. And, side by side with this vindictiveness (cp. the end of Electra), he gives free utterance to his natural tenderness, till at the thought of his mother he checks himself, and addresses himself to death. But caught by an irresistible impulse he takes one last look at the world he is leaving. All that has ever done hitm kindness, animate or inanimate, even the Trojan plain that hates him, is comprehe-nded in his warm farewell. Then, at a bound, the proud spirit passes to the Underworld. 2. The indirect intervention of Calchas, mentioned, above, is not only an important link in the chain of circumstances, but, like the direct

1 'Strange, that the mind when fraught With a passion so intense

Should, by being so overwrought, Suddenly strike on a. sharper sense.

When he lay dying there I noticed one of his many rings. . and thought, It is his mother's hair,' (Tennyson.), 50 , AyAX.

'action of Teiresias in Ant. 987 foll., and 0. T. 300 foll., throws an indispensable light on the ethical motive of the drama. When the wrath of the Achaeans against Ajax is at the height, and his brother is met with universal outcry of abuse, the holy prophet, who 'feels the future in the instant,' rises calmly from the excited council of a the chiefs and lays a friendly hand in Teucer's. The anger of Athena has had sufficient cause, but he knows that it will pass like a summer cloud. This is the key-note of what follows. The forest scene remaining, the Chorus enter severally from vain search, and Tecmessa catching sight of Ajax raises a shrill cry. She had not gone far; but with the instinct of affection she has been the first, to find him, though too late. They lament for him, and she covers him tenderly with her mantle (cp. El. 1468)'. Then Teucer comes, sends Tecmessa back for the child, and makes his lament. He has been brought, not by the direct interposition of Zeus in answer to the prayer of Ajax, but by natural means. The prayer had been already heard, when, after the prophecy of Calchas, Ajax was found to have left the tent, and those who believed the prophet concluded that he was dead. The rumour would be spread by the returning messenger, as well as by those sent by Tecmessa (1 804). .. Hardly has he drawn the bleeding corpse from the planted sword before Menelaus arrives and forbids the burial. In every play of Sophocles there is a part where the action is suspended (e.g. O. T. 630-862). In the Ajax, as in the Trachiniae, this comes unusually near the end. But this would hardly be felt to be a fault by the Athhnian spectator, to whom the question whether their hero should be finally disgraced or honoured had a thrilling interest, and whose excitement probably rose to the highest pitch at the moment when Teucer declares himself, Tecmessa, and Eurysakes ready to die for his brother's burial. It must be admitted, however, that the poet, perhaps relying on the intrinsic interest of the situation, has spent less labour on this than on the former part of the drama. The inequality is so manifest that another hand has been suspected here. But the other hand is the left hand of Sophocles. . 00 The supposed breach in the unity of action is apparent merely.

a 'So enabling the actor to personate Teucer.' (Schneidewin.) NOTES. 51

The fate of Ajax is still the centre of interest; and to the spectators,1 as to himself, his honour was more important than his life. His death and the dark hour preceding it make but a middle point in his passage from glory to glory. The solution of the supposed difficulty in this case is the same as in the parallel case of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, whose power is felt most after his death. ('O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet:' J. C. 5. 3, 94.) But while the unity of the Ajax is unimpeachable from this higher point of view, the fact remains that in point of structure it is more like a condensed trilogy than any other of the seven plays. The Oedipus Rex, Antigone, Trachiniae, end with a fatal catastrophe. In the Electra the catastrophe is the desired end. The Oedipus Col. and Philoctetes, like the last plays of Shakespeare, are dramas of reconciliation. But ,the Ajax in so far reflects the Aeschylean handling1, as the embroil- ment, the catastrophe, and the reconcilement proceed continuously, and make a beginning, middle, and end. Considered in this aspect, the action is threefold, containing, i. the madness of Ajax; 2. his death; 3. his burial. The theme of the latter part of the Ajax, the redemption (not of all men but) of the heroic soul, which may be clouded but not -stained, forms a partial anticipation of the Oedipus Coloneus. 3.The passion which pervades the Ajax is dominated by a profound and exalted spirit of moderation. This is the lesson which Athena teaches to the hero through his own suffering, to the wiser and more fortunate Odysseus through the suffering of another. Ajax does not forgive the Atridae (any more than Oedipus forgives his sons, or Antigone her judge), but he submits to them by going out of their jurisdiction (ieaararaL). In a more perfect sense he submits himself to the gods, though his haughty manner towards them never disappears. He is reconciled to the world in leaving it. HIe does his utmost to provide for those of his own house. And he is entirely possessed of his own spirit, and deeply conscious of his true situation, at the moment of death. It is significant that he dies in the full sunlight, and not, as described by Pindar, in the gloom of night (Isth. 3. 54 (4.35) Ai'avror axlaz 'oLVLOV, TaV 0L EV VXITL wayV7rEpi Cpqaay'q, c yo/vov, XE 7rais8anv 'EAXXdvo'vboot TplavS' /3av).

*' Other resemblances to Aeschylus are, I.the anapaestic parodos; 2. the comparative frequency of lines without caesurae, as 855, 994 ; 3. the number of Epic words and expressions: see p. 53. Eg2 AyAX.

4. Thus Ajax learns obedience in the only way compatible with his nature. But a yet higher note in this respect is struck through the character of Odysseus. The man that is not passion's slave can seldom be the protagonist of tragedy. But: the greatest tragic artists, 'who saw life steadily and saw it whole,' have felt the need of such (Horatio, Banquo, Kent, Creon in O. T., Theseus, Odysseus), not only for contrast, but to fill up the conception of ideal excellence, and to correct the imperfection which for the time 'subdues to its own scandal' the grand lineaments of the principal figure. Odysseus here does more. He'brings the element of just kindliness which can alone overrule 'Action and re-action, The miserable see-saw of our child-world,' and thus he solves the knot which seems inextricable. He upholds the divine law of equity, and prevents the requital of wrong with wrong. Odysseus, acknowledging the nobleness of his enemy (1. 1340), Deianira touching the Athenians with pity for captive Heracleids (Trach. 3o3-5), Theseus praising Thebes (0. C. 919, 20), Neoptolemus preferring faithfulness to ambition (Phil. I230 ff.), these give so many glimpses of the 'Heavenly Aether,' in which the genius of Sophocles breathed freely, and into which his poetry tended to lift his countrymen. The impression of peace left on the mind after so much agitation :must have struck the spectators, as it strikes the Chorus (1418-20), -with surprise. Many points are necessarily left unnoticed in this brief survey. It must suffice to mention two; (I) the dramatic use made of hints from earlier poetry, and (2) the character of Tecmessa. i. The wrath of Athena was, no doubt, a dark reality in the tra- ditional fable. ' Odysseus she had loved, but Ajax she had hated.' And this point of view is held by several of the persons, including Ajax in his ' first rage' (450, 952-3). But what, according to Sophocles, had Athena really done ? She had, perhaps, inspired the adjudication of the arms; and in this she was justified by the pride of Ajax, which needed chastisement, and by the proved wisdom of Odysseus. She had prevented the consequences, fatal no less to Ajax than to the host, to which the pain of repulse, acting on the character of the hero, must have otherwise led. In this she had put forth her power to save the Argives, ' as a mother flicks away a fly from her sleeping child,' and her wrath was upon NOTES. 53, Ajax for the day. He had provoked it, in the way which Calchas relates, or, to speak the poet's mind more accurately, it had fallen upon him through the necessity of his nature, which could not otherwise attain to piety and peace. The comparison of the Philoctetes, and of Euripides, shows that two different conceptions of Odysseus were prevalent in the time of Sophocles, the higher one being continued from the Odyssey and the lower probably derived from some of the later Epic poets. In the Odyssey (II.548), Odysseus regrets a victory which lost Ajax to the Greeks. This could not be repeated with dramatic propriety in this play, but has suggdsted the motive for the character of Odysseus as here conceived by Sophocles; -not, however, by the persons of the drama, for by them he is misunderstood, and imagined to be laughing over his rival at the moment when he is most impressed with pity for him. Even Agamemnon accuses him of being guided .by self-interest, an imputation which he ironically accepts. The scene with Athena has for once enabled the spectator to distinguish without possibility of mistake between the intention of the dramatist and the opinions attributed to his characters. By suppressing all allusion to Achilles beyond what was absolutely necessary, Sophocles has given greater prominence to Ajax as the savioui of the Greeks (see esp. 11. 1275 foll.), while some attributes of Achilles are transferred to Ajax. And-still in the interest of his plot- the poet differs from all who precede and follow him in crediting this hero with forecast in his talmer moods (1. 119). He has also modified the story of the death of Hector, or selected one which suited his purpose better than that in the Iliad (11. 1029 foll.). The relation of Teucer to Ajax and.to Telamon has also probably been modified, though we are less able to judge of this than we might have been if the 'Teucer' of Sophocles had been preserved. Another point that deserves notice is the use made of Epic words and. expressions, which are more than usually frequent in this play, e. g,

(apEYvs, ro'aaov, 'E'Xle, CXVhytds, Jev?P7vdsd,drELpTLos,7 ToLos, o oVALOS,othlX) tCd7E'os, ';77hos, Eibp~Jes. The exact meaning with which some of these are employed by Sophocles is difficult to determine. 2. Sophocles has two chief types of female excellence, the heroic, and the simply feminine. For, while it is a crude judgment that denies true womanhood to Electra and Antigone, itis a rash one that would ignore Deianira, or even Tecmessa, who, although the least of these figures, 54 AyAX. has rarely been surpassed. She may have been suggested by the Thracian handmaidens who formed the chorus of the Aeschylean central play, and she bears a certain resemblance to Briseis and Andromache. But she has traits of character which are all her own, and must win for her universal sympathy. Her relation to Ajax is not merely that of a captive to her master. He has been tender and true to her in the better times, making her envied of the other captive women, and while she fears him her love is stronger than her fear. When he is himself endangered by his passion, she can strike in boldly with her, word, and she can expostulate freely with him that the memory of kindness ought to be indelible. Since the day she was united to him she has been entirely his, though it was he who had destroyed her fatherland. The house of Telamon, which she has never seen, is the centre of her thoughts. She is at one with all those who love him, and has adopted his hatreds. Though she is awestruck at his impiety, (1. 591) she has learned from him to resent openly the apparent cruelty of the gods (11.952, 3). Ajax is honoured by such devotion, no less than by the admissions of Odysseus. All the insight which mere affection gives she has in full measure, though she is not allowed to enter into the depths of the hero's soul. In this it is partly the simplicity of her affection that blinds her. Though she was quick to divine Ajax' first intentions, yet when he seems to recall them she cannot think that he whom she loves is deceiving her; neither can she fully realize the agony of wounded honour, or understand how 'The soul and body ive not more in parting Than greatness going off .' The first intimation of the truth presses from her the cry that she has lost his favour; but she utters no reproach, and no complaining mingles with her lament for him, when, being unable to lift the corpse, she has veiled him tenderly from human eyes. Tecmessa is also a true mother. When Ajax, still hardly sane, calls aloud for Teucer (1ic irai, wai), whose presence is so needful for the purpose he has already formed, she thinks that he is calling for the child; and when he really calls for Eurysakes, to take farewell, and to bequeath to him his shield, it is with timidity and

'1She knew right well What the rough sickness meant, but what this meant She knew not.' (Tennyson.) NOTES. LINES 1-5. 55 reluctance that she brings him. But she at last complies, for Ajax is 'more to her than ten sons;' and, in the supreme emergency, when she flies to the forlorn hope of saving him-after one look at the child, as if he could tell her what to do, she leaves him unguarded on the camping-ground. Where can be found a clearer image of the affection of the less for the greater; of the love that gives itself without reserve, yet can plead its own reasons and its own rights too, that trusts wholly, but is, pained by the defect of trust, that is not paralysed by crosses, but shines brightest in the night of sorrow ?

Lines 1-133, Prologue. Athena informs Odysseus that Ajax is the author of the raid on the cattle. She summons Ajax from his tent and converses with him in the presence of Odysseus; when he has retired, she warns Odysseus of the danger of pride. The scene is before the tent or hut of Ajax. Line I. &elas first word qualifies the whole sentence. &delt V . . Kat vOv. For this (not uncommon) coordinate form cp. Aesch. Ag. 587- 598 advwXoXv~a yi'. . sai zv r B5EIX'yev ; 0. T. 413 Oi'bcal 86bopas, ie. . A. Aaprlov, Sophocles (and Euripides also) uses both Aaprt'ov and AaEpriov=A'prov. The form is not to be regarded as a possessive adjective =' the Lartian,' but merely as a variation of the name. 1. 2. rretpa . . O7p Lpevov, i. e. Oy7pL eov 7r6pda'TVa EX0pcv CarE AprdaaL abTrv. 'Hunting after some attempt upon the foe, so as to put it in action suddenly,' i. e. ' seeking to make some swift attempt upon the foe;' such as the night-sortie in which the horses of Rhesus were taken, 1. 10. 465. O7p'Vlvov suggests the image of a huntsman, which recurs below in 11. 5, 6 ; and in 11. 7, 8, 19, 20, 32, seems to pass into that of a hound. For the extension of the use of the cognate 3 accusative, cp. alXudEat XEpa (97), Er/7TrinrTELw datv(42), dpopAv nr?- pav (290), etc. Others (I) join aprriaat closely with Oipr6lEvov, or (2) translate 7rcip&vrw', i.-r.. 'to snatch (i. e. " to forestall," " catch in its career,") some attempt on the part of the enemy.' 14.4.4v &rXdX'rlv Xet, i. e. 'o-XaTros rETaIrfat, sc. 6 Ai'as. The periphrasis of the substantive with fXet is frequent in this play, cp. 11.193, 203, 320, 564, 88o. Ajax and Achilles had their tents at the two ends of the Grecian fleet, which was drawn up in a semicircle between the promontories of Sigeum and Rhoeteum (I1.II. 8). 1. 5. KVVrlETo~iVC. See on 1. 2 Oisp Cevov. Ear oin EVO in a eneral sense scanning:' The middle form is very -rre;in the simple verb, 56 AYAX. not equally so in the compounds; cp. O. T. 795 ao.rpots r Aotitvf JCueTrpoV'j.Eos XOOva. For the use of the middle cp. infra 1. 45. 1. 7. EE'PCEP, 'leads to the oal' Flat. Phaedo . 66 B ctv5vvedVE rosLijbep d-rpardos TiS JAs 1CiKPpELv,and intransitively, 0. C. 1424 T7 70WU'is 6pOb' icqpe pavrEvaaa. Odysseus (led by his own sagacity) is here himself compared to the hound, whose keen-scented movement brings him close on the game. 1. 8. Eipwvos. There is a doubt whether this word is the nom. or gen. case. The nom. is preferable in point of construction, as it gives a 6 more even balance to the clauses tvv0s Aacalvs.. Evpros 8ias, EV ircppf4 .EipwosE IcaLts, and 6aos rtswithout an adjective in the nominative is bald; on the other hand it is not certain that the form Epwvos (nom.) was in use in old Attic. The Spartan hounds-said to be bred from a dog and a fox-were renowned for their keen scent: cp. Shak. Mids. Night's Dream, 4. i, 124: 'My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind.' 1.9. ap-L, 'recently.' Cp. Eur. Med. 85 rapTLYL'cYWUCEs Trde; v~vov rvyX&VEL. Porson would join rUTXaVEL oardowv. But the participle is omitted with rV-yXivE , /cvpEfv, etc., when accompanied with an adverb of place, as here. Otherwise such omission is rare, though it is sometimes found, e. g. El. 46 E'trCTos ab-rots-rYadvEL opvfCvwv, and several times in Plato. See Ast. Lex. Madvig, Synt.

§ 17 7 b,R. i. 1. io. LSpGT^rLmust be taken with iaipa only, and some word such as a/LaTr combined with XE'pas. Sweat in the head etc. is discussed by Aristotle, Problem. bk. 2. 3 1. 13. ov. For the 'subjective' middle= ccas dbr aravrov cp. O. T. 134 TWv f*ra' bi'-7'poc v, 1460, infra 1. 536 lrp6voLatv tOov. 1. 14. J 40yR'. It is the voice of Athena which makes the first impression upon Odysseus, but the use of the word must not be pressed so far as to assume that he does not see her (though perhaps dimly). Cp. El. 1225 &09E'Y', alpixov; where Orestes is present. The voice is strongly associated with personal feeling. tr(rr -lEZLo'I OEicv. The special friendship of Athena for Odysseus appears continually in Homer, e.g Od. 3. 221 ; 13. 291. Cp. also Phil. 134- 1. 15. cs, 'how.' &iworrros, 'far removed from the eye,'' seen at a distance.' Cp. Phil. 467 i~t drd-rroou xxov ) '-yyViEv. Others translate 'unseen,' cp. El. 1489 aiTrorrov i~pWv : but it is unlikely that Athena should continue speaking so long, and be invisible. The apparition is spoken of by Tecmessa as ambi Is (infra 1. 301), which makes it probable that she was seen, though dimly, at least by Ajax. 1. 17. KccWvos is the bell-shaped mouth of the trumpet. For the epithet Tupo7VLKsW cp. Aesch. Eum. 567, Eur. Phoen. 1377. NOTES. , LINES 7-3z. 57 1. 18. Kat vOv, with the aorist, adds an instance to the impression of frequent intercourse conveyed by the presents d&couw . . awap-'cw. .' detted discovered inl , er the commission of the act. Cp. Thuc. I. 132 vraparotlavtpervos appay-?a i'va . pir rtytc (Pausanias). Ant. 960 IeE vos inlyEvwy pavials pa'iwv rv Oedv. 1. 19.f3Ira'OLV KUKkOVrV .' The language is metaphorical, borrowed from the movements of dogs in search of a scent. 6 Xen. Cyn. 4, 3; 6, 21. A'L'avCLr a cKecr p, as opposed to Ajax the son of Oileus, Il. 13. 709-718; ib. 7. 219 4,pwv adaos 7,-E 7irTipov. 1. 21. VVKT6S, gen. of time, less definite than the dative, giving a space of time within which the action lies, not the precise point. doKorov, ' beyond thought.' The word has two meanings in Sophocles, (i) 'not to be seen,' 0. C. 168o dIowo ro rXdCEs, (2) 'not to be com- prehended,' ' mysterious,' or ' vast,' as here. Cp. El. 1315 i'pYacaL 5 ' acora, Tr. 246 - v iaircoov (' vast ') Xpdovov p3pds Pv7F p v dv lptOlov. 1. 22. E'LpyTrrcM, sc. 6 A'las. 1. 23. &C~Ec40a, 'we are bewildered.' So ravaar is used, Hdt. 6. 37 irXavwcjcvv B ri&v Aa/as voP.. 76 OXEl 7r iEros LrZas. O. T. 727 ~vxis 7rXadr7/Aa. 1. 24. r8~ . . wr6v, ' to the labour of search, which, as you see, I am pursuing.' bweg'y-qv, 'have put myself in harness to,' i. e. ' have undertaken.' 1. 26. Xdias. The plural is perhaps used because different kinds of spoil are meant, or spoil taken at several times. Cp. infra 1. 145 ord /caLXdav. 1. 27. EKXELP S.6 The preposition ei is not uncommon in this sense of the source whence destruction comes. Cp. O. T. 811i vvrdEs be rT'o-ie XetpOs, and (with a person) El. 526 i po9 I rie'vK~ycev. The oxen were slain 'by hand' of man, not struck by lightning or devoured by beasts of prey. aroLtv[(yv miro-'rats, 'shepherds.' Cp. O. T. 1028 orCLPriots i raTTTf1ovY, infra 1. 232 Jo7pa inrov&p'.ar, and Il. 18. 529 ICTElvov 8' 6ZTi /ArlhoSorT7pas. 1. 28. iEKEl . . VELEL, 'apportions to him.' The use of vu Av in a bad sense is somewhat rare, but cp. Aesch. Suppl. 403 ZEbs vi'Pwv EdLICUTO dlrca iv d5icots, 'ata b' i'vvdpots, infra 1. 513. Another reading, more strongly supported by MSS., is 'rp 'It (' turns against him' like a weapon ? uiedivp being = ir' hdceiv,). 1. 30r. rrl8^vra rreSLa, 'bounding over the plains.' For the acc. of I he sphere of motion cp. infra 1. 845 rav alrbv obpavv &B~p77AarTWv. 1. 31. 4p&(EGL 7E KC&8'XorEV, 'tells the story and pointed out the tracks.' For a similar combination of tenses cp. Ant. 406 sal 7r&^s -6p3'rat ici rthi-r'rs upplOq; 1. 32. KCUT'IXVOS qa-co, dart upon the track.' Here again the 58 AyAX. language is suitable to a hound. rd plvy o'lvaL.volL. For the middle cp. O. T. 916 Ta atLvirots raca TfeKpaipETraL. 'In art I fin t traces, but in part I am bewildered.' &dIv . . raTn are better taken as adverbial accusatives than as accusatives of the object (rfiv ixyvy). acr/alveaiat seems to have been used technically of a hound, Opp. C. 454 (L. and S.). 1. 33. WKXyryFtL. The perfect is used as in reqdptqpat and the like, infra 1. 252. Ko K.. ~rrov, ' and cannot discover where the quarry lies.' Cp. infra 1. 103 'i&pov I' 6irov, 890 di erYvbv dlv'pa Ig XEVaoetyv wirov.0. T. 925. Odysseus had followed the track (1. 32) as far as the gates of Ajax' tent, but here the marks became confused, and he was like a hound at fault. He is speaking of his state of mind before Athena gave him information (1. 9). For this cp. O. T. 359, 60o,and note on O. T. 1025. Against the other reading, irov, it may be objected (I) that the ellipse is unusual and somewhat harsh; (2) that it has been supplied in three different ways, (a) rb 'p'Yov, (b) Tl i'LX, (c) obf "oXW(rwa) bTrov paoivy Exw. 1. 34. KaLpaV is adverbial=els icatpdv cp. infra 1. 1316 capbyv 'o0' iXnXvObs, Eur. Hel. 487 iacp3v yac ob'v' JXOEs, and r~v ppv in Hdt. 2, 2. rra Y-&, K. T. X.' For in all things, as heretofore, so hereafter I submit myself to be guided by thy hand.' Cp. Ant. 61I rTo7' irELTa ial 7 y4XXov iat 7rpIV, Irc.T.. 1. 36. 'yvcov, ' I observed it,' viz. ' that you were at fault.' The order of words is 'rqv l's 68y (pvXa rpd0Ovos r ocv rav'yia, ' I came forth a guardian zealous for thy chace.' For the dative after rpdOvyos cp. Xen. Hellenic. 2. 3, 40 o0 7rpdOvYo T^ ?ehe -ye-yEsrpLVot. 1. 37. KVVVay'@.For the Doric form cp. XoXais. (L. and S.) 1. 38. 4 Kai; This formula may be compared with rr&s cal; (carefully to be distinguished from cxa?Irs;) Tis eal; etc. It asks further information, on a subject of great moment. 4s0has been interpreted (I)=nam, taking up a suppressed 2wphs IPasp yrov EL, (2)='that,' with i'a0s supplied. The second is probably right. Cp. Eur. Med. 609 cus ob jcpvovpas TWrv voThrXEiova, O. C. 861 &s Tro0ro v6v rsrpdcETas. ro, ' for your satisfaction,' ' in answer to your inquiry.' 1. 40. Join 8vur6ywoarov with Xipa. Cp. infra 1. 230 vrapavArXC7n XEPL.Xfpa . . 7Ev. The acc. is not unlike ri'tpav apridat in 1. 2. It is not necessary to consider 7pev as transitive, and Xipa as acc. of the object, if Xipa is taken as it should be=' violent action.' 'What had he respect to, when he rushed forth in an act of such ill-reasoned violence. Others wrongly join irp3s 7'i 8vaXo6-yaTo; 'for what un- intelligible reason?' For 8varX 'yw ov cp. WvaCE'ptros, 8vUOp'Tros, vaoovpwros. NOTES. LINES 33-58. '59

1. 41. XXcY Papv0Es, K. r. X. For the gen. ='because of,' cp. 6 Il. I. 429 Xwl evos. . yvvaTaus (and passim), Eur. Ale. 5, Soph. Ant. 1177, and even Thuc. 2. 62 XaXErWis opipEv aVWrv. The gen. is here assisted by the collocation Xo'AcpBrwv. O. T. 698, and note. 1. 44. ' Can it be that his intention in this was aimed at the Argives ? Cp. note on 1. 38. 1. 45. itErrpd ar'. The subjective middle is significant. ' He would t e de n of himself,' 4 avTo0 t&rpa$v. Cp. El. 13 IkEOpE0c61v, ib. 349 7tuVwpovtdvs. For Sophocles' uses of the middle cp. uETrpodVIEVov1. 5, arlalvoyat 1. 32, 1XVo0rcro1oT/1Ev0os 1. 997. It is to be preferred here to the v. r. Airpatev as the more difficult reading. 6 1. 46. T X6 aLs. The plural is ' concrete,' i. e. it expresses i-uAla put in action, ' deed of daring.' Cp. Ant. 962 iv ICEproLAlots yXciovars. -ratoSE, 'of which this is the issue.' Cp. infra 1. 1392. 1. 47. 86XLos 6p&ar a must be taken closely together. Cp. Phil. 1328 KpdtLos olIrovpv bPs. 1. 49. rpa'rGq-YlLvw 'Tr6Xas. Cp. infra 1. 71 alxtaari3asxfpas. 1. 51. svcrb ovs vi aos, 'overpowering imaginations.' This is better than ' mis ea fg.' The irresistible nature ~ aMffliction is one of the pathetic points of the situation. Cp. 11.187, 223, 403, 951. 1. 52. -rgTAvr)KCE'TOV Xap&s. These words must be taken with d7nipyw, not with yzvc'as, 'his baleful joy '= his joy in the slaughter of the Atridae, which would have been an dIcErTov icacbiY to the army. &ldwpy, historical present. 1. 53 OFaLJAKT'TE, K. r.X. (I) ' The minled chares of the herd- t ;f' Se or (2)' The mingled spoil, yet undivided, and in the keeping of the herdmen.' The gen. XEaas is difficult. It may be taken directly with dSaaa, 'undivided out of the spoil,' or it may go with ppovppara as a gen. of description, as we might say dyAyrls 3orcyara for dyEXafa Oor/x4aTa (Tr. 20 dy~7va p yls). But the latter construction weakens the force of diaoara. Cp. infra 1. 146 rKepUpi- XAprros Er' ifvAotrL, which is an echo of this passage. 1. 55. For (KELPE46vov cp. supra 1. 40. woXVJKgPOV b6vov,' hornbd carnage,' i. e. 'carnage of hornbd cattle.' 1. 56. KV'KXC PaX tcv, 'hewing them round about him.' Paxiawv is strictly' cleaving the spine.' 1. 57. i4Xwv, 'having them in his ower.' 1. 58. 3T' adXor' dhkov. Strict grammar would require h5E U, answering to .iav (aO' 'rTE(1. 56), but the adversative 5E seems to be rendered unnecessary by the adversative ahXov. (We find d Xo = S in, O.T. 605 ro70r' AXho answering to roTro 1 v in 603). Thus instead of the regular 7rE8 a'XXov Tva, the whole meaning is summed up in dXXor' rlAov. ' And now-in short now one and then another,' There is a) do A AX.

similar accumulation of words with a similar effect in Ant. 139 Eixi 8' aXhha iAEva'xa .. " b aS'rUs rTEvos'jAla Trv~ObEXtcCV, I. T. X. 1. 59. cfOLTrvTa is perhaps used in a literal and also in a metaphorical sense. At once 'ranging' and 'raving.' 1. 60. els 'pKiqKCaK, 'into the net of ruin.' The asyndeton gives force to the verbs, as often, cp. El. 719- 1. 61. wr6vou =' the labour of killing.' The MS. authority is in favour of qdvov, which also furnishes a stronger opposition to (~CvUras in the next line. But 7rdvov is preferred as the more general and poetical word, and as giving more point to the demonstrative. Cp. 1. 28. 1. 64. dypcLv Xcv= ' possessing a spoil, or quarry,' but 607pav fXYOVin 1. 564 is 'engaged in hunting. 1. 66. IrEptcavf', 'in open day.' By thus summoning Ajax from the tent the poet obtains two advantages, (i) he makes more forcible the contrast between 'Ajax mad, and Ajax sane,' (2) he exhibits him in his degradation to Odysseus, his enemy, who by Athena's counsel is thus prepared to use moderation after his death. 1. 68. avriopcv, i.e. 's 6vra avp&po.pd.Cp. O. C. 142 pIP', lICErEVc, 7Tpoeisr' avopov, and infra 1. I297. 3 1. 69. ycJ yap airpco abyds 6b/ClrcovdrooTrpo'dovs (objreabir rv po)) d ltatEv Arv 7Tpaoa1v. &aro ss isrlpticjis prOUT . LJ t rays of his eyes, that they shall be turned awa 1 .' With EtaLSE6 the ,/negative motion contained in dreipco must be repeated; tp is,always omitted after i pyw in Sophocles, and almost always, in all writers, after oAvco. Bd7rpyw (pres. for future) has MS. authority. 1. 7r. For oi-'ros cp. O. C. 1627, infra 1. 89. For atXlako'icas cp. supra 1. 49. 1. 72. SEOTLOs &rev6ivoVTa, (1) 'straightening behind them,' i e. 'binding back.' Cp. O. T. '154 o'X doSrTXos TsT70o' 1rnoarpE~Et xpas. Or 2) (reducin zto order.' O. T. 104, note. 1. 73. 8 ~arOV. Cp. infra 1. zo8 4plceiov orEtrls. However the tent or hut of Ajax was actually, represented, in his madness he imagined it to be a palace (0. T. 951). 1. 75. SewM\( ,.RASa Elowcowardiceto rise.' Cp. Eur. I. A. 1598 rpis raran rs ves Odpros alp ,avfdry7s (Jebb), infra 1.lo66 p 5i, SeLJvb, a'ipps pivos, O.T. 914 ydpyo a'p.Et Ovby Olpriovs. So in 1. 674 iolue1 is'allows to rest.' This use of the verb corresponds to the German use of the inf. with lassen. The middle would mean 'take upon yourself,' as in 1. 129. Distinguish between apw^ from aipcw (d) and dp^3 from adEpco(a). (Elmsl. Heracl. 323). 1. 77. ' Fv1YEV rataL;'lest what should happen' (lit.), i. e. ' What is your fear?' The same phrase occurs Eur. Suppl. 544. aviP is used in an emphatic sense, as in O. C. 393 br' oIICET'EltA, TrvIairT' d'p' E'Ap.IaV1dp NOTES. LINES 59-106. 61

'Is he now for the first, time a (brave) man?' The shrinking of Odysseus is not really cowardice, as Athena ironically insinuates, but a natural horror in which humane feeling has a large share. 1. 79. yEhav is to be taken with ~~68oros as epexegetic inf. 1. 81. rrEpLavGs is to be taken with 1aEV, 'in the open daylight.' Cp. 1. 66 reptpav^, 229 wrepuqaTros. 1. 82. 4povovvra. This acc. with ki~rgv is found in Dem. p. 460, i ov8Eva VTf4oTE CivLvvoV E& Trrcav. Compare also O. T. 31, O. C. 584- 1. 86. ie'vroL corrects the doubt expressed in line 84. For &v cp. Hdt. 4. I95 d' 8' av rraV. 1. 88. .Evoty.' Av, ' I suppose I must remain '= force PEVEvEov JTva (Plat. Rep. 328 B). For this use of the optative with av to express an intention imposed on the speaker by another cp. O. T. 95 XElyoqL' ''y, O. C. 507 Xwpor' lv. 1. 90. For the actual relation of Ajax and Athena cp. infra 11.770 foil. It is part of his madness that Ajax regards the goddess as his ally, and promises offerings to the deity whose help he had so scornfully rejected. 1 94.9. K#aks '~Eas. The formula implies that Athena wishes to change the subject. Cp, O. T. 859 /aXws vot LEs, &AX' b'wcos,IC. 7. X. Einevo. Obs. the pronoun. ' Not this, but that.' 1. 95. Hp0s . . orpar. This construction is due to the metaphorical sense of 4reamwv (= ' Have you been successful in your attack on - ?'), 1. 96. O6iros, sc. 'rov BIdcat, m.r.7. KOU'K&rapvoj0cLL To 4J. Cp. Ant. 44 3 mat 417 1 Bpaaat KOvICamapvoUatL 7r3 I0A. 1. 97. XJico-as Xpa, 'Didst thou make an armed onset?' Xpa is to be taken as in 1. 40. Cp. Tr. 35. aixkhryat ralEE, 'to make this armed raid.' 1. 98. oLS'. He has them in the tent, close at hand. 1. Ioo. For the 'oxymoron,' expressing bitter scorn, cp. Ant. 7 7 brTiots . lAlhaatv vavTri ras, ib. 308 foll. obX /y.'v "Ars . .Kpdl'Ev ptXdv. 1. Ioi. The ydp is due to elev, ' enough of this, for I,' etc 1. o02. iroO o-oL, Kr.h.X. How stands his fortune with thee?' 'In what position (as regards his fortune) have you got him ?' roLimplies that Odysseus is in the power of Ajax. 1 3.103.'ro'lrpLTroV KVaLOS, (I) 'the cunning fox;' ilrper'rov has the sense of 'worn down,' 'fine,' cp. rpiPw'o, ,repirTpi/pL' dyopas Ar. Nub. 447. Elsewhere (infra 1. 381) Odysseus is termed ealcorm4aTrarovd/lArpa rTparoV. Or (2) 'The accursed fox,' the verbal having here the unusual sense of 'deserving to be crushed' (cp. fn rptfi7t s Arist. Av. 1530). Cp. infr. 1386 and the poetic use of the present for the future. 1. 104. ive'r&rv, 'rival,' o nent. Odysseus 'stood in the way' of Ajax' preeminence being acknowledged. 1. io6. The ram, supposed to be Odysseus, had been made to sit against the pillar. 6 I AyAX.

1. oS8. Ajax in his madness imagines the tent or hut to be a house Swith a peristyle (supra 1. 7.). Hence the grandiloquent expression ApKOL'U <'riTiys. rrpds K ovG. Infra 1. 240 lcoveL aas, we have the dative, and the same variation is found elsewhere. 1. IO. Odvq is of course irregular after Oavely ob O~Awopiv dv. The prominent idea is contained in PpoivIXOEls p/oTyl. ' I would not have him die till he is whipped to death.' Cp. Phil. 1329 ravav '&OGt7rij E Pj7or' ' vXELVs v o'Yov apEas . . "7pv ..r ^P rap' ?1L^v iv7vX'rv 'A- tcArlpnm&v vorov paaxO-s 7Ta3E. Ant. 308 (quoted on 1. Ioo). 1. I12. XapELv, ' to have thy way.' EiO4l'Racis here followed by the acc. and infin. in preference to the dative (infra 1. II6). 1. 114. T pIpLs '8E aoL r' 8Sp&v is a refined way of saying 70276 iGaT TEprvdv rao, r pactv(16E). For the article cp. O. T. 1417 AX'Av ia,- TELsis B~ov rapECO' b'56 KpIowv rb piaaEVty ical ra fovaEv'Er. Phil. 620; Ant. 78, and 664. 1. 115. With XpS XEltp cp. Hdt. 9, 72 oic iXpefaYro7r Xetpt. 1. 117. Ajax now returns within the tent, and Odysseus is left alone with Athena. The conversation which follows enables us to understand Odysseus' action at the end of the play (11. 1332 foll.). His moderation there is inspired by Athena. 11. 119, 120. 'Whom could you have found?' The aorist refers to the past time, before Ajax had been afflicted with madness. rpovoerTEpos. This has been thought to clash with the Homeric description of Ajax, 6 ATav da/apTrEVs 1Sovyd'FE, 1. 13. 824. But even in the Iliad Ajax is not wanting in practical intelligence and promptitude (cp. Wunder, p. 14, who quotes Il. 7. 288 Aary, i7rdi TO iW^EGiOEE pLYE'S TE 1 rlqvTE ical Irtvvri7v, 7TEpt8' lYXEt 'AXaoiv' (E'prar& i'ot); and deliberate forethought and decision are essential elements in the Sophoclean conception of him. i. 122. 'p lwrj must be joined with brotcrEpco, cp. infra 1. 563. 1. 123. Ajax is yoked with a demon of disastrous infatuation which drags him helpless to his ruin. Cp. Plato, Phaedrus 254 A (of the dark horse) radvra rpda'tyara 7rapiXWv 7W av'y. 6 1. 124. akkov rovo v,'so muc s my own case. 1. 123. hl&s, i.e. mankind in general. Cp. El. Io58 foll. ri robis'voO ev .765'a obC I 'i 'fas rEXoeAEv; 1. 128. Ajax had spoken such words, cp. infra 11. 767 foll. 1. 129. 'pP, 'take u on th self a loft bg ing;' the middle is in place here. Cp. supra 1. 75. 1. 130. IaKpoO ,rXorov Pd0Et. Lit. 'in depth of (vast) treasure.' The words are used in a metaphorical sense without strict reference to the original meaning. Cp pa6arXovros. 1. 131. For the sentiment cp. O. C. 567. {lxpipais not to be limited NOTES. LINES IO8-143. 64 strictly to 'a day,' it means 'the passing time.' Cp. the common expression Is 7O' 3 jl- s Fai1iarai-Tbrew rliel to the feeling of this place 6p. ' The Lord bringeth low, and lifteth up.' 11. 134-200. Parodos, of which 11. 134-171 are in anapaests, the remainder in lyric measures. 1. 134. ' Entrance-anapaests' are thought to be a mark of antiquity in the construction of a Greek drama: they occur more frequentlyin Aeschylus than in the other tragedians. The Chorus pace anxiouslyinto the orchestra (round the thymele) before the tent of Ajax, giving utterance to their feelings first in anapaests, and then more excitedly in the lyric strain. They have heard of the slaughter of the cattle, and of the suggestion that it is the deed of Ajax, but they hope that the rumour may be false, the work of the Atridae or Odysseus. If true, it is some visitation of madness which has carried Ajax from his true self. TEhalxjv6 = Tta- pwvos, as in Homer piyhas TEXap',wtos Alas. Such uses of the adjective are common in Sophocles, cp. O. T. 267, 400, 451, 1216. t K 1. 135- &YX ov, 'close on the sea.' An additional attribute, added after the subst., is characteristic of Sophocles, cp. infra 1. 219, O. T. I199; so Eur. Heracl. 750. (Elmsley). Salamis is by the sea, as if a part of the mainland, and the town was on the seaward side of the island. Linwood explains, ' Insulae enim pars omnis non longe a mari distat, unde et tota insula mari vicina dicitur.' Cp. Aesch. Pers. 888. The inhabited part of an island was always near the sea. ]WaXaRtvos P3&pov = the firm pedestal of Salamis, cp. infra 1. 860 7raTrpov i orias 60Opov, Phil. 1000 -yis 768' ahTErLVby8cipov. 1. 136. acr.The 'Attic' acc. is assisted by the antithesis of ai 8' 7wra,K.T. A. Cp. El. 147. Eur. Hipp. 1339 0oVEbcpErsaf3E OEv?vrcov- "ra ob Xalpovatv. 1. 137. Japvi X,6yos i Aava.v, ' a malignant tale, arising from (or set about by) the Danai.' 1. 138. KaK6 0pOS is best taken with inrtp8. 'Assail thee with evil murmurings.' 1. 140. The most expressive part is taken for the whole, the eye being that by which fear is chiefly shown. Cp. Eur. Hec. 337 raas ort' d,6dvos ar6.pa 00oyy77s 1Eo a,O.C. 794 rb 0aV ' pchLpZTase6pL br6ATYrov aT6ra. rrrqvqs= ' fluttering.' 1. 141. VUKTOSis (I) a gen. of time,' in the course of,' see on 1. 21 ; but (2) passes into a'gen. of possession or of origin, 'tumults pertaining to or arising out of.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 278 (roiovXpdvov 8c cai 1. 7r.)". / r7s Y1V TEcodq7aS qpws 766' Erbppys AlyWc. 1.4.3.14 r 8vcrTKXCEL,b 'tending to our shame and thine.' tirwoavw4. The word has caused much difficulty. It seems to mean 'the meadow where horses run wild,' or 'prance wildly.' Schol. '4p ol irnoitaiVovrTa. 64 AyAX.

1. 144. Above in 1. 54 there is an apparent distinction between the 7rolAvas and the XAia. Schnd. (on 53 foll.) supposes that the flocks kept for the use of the army generally were distinguished from the spoil which was distributed to individuals. But it is more probable that the same flocks and herds are spoken of at once as cattle and booty. There is a similar 'hendiadys' in 1. 1o6i nphs 4.da lai rolpvas iraiv. 1. 147. aiL'ew,'flashing,' an Homeric epithet, cp. E"AlcEara BOo~t; hXVTrolsalroMo s, davevrYvbv avSpa, Trcqpov epc;EvTa. 1. 148. Framing such whispered tales Odysseus brings them to the ears of all.' Cp. the Virgilian phrases 'spargere voces ambiguas,' 'fandi fictor Ulysses,' and infra 1. 189 el ' brroaXkhd voticXElrTovaC Itw'ovs. 1. 151. srELOr-a,'de quibus facile persuadetur,' Dind. The word is predicate, E6irEftIrc iart v ' b-~Y, s IC. r.:. Ajax by remaining at his tent made it easy for Odysseus to persuade the Danai when saying anything to his injury. And they would be especially inclined to believe that some outbreak of his had followed his repulse. 1. 152. 'ro0 MXavTros is not Odysseus. The sentiment is general. Each is more ready to be persuaded than his informant to persuade him. 1. 153. Supply aE, 'insulting thee on the occasion of thy woes;' or the verb may be used absolutely as in O. C. 1535. The participle adheres closely to Xalpe. 1. 155. a"p'prot. Supply rts, from the next clause. The omission after a participle is regular. Others read adiprots, which has also some MS. authority; cp. Eur. Med. 191. But the third person suits better here. I.157. ' For envy aims her assault against the powerful.' rdv ~'ov'ra, in the sense of' the powerful,' is uncommon, the plural being usual, as e.g. Eur. Alc. 57 rpos rbV XdoVTOJ,' oIoE, bv vb60Pov rirq0s. But cp.Dem. 1123, 25 4.XOvra ical lrovro0vrTa. For 'p'ret in this sense (with dative), cp. Ant. 618 EiSd6Tt 8' ob5Ev 'Ep.reL. The word implies a stealthy advance. 1. 159. There is some doubt whether Tripyov (Oa is a 'defence of a tower,' or 'a tower of defence.' The first is free from tautology. Cp. O. T. 57 obNirv Esotv oV-rTE rFpos ofT vaes EiP?7ros avspiv. On the other hand, Ajax is called in Od. I1. 555 rripyos 'Axcl&v, and the more metaphorical expression is better suited to the colour of the passage. Cp. Alcaeus, fr. 23 "Avipes 7drcios rvpyos lpev'tot. 1p.uais 'means of defence,' as Op ta in Plat. Polit. 289 B is 'means of ,nourishment.' 1. 16o. Observe the change in the prepositions Er~ ... ,r6d, 'in company with,' - 'subserved by.' And for this use of pe-rZ cp. Thuc. 2. ET' 63 7b ydp d7payL0ov o oVr 'raL .5itPL 70ro paor 7 plov TEra-TyAvov. 1. 162. ' It is not possible to instruct the foolish in knowledge of this, NOTES. LINES 144-179. 65 i. e. 'in knowledge of what has just been said.' The preposition in 7rpo&bcdracELv is not otiose, but means' gradually,' ' step by step.' 1. 164. rot~ol'roV. Sc. & E l7 7rpoitaXi Vat. For this use cp. infra 11. 218, 251, 327. 1. 165. ' To meet these things and make defence,' i.e. rp'is Ta^,a, ca7re diaXEa'aerOa abTrd. 11. 167 fol. ' But it matters not, for,' etc. It is only in the absence of Ajax that his enemies dare to speak; when he appears they will be hushed. *8' after aiyutLb-v is due to correction; but the alteration is slight, and both sense and metre require some change. Others omit brosElEavTes. 1. I70. i~acrws must be taken with (pcvlit's. Alcaeus 27 Erraaor &r' OpYLOES Uvv aY'erov airivas pi'rv'ra. 1. 172. Tavpo6Xca. Cp. Eur. I. T. 1449 foll. The: epithet is in some way connected with Artemis, as inspiring frenzy. (Artemis, as worshipped under this name at Brauron in Attica, was believed to be identical with the cruel goddess of the Tauric Chersonese. Lobeck.) On some coins we find this deity represented as riding a bull. Observe the fem. form in the compound adjective. The regular TavproXos is more common. 1. 173. p.Ey&XcLhas the sense of 'overwhelming,' ' terrible,' cp. infra 1, 226 6 p1yas v^dOos, Od. 3. 275 bvrEexE'as 1.pya tpyov. L. 174. jaTEp OaTrXV VaS jt&S, ' fountain of my shame,' is explanatory of&i~dE yiXAa pCires. 1. 15ravSdpTovs, i. e. the property of the whole host. Hence Ajax was in danger from the anger of the army. 1. 176. X&pw is the usual adverbial acc. 'For the sake of a victory from which she gained no reward.' But the sense of Xdpw = ' favour,' is perhaps not wholly absent: Xcdpt dcap7nr'rrov vi as, being confused with at' dCaiprroTov Xadpl vltcas, 'because of unreturned kindness in conferring 6 victory.' Cp. El. 134 7avTroias pth6rTyTos dA1E136EYrat Xd pv. In the first rendering the epithet &K&prrwrov must be given in sense to vicas. 1. I78. *&d8pots is a correction. The MSS. have ftevErOEa &pots. The dative marks at once the occasion and the cause-: cp. Ant. 691 0yotsroT00rots, ic r. . 1. 179. The MSS. have 7 Tv', which makes a distinction between XaXicoOepa and 'EvvdAtos. Even if this can be maintained it is out of place here. Other suggestions are VTlv ' r',T, Od'o rv', a TIv'. Better than any of these is j rw', in which the repetition of the strong interrogative particle may be defended by the keen interest and curiosity of the Chorus. 'Evvdhos. Schnd. observes that there was a temple of Enyalius on the island of Salamis according to Plut. Sol. 9. Pindar also (Isthm. 5. 54) associates this name of the war-god with the prowess IF 66 AA X. of Ajax. Sophocles adapts the Homeric epithet (vvas 'EvvdXtos c' 7E ICTaviovra rarTEra, II. 18. 309) to a different meaning. Cp. Eur. Phoen. 1572, where Iow3v 'EvvdAtov= strife between brothers. 1. 180o. uvo Sop 6 s,' for an associated spear,' i. e. for help given in battle. 1. 181. IpaXavcts. For the plur. cp. supra 1. 46; and for the notion :of'contrivance' in a god infra i.1037. iCTal-ro X4av. Acvav is acc. of the internal object, as in repav apndaoat, cp. 1. 2 and note;' took vengeance in disgracing thee.' Cp. infra 1. 217 (rneXc 40q. 1. 183. cpev6Ev, 'from thine own mind.' Cp. Ant. 584 OedOev, 0. T. 528 k$ 6pOis ppPvds, and the Homeric expressions, i-Ovtvo q(ixEov, 1cqp6t0 'aXXov (I. 9. 343, 300). ir' &pLcrra'p&, 'to the leftward.' So ECeltsis 'right-minded.' A still more vague expression for 'wrong' is Od-rEpov. 1. i8. ev rrovaCLLS irVWc^v, ' as to fall upon the flocks.' For the :participle cp. Ant. 752 acdaarnsX&v ,'' TEEfpX L Opaabs; Join i'as Trocrov 67' aptrEPa. 1. 186. ' A plague from heaven may have come.' This is a reason which the Chorus give to themselves to account for Ajax' conduct. &v with the optative is used to express various degrees of probability. The ' suppressed protasis' is here Ei ovrTCTVXot. This interpretation is confirmed by what the Chorus say afterwards 11.278, 9 545otca lA 'IC0soV 7rXa77Ts 7l. Cp. Aesch. Pers. 706 dvOpc'rrta 5' dv 01o 7iTw/aTr' v roX01 8poroT^s.v6oros is used vaguely by Sophocles for any distress or disease of body or mind. 1. I87. KacKdv. .'Apydov &'L.Viz. the rumour that Ajax is the guilty man. Ajax may be mad and have done what the Argives say, but Heaven forbid i 1. 189. KXE rrova' 60ovsU,' spread rumours with secret guile.' Cp. infra 1. I1137 dnr ' dv /caXwis XdOpa ab /A."EaS cand.' The mighty kings' are the Atridae. 1,19o. 'Or he' (6 supplied from ol) ' of the abandoned Sisyphid stock.' For the gen. cp. infra 1. 202 yEvEiS. For Odysseus as the supposed son of Sisyphus cp. Phil. 417 obWroX'bs BtaoqPov Aaep-ri p Observe that Ajax himself never stoops to this imputation. The patronymic is used as e~oEL&tv 0. C. io66, by a sort of anachronism; the modern name of the family being carried back to the first generation. 1. 191. If R' is for ye and not for pot, the acc. is due to the verbal notion (injuring, or the like) conveyed in KcaKav 'IVrTv &py,. 'Wrong me not so far as to,' etc. (Cp. Herm. in loc.) 1. 192. (I) 'Thus fixing thy gaze on the tents by. the sea,' i.e. not looking beyond the Salaminian encampment, where he has sullenly remained since the judgment of the arms: or (2) 'Thus keeping thine ,eye within the tent by the sea.' Cp. supra 11. 167 foll. NOTES. "LINES 1 8C--2o7. 67

1. 195. iro - must be taken with b'rov. &ycov{<, o*XoX. This is usually translated, 'rest from contests;' but it is rather ' an intermission which is both contentious and perilous.' Ajax strives with the chiefs by refraining from combat; and this inaction is full of danger to himself. Thus his crXoX is an adc'jv, a Scontest full of peril.' For the kind of orXoxh see infra 1. 929 o70a pjoL, .T.X., and for similar oxymora cp. &Cp7rwrorov Xdp supra 1. I 76, EICTOs 6O~Lth infra 1. 640, and Shakespeare's ''Tis sweating labour, to wear such idleness so near the heart' (Ant. and Cleo. I. 3, 93). 1. 196. 64'rav o1pavlav 4MXyov, 'making calamity blaze to the sky.' The image of the conflagration is continued in the following lines. 1. 198. eavei'ots is not ' windless' (though it may have that meaning elsewhere), but 'having a favourable wind.' The insolent rage of the enemies of Ajax goes forth like a fire carried by the stream of air in a mountain glade, and meeting with no check from any counterblast. The text of this epode is uncertain. 1. 200. ' Grief has become a settled thing for me.' 1. 201-262. Tecmessa comes from the tent to meet the Chorus. From her the Chorus learn that Ajax has slain the oxen: from them she learns that the'oxen were part of the Grecian spoil. Thus the full extent of the calamity is made known among those who have most reason to be afflicted at it. The Chorus would hasten homeward to Salamis; Tec- messa informs them that the rage of madness is now over, and Ajax is now recovering, only to feel new sorrow. Tecmessa and the Chorus are united in their love for Ajax; and therefore the poet has united them in the most pathetic scenes, as here, and infra 11. 784 foll., where the messenger arrives too late to save Ajax; and again, infra 1. 891, where the body of Ajax is found. The still nobler grief of Teucer is added afterwards. 1. 202, ' Ye of a race derived from the earth-born sons of Erechtheus.' For the gen. cp. supra 1. 19o. The connection of Athena and Salamis is assumed in the same way 1. 861 X.evala 7' 'AO ^vatLIca T7bacvrpopov 7ivos. For croBcp. Ant. 193. 1. 204. Trlk6Oev, 'far away,' sc. 'vTos. 1. 20. oKpar'ls, 6 A.pOsma oapTrepo'ds,cp. &p dOvyos infra 1. 815, &6d-

1. 236. SX' &vcpp'lyvu, ' tore asunder.' 1. 237. &veXdv, 'lifting them up,' as opposed to ii yatas. Cp. Od. 14. 4.2.5 Oa'E8' dvacaX61Eros LcXi@p6pvos: cp. infra 1. 298. 1. 238. We should reverse the order of the words. The tip of the tongue was first cut off, then the whole head. (The tongue was cut separately in victims. Od. 3. 332 7Ta/VYETE1 iv yXA'aoas.) Tecmessa mentions only one ram as slain, but Ajax (supra 1. 1ro) thought that he had slain both the Atridae. 1. 240. Cp. supra 1. o108. The first ram was Agamemnon, this is Odysseus. Menelaus is passed lightly over. 'vw with 8joas. The bonds were fastened from above. 1. 241. uv'rqip is 'a trace.' This Ajax takes and doubles, making it whizz as he plies it. 1. 243. 8aiLov. For a similar suggestion cp. O. T. 1258 baqp'dvwv EfKitYvalTLS, i ObEiS y p adv6pv of irap erv iy'yOOv. 1. 245. rLVa, i. e. 'E'IrTov 2~5W^v. K&p KaGX O[LTLKPV41GLEVOV. Observe the alliteration. To cover the head was a sign of dismay and sorrow. Cp. Od. 8.92 ia '03vrE';is ,carr& spcra icaXvp/tcEvos yodaorEv, Livy 4. 12 'spe amissa, capitibus obvolutis, se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt.' 1. 246. Trooitv KXho7rdv &pao-0a is.= pvytv IxErrEiv. Cp. Eur. Orest. 1499 EIclAE'rrw rdo'a. 1. 247. Oo6v EtpEOais vyv. For the hypallage (= 0os dpecEas (vy6v) cp. Tr. 817, I8 byhcov. .6v6u1aro.. /ArI7rpWov. O.T. 1375, 6 b /lS TEricOv ,. ,Xaa7ro~ea. Ant. 793 JVEI^COIdvpwv avapt'ov, infra 86o. 1. 250. vait JE0E -tL, 'to give the ship her way;' the expression is elliptical. The verb = ' to let go,' comes to be used absolutely, and then acquires a remote object, which is put in the dative. 1. 251. For 'rolas cp. supra 1. 164. po-crowrtv=' advance:' the same metaphor is found in Ant. 159 tJTLv ipE'acu. 8LKPa'rEts ='double 6 in rule.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 43 6LOp'vov A 'OEJv/cai a07CaUTrpov Tetts XVp0v ev-yos 'ArpEL iV . The same word is used Ant. 146 of the 'both- ways-victorious' spears of the two sons of Oedipus. 1. 252. e4f~6TxcpL: the perfect expresses the complete, settled nature of the fear, cp. supra 1. 539. Death by stoning is frequently mentioned in the tragedians; cp. Ant. 36 pdvos ~yrldJ voros. 1. 255. wrr'Xaros, i. e. such that no one can go to Ajax with the view of rendering help. Cp. Tr. 785 OiCEdr 4rTXApa -rdvphsdvrov oYOEiv. 1. 257. OKKETL,i. e. LXUE viv. XcqxTps d 'Qp o" porras is usually taken with j{as, 'like a south wind rushing forth without lightning:' such winds being supposed to come quickly to an end. But it is more probably predicative with A~e L, i. e. ' without a fatal end.' 11. 260-262. 'To see sufferings all our own, wherein no other hand has wrought, causes vehement inward pain.' o7r' LEVELprobably con 70 AYAX. tains some metaphor, as from a dart (pfExatw2ov Fppi' 8vvdwv)6 or some instrument of torture,-' lays the heart upon a rack.' 11. 263-332. Tecmessa relates to the Chorus the incidents of the past night, and describes the present condition of Ajax. 1. 264. 'The evil is of less account when it is gone.' The gen. is (i) a gen. absolute, and (2) a gen. in regimen with XA'yos. Cp. the construction infra 1. I162. 1. 267. KOLVOSiv KoLVOLOL.The phrase is merely an amplification of Kovds. Iorot^rlO is probably masculine, cp. infra 1. 467 [vywcryiv ~A6vos Ldovots,1. 620 daptAos rap' dpihoLs . .'ATpelsals. 1. 269. 1p.ets. Tecmessa here identifies herself with Ajax. 1. 273. aiWa&s.The acc. plur. here refers to Tecmessa in contrast to Ajax, cp. 1. 276. The plur. is partly due to the idiom which allows a woman to speak of herself in the masc. plur.; but the presence of the child and of attendants helps the expression here. 1. 275. Wras is adverbial, 'utterly:' cp. infra 1. 519 iv aol 7rar'e'-ywyE cr&(oat. EhXowrai,,.For the perfect cp. supra 1. 252 rePI Lat. It is an Epic mode of expression. 1. 277. &pa has here the sense of 'p'o', with even stronger emphasis. Cp. O. T. 823 Cp''pvv cac's; Sp' oX wais divayvos; where the two forms are united. The difference between &p' obv'and Sipa in such places is the same as between 'Is not this?' and 'Is this, or is it not?' in English. 1. 279. If we read ifuy we may assume that 'vague dread rather than a mere statement of conviction, must be looked for from the Chorus at this juncture.' But the time for 'vague dread' seems to have passed. In their first bewilderment the Chorus put forward the supposition, 1. 186 'xot y&cpdv Oia vo'os. They now fear that the supposition is a reality. Hence 'KL is right, although phi3with the indic. commonly expresses doubt rather than fear. (Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, § 46, note 5.) wr i y&p, i. e. rrdsycdp oi ; 1. 281. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 760 &s 'roivvyv WV rTW GocooV paOEBv irdpa. 'You may know that these things are as you suppose them to be.' 1. 282. rrpoo',rra-ro is used in this metaphorical sense in Aesch. P. V. 644, Eur. Alcest. 421. 'How came the mischief in you in the first beginning 2' 11.285 foll. The most natural meaning of this passage is, ' He at dead of night, when the evening torches were ablaze no longer,' etc. Cp. infra 1. 291 chA a viv Y7Evas Evfetarpards. But others translate, 'He at the beginning of the night, when the evening torches were no longer burning.' i. e. had been put out. Others again take Xa1)cnrripEs of the stars, which is far-fetched. The Xat.rrips=o o TV O1iaYvbad pai'ovrEs ?hAVXVOc,cp. Od. 18. 307 abribca AaplTriipas TpeLs CTrarav v IEy-dpourLv NOTES. LINES 263-312. 7I

6bopa padoLerv. Here, then, is another Epic word. See Introd. Anal. P.53. 1. 287. i6Sovs . .Kiv&. The plural adds to the indefiniteness of the o expression. Cp. the use of qdvovs for qpoov O. C. 962, 99 , etc. The acc. is cognate after the verb 'pnr1Y, cp. dciqopl4sirdpav just below. 1. 289, dKX1Tos is further defined by OiV'T. . OV;E. Cp. O. T. 57. 1. 292. &dE8' 4ipvo1LEva, ' words of familiar sound.' Cp. Eur. Phoen. 438 rariAat p.v otrv Lv'yOv, Plato, Rep. 8. 549 E b'ra ial ola tXhoVav at yvvaiCs IWEp?TV TOLOV'TCV prVEILv. 1. 293. i crLy'. The article is used as with an abstract noun. 1. 294. K&yc6 F(oae0o"0 4El-', ' I saw how it was,' ' I knew his mood, and was still.' Observe the heavy rhythm, and cp. infra 1. 855. 1.295. 'rds EKEtG. .rr&Oas. ' What happened there,' i. e. abroad. 1. 297. Objections have been taken to Ei;KEpOV as tautological, the idea being already expressed in rasipovs. Hence ('Epovis sometimes read. But the epithet d1ipwv is a descriptive touch, not out of place in Tecmessa's account of the spoil brought in by Ajax in the dim light, and probably applying to the sheep also. 1. 298. qXivtLg, ' cut the necks from behind.' 1. 299. croage, 'cut the throats.' K0&PP&XLe, 'cleft them through the spine.' 1. 301. OICKLrtC. Cp. supra 1. 15 drorros,and note. 1. 302. &vo'cra, lit. ' plucked out,' i. e. 'tore out from his heart.' The word expresses the eagerness and vehemence of his speech. Cp Plato, Theaet. 18o A cavcp ~ 4papi7pas p9ypaTLcrita alyt.yarir'65 davacrwvTres doropTo$EovrtYv, Ar. Ran. 824 4,tara ,yo/4poray7i nLvarybY d&ronrv. 1.303. ' 4' 'OSvocrEZ.Cp. infra 1. 340 cirpi ol flo. ovvrt0eLS y'Xov wroXtjv, 'adding thereto much laughter.' 1. 304. ' What insolence he had gone and wreaked upon them,' i. e. ' What insolent vengeance he had taken upon them.' For the expression PPLVp EIeCr(aLro cp. supra 1. 181 rioaro Acd3qv. WLv refers to the i'foot (1. 287). The part. is generally used of a future event, e. g. Phil. 353 d iri Tpoia rpyapt' ailpaotl'il'v, etc. 1. 307. &yrls,'calamity.' All that met his eye implied ruin to himself, as well as great harm to the Achaeans. In Sophocles the word means not so much infatuation (though that sense is found, e.g. Ant. 623) as the consequence of infatuation. 1. 308. iv8' 4peLCoLs I VrKpVp . . &pvCov (I6vov. 'Among the dead ruins of the slain rams.' The gen. veip&fv is descriptive, as in d'rTpcow bpqpdvy El. 19, and the like. The words 4pEtL7rots ipELc80ls are of course connected, ' a ruin among ruins.' 6 1. 311. rv tLpv irXEto-rovXp vov. 'The greater part of the time.' 1.312. 'r Blv' .. Izr, 'those dreadful threats.' Tecmessa still 72 AYAX. remembers the vehemence of Ajax. Cp. Ant. 408 Vpos roi 7r 3elv' iKerv' E r)7TELXJitVOL, etc. This is better than 'all dreadful things' (Herm.). 1. 313. avotlv is the opt. future, and is due to oratio obliqua, cp. Phil. 352 X6yos xaX's rpoai1,. . alOp7cotpt. 1. 315. XoL. Tecmessa, fearing that she was wrong in obeying Ajax, thus deprecates the reproaches of the Chorus. 11. 319, 20. It is possible to arrange the order of the words in this 3 passage in two ways, (i) E~fyELFTo 7rphs caxoG d3p s (dTvaL) ydovs 70LO6asE sYEwi(= rotadra yoaaOat). Cp. infra 1. 58r ob 7TrpbslarpoD aop)o, etc. and 0Spav UwXe = Orpc Vos, etc.: (2) ilrYEdTro roLoV6'E yovs EXEL 7TpOs caico ic..X. In (2) 'XEv may be taken as in vXELYKaXws, Icale&s, etc.; or rather, by a modification of the sense given in L. and S., s. v. EXwoB. iii. 3='that such lamentations come from a heavy-spirited man.' As i'XELw Els =' point towards,' so e lvrrpds Tros may mean 'proceed from.' But this is doubtful. E'rypero, ' he maintained,' viz. in what he said at home. Perhaps dicYw (' he taught us to esteem') ? 1. 321. &64yros . . KWKV rTWV. Similar extensions of the privative adjective are common in Sophocles. a'xwevos daniaiw, d'Xa os doriawv, etc. Cp. the use of compounds like 5iaapXa, &axpaT-s, alTrohot, flOropot, as variations of atuooi. 1. 323, KciLeVOs, ' whelmed in;' the word is metaphorical. 11. 324, 5. 'Having sunk down amid the slain oxen, remains motionless.' 1. 328. 'rT'Xlv must be taken in a middld sense. 'I came forth.' Cp. O. T. I 15 cs dbrardhX.i 1. 330. VLKW^VTL, 'are prevailed upon.' Tecmessa hopes that the Chorus will be able to divert Ajax from his evil intentions. 4 8 1. 332. r3V v pa, K..X. . is in apposition to MvLa. 1. 333-427. Ajax is heard groaning in the tent, but soon (1. 347) is brought out on the stage by means of the Eccyclema. He laments his fatal act. 1. 334-. TX', 'S IOLKE, ahXov. 'Soon, as it seems, even more,' i. e. Soon you will assert even more strongly that my story is 8Etv.v, Cp. rcixa paniXov aEtLsin Plato, Rep. io. 596 C. 1. 335. OcwoastL is used of urging dogs in the chase. Cp. Eur. Hipp. 219 7rbs OO,^v fpaatacuie Owat.L. Here it takes 3oiyv as a cogn. acc. 1. 338. For (vvoo3-L cp. O. C. 7. ' To grieve over the signs of his past frenzy, being still haunted with their presence.' The word rrapcv appears superfluous, but such words are not unfrequently added by a redundancy of expression, cp. supra 1. 304 irv, and 1. 267. If a change were necessary we might conjecture qpov&v. voaoij1cor are here the signs or consequences of madness. 1. 339. Ajax calls for Teucer, but is misunderstood by Tecmessa, whose mind is filled with anxiety about her child. NOTES. LINES 3I3-360. 73 1. 340. r&XcttvL, as in 0. C. 318, of agitation and uncertainty. 1. 343. i~y 8', 'while I.' The sentence though co-ordinate in form is really subordinate. Teucer is absent, foraging in the Mysian high- lands, infra 1. 720. 1. 344. The Chorus draw their conclusion from the connected character of Ajax' speech. &voLye re. The command is given vaguely, 'Open, some one.' 1. 345. ati8s, ' self-reverence.' Cp. especially Eur. Fr. 364 (Erech- theus) ihr' aiaods 8'of, Aiav darad oat. The Chorus hope that Ajax will be touched with a sense of his own dignity on seeing them. The door of the tent now opens, and Ajax is discovered sitting on a raised platform amid the slain oxen and sheep. This change of scene was accomplished by the eccyclema. Cp. Ant. 1293, El. 1458. 1. 350. liavov'rEs 6pOE v6p1, (i) 'abiding true by a loyal law,' ' con- 6 tinuing true to me in a loyal manner.' pO9 v'61uc is. dative of the manner, and LjLuEivovrcsis used absolutely (i~tj., sc. r7cpAiq). Cp. Eur. Phoen. 1241 i /l.EVELv, sc. Trolsbpicos ; Thuc. 2. 2 Evi~/ELvavai aoviali. 6 It is also possible (2) to construe yp. 6p0, v bf" (ris phXias, etc.), but this is less probable. 1. 35 . Ajax compares himself to a ship in the midst of a raging sea. Cp. El. 733 icAXv'w' 'ptLrrov i'vp~fLo v ccV'Evov. The middle voice of LS&ovis far from being uncommon in the tragedians. Cp. Trach. 151, El. 892, Phil. 351, and see note on El. 1059. Perhaps it implies that the spectator takes, or is intended to take, a special interest in the sight before him. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 92 i'oeEl ' o a irpasGOcwv raXwco OEos. The idiom remains in 13ov. ocovias may be metaphorical, as in O. T. 24 povioLv odhov, or it may refer to the blood actually streaming from the slain oxen. 1. 355. The observation is intended for Tecmessa, not for Ajax. The nom. to ''XL is probably To1Jpyov. The fact is evidence of its frenzy. 1. 357. va~as ApoYqv EXvas, 'helpers in the mariner's craft.' For the gen. cp. supra 1. 201 vabs dpcyoi. 1. 359. The sing. 8s is remarkable after -yEvos. It is explained by the fact that here, as often, the leader of the Chorus is addressed in the name of all. rrrpas, 'went aboard ship.' 1. 360. The words wollr4vov rraprio-ovT' are difficult. If allowed to stand, we must suppose that Ajax goes back to the scene of slaughter, being as yet only partially recovered from his madness, and calls on the leader of the Chorus to do that which the shepherds had failed to do in defence of the flock, viz. to slay him. 'The only shepherd,' i. e. ' the only one to do the duty of a shepherd.' The expression is not perfectly accurate, but compare jd'vosT7ri d"AAcov. Others read ryrlovdv inrapcicovr', wrqlrovwv &7' dpltosbv' (Jebb). With 4rapK(rovT' supply 7p ro Vy. 74 AyAX.

1. 362. E~e4La c vetCL,as below 1. 591, reproves an impious wish. 1. 363. 'r 'rjqa r'~js &rls, 'the blow of disaster.' Cp. the Homeric expression Od. 3. 152 ~wr-ia tca;,o1o, and Phil. 765 r3 27ra 7 s v6aov. This is better than to take 7fir dra after lrXEov. 1.364. The article implies that the epithets express the usual well- known attributes of Ajax; these are placed in strong contrast to his: present conduct. 1. 366. L6oLS Oqpcri is perhaps best taken as an oxymoron,' the wild- beasts which cause no terror,' i.e. 'tame objects of the chase.' The other rendering, 'beasts which have no fear of man,' has less force. 1. 367- otov, supply "ibXra. The construction is = cs rAEav yoowros Tr7 vBptv blp1'O1v. For the passive cp. 1. 217 dTreAwICt5O. 1. 369. The sight of Tecmessa, whom Ajax knows to be conscious of the whole truth, combined with the consciousness of the effect of his own ruin on her life, wakes a new pang, and gives rise to this harsh outburst. KT'r6, ' out of my sight!' 1. 371. p6Vo'vov eb, ' be of right mind,' 'recover a better mind.' Cp. O. T. 649 OEXcras a ppovaas. 1. 372. Note the position of pi'v, which belongs properly to the verb, and cp. Ant. 557, 1297. 1. 375. ~X(icKcrL and KXhvrots are Homeric epithets. The precise meaning of the latter is doubtful. It seems to mean 'bleating' rather than 'famous,' unless it may be referred in this sense to the spoil, as being won by valour. For similar Homeric epithets which Sophocles sometimes turns from their original use cp. supra 1. 175 fo8s yEalas, 1. 179, infra 1. 89o d'pEvryv: Introd. Anal. p. 53- 1. 376. cL4Lpcis cogn. acc. with EIEvua. 'I made blood to flow.' Cp. the use of ryycw in such passages as Tr. 850 TECyEE 6ascpvwv davav. EpEqv6 v, is more than p/Oav, it refers to the gloom and secrecy which accompanied the act, 'darkling.' 1. 377. r' Epao'votos, i. e. over a deed that is done and therefore cannot be undone. A fragment of Agathon runs thus (frag. 5), /A6vov ydp avTroD /a OEas arefplacaL I yE'rTa rotELv alaa' vj 7Terpa-y/va. Cp. t Aesch. Pers. 525 ircriera1Aac1dv Wes ir' 'tEpyaalvots. 1. 378. This attraction of a clause beginning with ,rros into the infin. is remarkable. There is a similar instance of is in O. C. 385 j77 ydp EoxEs iXira6' cbs Ij/ov OEobs cpav 7r1v' sewV. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 799 W&sra07' 'Opi&rrl 8pW'ra o1)fX&as XEtv, and in orat. obliq. such attraction is not uncommon. Thuc. 3. 39 has -riva OY'LcO8v'rTva obc droaer'- a'cJOat; 1. 381. KaoCLKO o-rV'rairov i'X-Ra, (I) 'villain most deeply defiled.' 6apsa o occurs again infra 1. 39 , and (as a v. 1.) Ant. 320. It is commonly ex7 plained as =' finely sifted flour,' and thus expresses metaphorically the NOTES. LINES 362-403. 75 essence as it were of roguery. But it seems probable that in this place at least it is meant (2) to suggest 'wandering about,' and so to express nearly the same taunt as in Phil. o103 4 icalr#) a) tad l.vXz' RXErova' de iv4. Odysseus is ubiquitous, and no hole-and-corner business is too mean and dirty for him. Or (3) as the Scholiast seems to suggest, adXp/Aa may have an active sense, 'misleader.' 1. 382. -yeXwO' .. yeLs. The, expression is unusual, but expresses loudand long-continued laughter. See L. and S. sub voc. &,-ywIII. 1. 383. Oav i Oec^p. Elsewhere in Sophocles the article is only added to OE&swith a special reason. Hence e'v 70o E0has been suggested here. 1. 384. d're.bEvos, 'marred,' ' involved in ruin.' Cp. Ant. 17. 1. 386. Ajax is bidden to remember his condition, and abstain from proud words. 1. 388. Telamon, the father of Ajax, was the grandson of Zeus and Aegina. The divine origin is made more remote than it really is. Cp. 202. 1. 389. Xrlqa, see above. It is rather (I) 'wandering' than (2) 'deceiving,' perhaps with a sarcastic allusion to the love of wandering, for which Odysseus was to be famous; cp. woX.v'ras div4p infra 1. 954. 4 1. 390. S cr pxcas. Cp. 1. 251 b5cpaeris, and the note on 1. 321. 1. 395. To Ajax, who had once prayed for light, the light of day is now hateful, and darkness is full of light and comfort. Compare the situation of Oedipus, who, on the discovery of his unconscious crimes, hastes to shut himself off from daylight and the world. The situation here is rendered more striking by the supposed time of the play. The slaughter of the cattle had taken place in the night, and Ajax awakes to consciousness with the returning day. 1. 396. For ds E'otL cp. Ant. i 6 Kp'cjv yadp jv 7CXwris os iWLoi r7E, i. e. (i) 'to my apprehension,' or (2) to one in my case.' Cp. O. T. 616 VI'AaPovyELv 7TEELrY,and note. 11. 398-400. Two constructions of these lines are possible: (I) of6re y&p (~is) OE&v -yvos, oiv0'a lEpLv Els 6vaeLv rwva dv0p'rCwv ' r' a~tds (,elt) IXE'sv. This requires that the preposition should be supplied in the first clause from the second. Cp. Ant. 366 TorOi isv aex6v, diXor' r' aOXhbv E4prL, and 0. T. 761; (2) OsEv yE&os and alpiwv davpCrkwV rw' may be taken as the accusatives after rE'WEtv,Els 6vaaotv being taken separately= 'for any benefit.' The first rendering appears preferable, from the use of hx&rEwvEls. Cp. El. 958 Els riv' iXsri7aw Bhaoa' Er' 6p04v, ib. 954, infra 1. 514. For the omission of dLya with Aetos cp. O. C. 461, O0.T. 92. 1. 403. tMXpLov. Wunder's correction of the unmetrical 6XOpeov, otXtov, labours under the difficulty that o'xtog is always active. If 6XOpov is retained, we must read itppovs (sic) in 1. 420. 76 AySr.

11. 404 foil. These lines are hopelessly corrupt. We may translate ' Whither, then, may one fly? Whither shall I go and there abide ? Seeing that my fortunes here perish, my friends [together with these (perishing creatuies)], and we are fallen upon foolish spoils. For all the army would slay me by violence, striking me with both spears' (alluding to the 6bo 560pe which each warrior carried). ories6' 6o9 VrEEL has been suggested. Perhaps Ei T6aE piv

o6 ; but this is not pecessary when ob .. . ofre represent ore . . oViE, and the negative is nearly balanced, applying equally to both clauses. 1. 430. ' Alas! Who would think that my name would thus suit my sorrows, and become a name for them?' Ajax is struck with the similarity of Al'as and aiai'. Such playing upon names is common in Greek. See especially Od. I. 62 Ti V6 of ('Ovcd).rda7oo' claeao, ZE- ; Cp. Elmsley, Bacchae, 5o8. Names were supposed to stand (by fate or providence) in close connection with the nature or history of the person named (Aesch. Ag. 68. ff.). So Pindar derives Alas from ailems Isthm. 5. 35. 4,rCvrLov is a supplementary predicate, 'so as to be a name for them,' ' as a name.' 1.432. Kal 81s Kat rp.s,i.e. more than al at. Cp. TpuTALcAcapes Ia TErpda'ls. 1. 433. For TOLOVTOLS, giving a reason, cp. supra 1. 164. It can be used with or without 'yp,as rotovjBE, supra 1. 148. 1. 435. KacXLrTE2 is ace. with aptLorEEas. The word is either used = Ka/XwrTEv.laTa, ' the most beautiful given as a prize,' with reference to Hesione, or it means ' the prize of honour,' i. e. the prize, not of one who is CdXXX os, but who has done eidtucrTa i'pya. 1. 438. Tpolas is gen. of apposition, like da-r O prs, etc. 1qeX04v, ' coming after him.' Cp. i'pc-pos, ip7cEy,imya4w, etc. a0~veL refers to personal strength, not to an army. 439. PK'OaS,' having made good.' Cp. infra 1. 535 ciX' o$v i yc' 1. 6 '9pAafa To70 -y' dpcrasL. Exceptional uses of the cognate accusative are frequent in this play. 1. 440. 'ApytoLrLY . For the dative =' before,' 'in the sight of,' cp. O. T. 40 ' Ipd'airwov 7 atv Oicl8irov iapa. 1. 444. ai'r'=abird,i. e. ra drAa. Adp'r-com has the sense of the Latin occupo. It brings before the eye the eager grasp which Ajax would have laid upon the arms. ov -rts AXkos dVT' 4loO, 'none but I.' d Aos is really pleonastic. Cp. O. T. 7 7rap' d 'y-wv . . dXXCUvdoEtLv. 1. 445. lravrovpyU not=Tavovpy i, but rather a mental 'jack-of-all- work.' Cp. supra 1. 381. There is a marked opposition between 4pvas and tuphyrj. Ajax, in his consciousness of physical strength, has a con, tempt for the cunning of Odysseus. 1. 446. twpcav, 'made them over.' The word implies underhand dealing, cp. O. T. 124 EIT'rt JE Bvapypp Erpaaacr! E'yOvae. Av8ps .. KP&,'T, 'pushing aside the prowess of this arm.' 1. 447. 8t&'rpoo, sc. yEvnrdpvat. 1. 448. &ritav,' had swerved from,' 'started aside from.' 4 1. 449. i41)4lav, The middle voice is more common. Here the active is used, because the Atridae did not merely give their votes, but deter- mined the voting. There is a similar distinction between ~ertael TTELw and ~7racirrea0at,p ETar /retw and pSerarE'jwuT rOa. 78 AyAX.

1. 450. The usual epithet of Athena is gyavm7rLs, on which Sophocles here refines. Ajax recalls the fatal glances of Athena as she urged him on. 1. 451. Cp. supra 1. 49 cai 8' '7 bowraiaars Jv orparqliaw'irvLats. ' Already in the act to put forth my hand against them.' 1. 453. iv T70oLo-SE, ' on such as these.' He turns a remorseful eye on the slain animals lying round him.

1. 455. oPO 1v o x iK6VTOS. It was not the will of Ajax that his enemies should escape. As yet he is far from the mood of acquiescence expressed in 1. 668 IPXovrTs E1iOl, aOe'1ILrcTE1rov. 1. 456. PX&wro, 'hinder,' the earlier meaning of the verb; with metaphor from a race. For the optative cp. 11.521, 1344. 1. 457. This feeling that he is abhorred of heaven and earth and man is characteristic of an unsettled mind, and Ajax is also suffering from a shame which makes life intolerable. But these feelings have a logic of their own, and seize on the strongest reasons in their favour, viz. the harm he has done both to the Trojans and now to the Achaeans. Cp. the position of Coriolanus between Rome and Antium. Shak. Cor. 4. 4, 5. 11.459-461. Observe the resolved feet, having an effect like that of a 'tremolo' in singing. 1. 461 p6vovs is predicate with AhLrcv, 'having left them to themselves.' 1. 462. Ka, (' then '), joins the question immediately with what pre- cedes, as in the common /ca w&s; The thought of going home suggests in a moment the interview with Telamon, and must therefore be, 6 abandoned at once. wiotov 'p.a= T&s TOV/Lsv 6blpla; Cp. O. T. 421 6 7roi'os KlOap&'v ojxvi 4cup'wvos raxa; also ib. 1371 foll. 'laacw roios. B3 rnwv, .r . He is thinking of eye meeting eye, and how his counte- nance will fall when he comes before his father. For 56/4/a cp. 1. 977 S$v'vatyov o'Iqs' ipoi. 1. 464. c'rv ApLr6eiv, 'that meed of valour.' The article has a demonstrative force. 1. 465. Av aMrTs crXE, c.cr.X. Namely, Hesione, supra 1. 435-. a - gavov EOKXEas, 'a glorious crown.' For the descriptive genitive cp. El. ]i9 tAha va ' darpov .. ebdppovry, Eur. I. T. 85 7 is kcraila AXhrpv, ' to the marriage tent.' .L467. j6vos L6 voLs. The latter word is added merely for the sake of the repetition, so as to give emphasis to the notion of' single fight.' 1. 469. Ajax cannot die by a death, however honourable, which would give joy to his enemies. 1. 472. cj~rav y', 'in my nature,' whatever I may be Xdoyozs, 'in seeming.' See above 11. 364-67. Cp. O. C. 27o rw^s iyco icaxbs q(p6av; Eur. Hipp, II91 ZE0, yfi7sr' dEiV e' xamIxs 7r¢Ivec' aadvp. 1. 473. To pIaKpoO PL(ov. For the article cp. O. T. 518 .1iov roi NOTES. LINES 450-488. 79 paepalevos. Life is either long or short. The article marks one of the two alternatives. 1. 474. ' Who being in evils finds no respite therefrom.' KcLKooLV is a dat. of circumstance= Cv saxo^'yv. Cp. Ant. 691 XAyots 70LoVroLs, oLS aV I0 TE P~E KXVW. 11.475, 6. These lines have been translated in various ways. ' What delight has day alternating with day, (or 'compared with day, or 'beyond day,' i.e. one day more), since it merely exposes us to death and rescues us from it,' or 'since it merely brings us nearer death and then removes us from it,' i. e.' there is no pleasure in a life which is merely a respite from death.' Herm. 'Quid potest dies cum die alter- nans oblectationis afferre, quum nihil nisi de moriendi necessitate aut addat aliquid aut differat?' Linwood: ' adding to the account of life and taking off from (i. e. deferring) death.' The construction of the genitive 0ro^,K.,r.X. is not very satisfactory in any of these translations, and the ye is without force. Both these difficulties are obviated if the sense of 'L is continued to the second clause. 'What pleasure can day following day afford, by adding or subtracting anything from death?' i. e. Now that honour is gone, Death alone remains; and whether death .be good or evil, procrastination makes no difference. Cp. El. 1485, 6 T1i ydp 8porarwv &Byv Kosoa F LE1LTyLE Ovlycetv 6 A;'XXAwv T70 Xpd'vov dpos cppot; Shak. Jul. Caes. 3. I 'That we shall die, we know, 'tis but the time, And drawing days out, that men stand upon.' Such variations as x~cap4Rpc are common, cp. Ant. 596 y E~v 'yEyvos, Eur. Hec. 410o. 1. 477. obe Evs 1X6yov, 'at any reckoning;' cp. O. C. 1225/ pc val rbio' arravavlcqa X&yov. Genitive of value: 'as worth any account.' 1. 478. KEvatcrV EXrr~o-Lv, 'empty hopes,' i. e. 'hopes of what cannot happen,' such as the hope that by living in dishonour a man may attain to honour. 6 1. 481. w=Lb3XrovV, 'suggested,' cp. supra 1. 189 V7rofaXrvot, and 0. C. 794 Tb aOy 8' b0isO BE&p'bihdqT6Xrov r6uta. For the adjective followed by the descriptive genitive cp. infra 1. 1oo4 & OvaOearov b6tYa a' T7/O4XAS TJIcpas. 1. 484. yviL oprat, ' to sway your judgment.' 11.485-525. Tecmessa endeavours to turn Ajax from his purpose, by depicting the desolation of herself and his aged parents, when bereft of him, and also the forlorn condition of Eurysakes. 1. 485. "TYs &v ycaas rvxrls, 'helpless fortune,' i. e. 'the lot of the helpless.' It is however doubtful whether dva-ycala means ' irreversible' or 'under constraint.' Cp. infra 1. 8o3 . In El. 48 the meaning is more clear='a crushing calamity.' 1. 488. E'TwEpsWv6s." For the attraction cp. O. C. 734 aOBvovaav= d 80o A yArX.

l rLw 'EXhXdo, Xen. Mem. 2. 9. 3 Xapt6 poEovy oi'p cot dvp. For 0crivov- ros iv rXoi"7

1.509. &paTaL, 'prays;' the word is rare in a good sense. Cp. O.C. 1444, 5 a" v 'oIv i'ycoI OSoisAp ^a, LT7ror' dvrTcra, ,caciiv. 1.5I. 8Lo0-TraL, (I) 'shall live out his life.' Cp. Rhes. 982 adrats8looEr. aooO must be taken with jIpvos, and this as supra 1.461 jidvovs 7' 'ATrpEdas. The middle voice has a distinct (subjective) meaning, 'shall carry through his life of hims'elf' (dp' avTroV). Hermann's interpretation, (2) ' will be pulled to pieces by,' is worth considering. Middle futures have often a passive meaning; o'raral is passive in Eur. Or. 440, and. 'ioleora in Hdt. 8. 49, iotaoL&dv ib.8. 76 (Veitch, Greek Verbs).

For ved&rpo4 ! cp. 0. C. 345, 6 i b'rov viar I rpoips 'AhrE. 1. 512. 3Tr'ip4avLtoT&v, 'tended by '(at the mercy of) orphan-guar- dians.' If (I) supr. is right the meaning of the preposition may be akin to the sense of ' accompanied by,' but cp. 7raXEL irrd, OvICEyLV fir, etc. 1. 514. eLsiS L PXErno, 'to which I may look for support.' Cp. supra 1. 399 P3AEtv .. els 6vacrv dvOpcanrwv, Ant. 922 7i XP' JAE7 v 8'Try- VOy eISOEobs P3XE LV; El. 959 elsTiv' Xarwcov iT' I 3PXiao' ET' 'pOiv; PXirow, subjunctive. (Observe F+ Bh El. 301, Phil. 622.) 1. 516. aXXg opa, 'another doom.' Ajax has already been placed on an equality with Fate, supra 1. 490 Ia ao pakatora XELpi. We are not allowed to think of Ajax as causing the death of Tecmessa's parents, though he has devastated her country and reduced her to slavery. 1. 517. KOLOEhov OLKIq'ropas. (I) There is an association from the literal meaning, 'has taken down.' Cp. Eur. Supp. 829 iarTa E 7T'oB yas iXot. Other translations are, (2) 'destroyed them so that they are,' or (3)with reference to the legal meaning of caOatpei, 'condemned them to be.' 1. 51 8. Throughout this speech, and more especially in this passage, there is an echo of Il. 6. 405-496. 1. 519. iv 0ot .. aooicLL, cp. iv co? Itci'Eal,elpi. For wara cp. supra 1. 275 ra^s1XAIaXram. 1. 520. Tecmessa has been urging the topics which she thinks most likely to move Ajax. She cannot end without one more appeal to his love for her. &vpitafter 7rpoorevaL. 1. 523. She ventures in concluding on this indirect reproach, hoping to rouse Ajax and divert him from his purpose. 11. 525-595. Ajax calls for his child, who is lifted up to him. He takes him in his arms, and gives some last directions concerning his welfare. Then giving the child back, he orders the tent to be closed. 1. 525. 'I would that thou wert moved in spirit, even as I am.' ~ew otKO'v = to be touched with pity. 1. 526. atvoClqs, ' approve;' in the sense of' agreeing to.' 1. 528.' eZ with rXAcv,' to carry out to the end.' ,rogh4L,'can bring G 82 AyAX. herself to.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 999 rT'A.oloov, & /catLe, rT5AJoo'v TorE 6 irps Tas wopoiv'as wyrrovas peSs ppovev. Ajax knows that Tecmessa will be reluctant to bring the child. Observe the alliteration, and cp. O. T, 371 and note. 1. 530. The division of a tribrach into three words is not uncommon when the words A-rv 1'Eiv form part of the foot, e.g. Aesch. S. c. T. 530, Eur. Hec. 10, ix85, 1203, 1234, I. T. 966. Cp. also Phil. 651, O. T. 967 wa7aipa vTOIt6v* 6 a Oav'cv. 1. 53i Ka' -iv . e. The particles (cp. 1. 539) imply that there was a hindrance in the way of complying with the request of Ajax. 'Why, in my fears I have put him out of the way of harm.' ' Do you mean in the midst of this unhappiness, or how?' 46poLtcL. The plural is in- tensive. 1. 532. .rL foXoXiyELs; 'What is it you mean, pray' (Fot) ? 1. 534. The genitive following rrpc'ov may be explained by the analogy of defov, and by the meaning of the genitive. Conversely, we have detov with the dative. By a similar change inrdo'lvos sometimes takes the genitive in Plato. Cp. also Menex. 239 C 7Tprrdvros -r*y 7TpaacvrWv. 1. 535. &XX' otv =' well, that being so.' For the particles cp. Ant. 84 dAx' ov rpoylTviaps y- rOVTO.LVoEY6. Tecmessa claims credit for what she has done. 'This service at least was due to my watchfulness.' For TroTo6 y' ApK o'0GLcp. supra 1. 439 o06' 4pya ~~EowXELpOs dpcaas e t1s. 1. 536. 4wirvea. The aorist is significant of instant and hearty com- mendation. Cp. EL 668 iEBeiap'v -rb r0i4v. 40ov, cp. O. T. 134 7v' EO0,0'i'morpoqyv. 1. 537. Tecmessa has gained her point in excusing the absence of the child, and now ventures to ask what further service she can render. 1. 539. The dative of the agent is rare except with the perfect passive. Cp. infra 1. 722 vcSdCETa TrOLs2r1aLy 'Apyido-s. (The prepositions ' with' and 'by' are often confused in early English dramatists.) 6 1. 540. 11 o is justified because 4XXEL contains a negative notion and the sentence is interrogative. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 627 ' 17a g' xhNes phi o y7ycvilcetv rb rayv ; 1. 541. -rpocrrXwv is a partitive genitive with b'arep. Cp. 1. 544. 1. 543. EIprov-, sc. Tr wporo'6 .. For XEXEtLVp hAbyov, 'not catching what is said,' cp. Eur. Or. io85 J 7irox AiE'xE Lal rvTY&.Wv I8ovAevydTrcv. Lys. I. § 15 wroX6dlroXaEtAx/ELYvov Tv 4EaTro acwc&v. It is an idiomatic expression, something like ' to seek' in English. 1. 544. 08e. The attendant now comes in sight. 1. 545. Ajax is sitting above the stage amid the carcases of the slain animals. He desires that his child may be lifted up to him. For the inverted position of oG cp. Ant. 96 edaopat y&p ob, O. C. 1365 d 5' fqiOfaa Triae 1A2)'uavTrq 7popov's, O. T. 527, Eur. Alc. 682 bpidhw 8' NOTES. LINES 530-564. 833

0 obX Lr v~oTP'rdELvacsv. For the postponement of the particle wrov cp. Ant. 726 ol rqXtcoLE al ILae61earOa8' ; 1. 547. BLKadL, ' truly' Cp. O. T. 853 pav~r 5ucals bp9Ov, Tr. 348 J ITrpdOWE ov lKcatosd'yyE~os rapiv, and also the use of rav'iws, e.g. O. C. 1306 a)dvol -rav81SLS. 1. 548. &X&. ' But:' as though some hint had gone before that the child ought not to be brought face to face with such a horrid sight. 6 V jLot, ' courses.' Cp. Ant. 191 rOLoLa'"1yrl vpo/.ae 78vu' aidw or6Av. For Wbj'ois cp. c'Aocpa-ris, supra 1. 205, and note. 1. 549. For the change of subject cp. O. T. I089 ~' aEE ..a~tev, sai XOpE4eoaaL 7rap' Tlp^ov. 1. 5,2. Ajax in praying for his son's happiness reflects that even now the child is in one respect happier than himself. 1. 553. ' That you have not in any way perception of these miseries.' ob&iv is adverbial, and KaK V is the genitive after Anataive-. 1. 554. Cp. Tr. 144 ro yap vEaov.5 . 70opas da4oxOov kaiptE Gilov. The line is not unlike Sophocles, but it is not wanted here, and has probably slipped in from a quotation in the margin. 1. 555. ~'os. For the omission of av cp. Tr. I48, Phil. 764. 1. 556. This construction of Seg with aros,instead of the more usual infinitive, occurs again Phil. 55 r'j 4XOKTS'7ov E BrEFIgbvxnv ',rws AX&o'wwyov cAz ~ss, also Cratinus, Nets. 2 SEL a' 'ornws Isbiv 8toLiLEs. It may have arisen from two constructions, BEFwith the infin., and 5rOs with the fut. in the sense of' see that you do,' etc. 1. 557. v ' Xpois, i. e. 'in dealing with your enemies.' Cp. infra 1. 1315 C'Epo? Opaov's, and note on 1. 1092. 1. 558. The child is compared to a young plant, 'quam mulcent aurae, firmat sol, educat imber.' The same imagery is used in Tr. 145. Cp. 11. 18. 56 6 8'dEvispaprv E'peY" Taos. 1. 559. Xaprl v,accus. in appos. to the sentence. For the language cp. Eur. Ion 1379 aLSos dcioAXaaa xappovds. 'To this thy mother's joy.' 1. 561. X6paCs, 'acts of outrage.' Cp. 11. 46, 1392, El. II196ial XePUPscaLt ahac icaral r-aiv cao~^s. 1. 562. rotov. Cp. supra 1. 148 TroozaE A6Yovs,L. 251 70oas ipEovrw dLretEXas. rvXhopOv ( Xha~ , 'a watchman at the gate,' i.e. trusty watchman. The preposition Qci4l is connected with the verbal meaning in pV'Xaca, (qvXdiErew cippli). For the chosen man as warder of the gate see Nisus in Virg. Aen. 9. 174. 1. 563. 'rpo4.s dOKvov, 'active to maintain thy life.' 'i'pra has reference to acd, cp. supra 1. 121 bTroLCrdpTE86 vv aTlqrgvov i'uras mCairep 6vra 8vapECrG. For the shortened form cp. rc'ALin later Greek. 1. 564. oXVEt, 'roams,' 'goes to and fro,' as a hunter seeking his G2 84 AYAX, prey. The word is used in El. 165, 313, of the lonely pacing of one in grief. 1. 566. Rtiv 'F. Ajax gives a charge in common (mVotv4v)to the Chorus and Teucer, and adds a message which the Chorus are to convey to Teucer, thus giving them a part in the fulfilment of his last wishes. 1. 569. 'Eptpot. The case of the word is not influenced by AXEw. Cp. Ant. 567 daX' 5E p vrot pt XC'y', ob ylp oTr' EnL. Eriboea is mentioned by Pindar as the mother of Ajax, Isthm. 5. 65. There is a touch of pathos in this mention of the mother's name. Some think he means to distinguish Eriboea from Hesione. 1. 5 1. If this line is retained the difficulty of the divided anapaest must be overcome by supposing that Li'Xpts oi are virtually one word, or fwsr, Ea7' av may be read. 1. 572. 04oovcrL. The construction is carried on with brws, hence the future. nOE'vat as in TOE'vat &Ohov. 6 XvFLE~v Ej6s. The order of the words is against the grammatical rule that attributes have the article (e. g. 6 dyaObs :wicpcirrs not 6 2. d.). But the possessive is sometimes placed as above for peculiar emphasis. Quasi 6 XvECiYv .. fl's AXv.z&v. Cp. Eur. Hipp. 683 6 yEvyl/rTCp ~l.ds. 1. 574. abra anticipates ardlcos. It is the principal piece of armour, familiar to Ajax and to others as a part of himself. 1. 577. ,re0&tErat is a future for the imperative, expressing confident certainty. There is no reason to suppose that the construction with b'rcos is continued here. These injunctions are fulfilled by Teucer, infra 11. 1407, 8. 1. 579. 4irLCKVOvs, ' before the tent.' See 1. 3 in oiqvai~s. 1. 580. LXhoL-CTTov, (I) 'fond of weeping' (olICarcTi0a), or (2) 'fond of awakening compassion' (Hermann). 1. 581. ' It does not mark a skilful leech to drone charms over a wound which needs surgery.' For rrphs with the gen. cp. supra 1. 319. 1. 582. T0o.GVTLr, 'crying for the knife,' a desiderative. For charms as a species of medicine cp. Tr. xooI foill. See also Od. 19- 457 inTaoti 8' alpa , EXatOiL CaXeOov. 1. 583. .rpoOvula v, ' this eager vehemence,' i. e. these eager solicita- tions to shut up the tent. 1. 586. cro4poveV KaM6v. The advice is given in the same spirit as before, 1. 293 yrva, yvai do'otov 4 rcy2) qPipet. 1. 588. OeGv is to be ' scanned' as one long syllable: cp. infra 1. 1129. For irpoSos -y vy, ' Do not be guilty of betraying us,' cp. O. T. 577 ytpas EXE s, Phil. 773 /A)., rICTEivas-yv7. 1. 590. Ajax is not a debtor to the gods that he should yield to an appeal in their name. Whatever sin he may have committed against NOTES. LINES 566-609. S5 them has been more than atoned for by the cruelty of Athena to him. (Cp. Thuc. 7. 77.) His impiety is reproved by Tecmessa. &pKcv= praestare. For the construction, cp. supra 1. 429 'pya.p. dpicas. 1. 593 o OrvvE'pE0'; As Tecmessa hesitates to comply with his request he turns to the attendants. Cp. supra 1. 344, d,&' dvoilyr7 . While Ajax is thus closed up in the tent, Tecmessa retires to her own apartment with the child, unless indeed they remain on the stage. The form avvipyw is Ionic: but Plato also uses v'vEpeLs not $v'Erpets. 11. 596-645. The Chorus, who are mariners much more than warriors, express their longing for home and their weariness of Troy: from this they pass to the madness of Ajax and the grief which Telamon and Eriboea will feel when they hear of the affliction of their son, the like of which has never been known in the race of the Aeacidae. ' KXELVW Zakuacts. Sophocles is speaking as an Athenian of the fifth century B.c. The anachronism would be readily condoned by his audience. 1. 597. Though &i.rMa-roshas the most authority, &MXrKTros seems preferable. For how can an island be said to 'wander on the sea?' There are the rXayXOEiaai I7rpat, and Delos, in the myth, was once a 'wandering' island, but no legend of the kind is connected with Salamis. If falArka'ros is retained, it must mean ' wandered round by the waves. 11. 6oo foll. The text is very uncertain. Translate, ' But I unhappy- long time is it since I, abiding in the meadow-lands of Ida for months innumerable, keep my nightly watch, worn out by time.' Cp. infra 11. 6 1206 foll. IcEFa 6'.. dE 7rvirvas pdoorLs I -ri7EYYC os iioas. The Chorus are weary of inaction as well as of exile. They long either to be in rocky Salamis or at sea. For t'Iaia t7roia many various conjectures have been attempted; e.g. 'Ilata tiupvw A ELiV' alnova, pCrv AdvptOos, aih'v Eiydirc, -r..h.,i.e. 'I wait for my reward in the meadows of Ida, without count of months, ever worn by the steady march of time.' But this involves violent changes, and the meaning is harsh. Another suggestion is 'IMaa .~lc'lvv XEt/Ac'v' ir'ratOpa, /pvv, c.r.A. 'Enduring outdoor hardships in the Trojan meadows.' etc. The reading 'I 6t pijVw XIV L 76d ro'aTE~, piv, e..., 'I wait in the land of Ida winter and summer,' etc., is very improbable. 'For I pUYv dv4plptlA0or, cp. O. T. 179 div TvpLpoP6i O r XXvTrat. 1. 6o6. k LKaV k~r(S'8Xov, 'cherishing a miserable hope,' i. e. ' such a hope as the miserable have,' 'misery's hope.' This meaning is required by 'L rNTrorL. ' The hope of release by death is nearer than return. Cp. ' the haven of the grave,' Shelley (Euganean hills). 1. 6o8. A't81Xov. Probably not 'destructive' as in Homer, but 'gloomy.' Observe the assonance. 11. 609, 61o. ' And abiding with me, fast by my side, is Ajax strickenr 86 AyAX. beyond healing.' ~ZEBpos is used in the simplest sense='seated near,' or, ' close at hand,' i.e. no longer going forth to battle. Cp. supra 1. 194 d'va f Epc'arwv 8rov .. oTrlpieg wror'. ' Sic et de exercitu in terram exposito.' Eur. Rhes. 954 iqapos .ys arpards. This meaning suits with v'vavAos. Others have taken the word in the technical sense of a third combatant, i.e. one who adopts the cause of the vanquished, and must be met by the conqueror, as an additional foe. Cp. Aesch. Cho. 866 do'vosctv 6palpos. Thus the Chorus would regard Ajax in his incurable madness as an additional foe, in so far as he would bring upon them the resentment of the Greeks in addition to that of the Trojans. 1. 6 11. ('vavXos, ' abiding with.' Cp. supra 1. 321. 1. 614. 4pe6vs otop3 6ras, 'a lonely feeder of his mind.' As elsewhere, an Homeric picture is used metaphorically to describe a state of mind. See II. 6. 200-2o2 daAx'i're s . .i w&rov dv0pcrwv dXE yvco.Cp. olo3od- xoCos, oldoroXos. Ajax turns his mind away from all others, like a herdsman driving a single heifer apart from the herd. The Chorus know that Ajax is recovered from his madness, but they do not know his present purpose. He has shut himself up from them in the gloom of the tent. Another rendering is ' mente destitutus.' 1. 615. The question has been raised whether efp1T)TCLLis passive or middle, 'has been found a great grief,' or, 'has caused great grief.' The sense of the word seems to favour the subjective middle (but cp. Tr. 1075 Ouxvs EvbpypIat 7rdas). See infra 1. 1023 EVbpdO/pv,Aesch. Pers. 742 (et passim), Hdt, 3. 148 (ebp'arETa active), and ebplarxoat generally means 'find for myself,' ' gain.' For the sense cp. O. T. 1355 obI J 4XhoLrYtv obi' ~Io' rTOodY'v'dXos, 1. 619. Rey acTas dpe'ras is a qualifying genitive to E'pya. 1. 620. 'Have fallen to nought, unloved among the loveless, the forlorn Atridae.' The Atridae, so abject as to disown a friend, have forgotten the noble deeds of Ajax. E'race = 4rEc, ' have fallen from memory.' 1. 622. ivrpoos= rpaqcaea iv. Hence the datives adpip and 7yp, unless Xev4ren pyurp,be regarded as a dative of manner or of time, separate from ~Vrpopos. Some would read Aevicd 8E -pa. 1. 625. voo-ovra 4pevolo6pcs, 'stricken with disease to the ruin of his mind.' For the adv. cp. Thuc. I. 21 ardamrcus is T6 IcVOWBes fICVfVLA%'q71CTa. 1. 627. a'tivov, sc. feor, OpyViLrEt. from ~aLTe,1. 630. 'Will raise a lamentable cry.' 1. 629. obi', 'but not.' Her cry will not be that of the nightingale. For this adversative use of osb' cp. El. 132 o68' 101Aw 7rpoXALtreL' 7rde. And for the negative form of the sentence cp. O. T. 1277 oi'8' dvie- gayv 1c.7.T. .. NOTES. LINES 611-651. 87

1. 631. Xep6OrXl'KTO L. 8Olro=OL'the sound of striking hands.' I. e. wrX4cErat 8odrovs vas XFpav. 1. 634. Some word of general meaning, e.g. i'"Tat, must be. supplied from 7reao'vraL. 1. 635. For KpE.(c0ov cp. O. T. r368 ipderoVv yap jaa pqpIr'' P 4 (&v 7tr Aos. The form is Ionic, supr. 1. 593. "AL8a is the dative of place. Cp. II. 23. 244 el6uev abrbs IUAi't dcopatL, El. 174 E7T CtaL obpavy ZEus. vocr-w 'rav, not 'incurably sick,' or, 'sick unto death,' but' sick of a phrenzy,' Ar. Pax. 95 Ti jlar/v oix vyLaVELS; 'jKCOv, cp. O. T. 1519. 1. 636. c irrrpcas yEvEs = ra-rpo'Ev. 1. 638. 'roXvr6vwv, cp. infra 11. 1186 foll. 1. 640. hXX' 4(c'rs 6OLLet, 'consorts with them so as to be outside them;' i.e. 'does not consort with them,' an oxymoron. Cp. O. C. 1575 v caOap svat, Phil. 1153 dIrE'qv.. pV'ICErat, Aesch. Pers. 756 'v.ov alXdicV. Also rppwo v dardawOat, 'to have nothing to do with.' (Eur. Hipp. ToI, Plato, Charm. 153 B.) 11. 644 foll. ' (A sorrow) such as no life-time (of any among) the sons of Aeacus except this has nurtured.' alc&v has the Epic meaning of life 'or ' life-time.' 11. 646-692. Ajax now comes out again from the tent upon the stage. Tecmessa and Eurysakes are also present. She has been upon the watch. The fiercer spirit in which he was last seen. and which might have ended in rash and sudden self-violence, appears to him now a far-off thing. Time who changes all things has changed him. He is gentle and submissive, but has not relinquished his purpose, which in his calmer mood he no less sees to be inevitable. This, however, he must hide from Tecmessa and the Chorus, and he ac- cordingly veils it with the instinctive subtlety of a mind bent on suicide-the more easily as the Chorus are ready to believe what they desire, and Tecmessa has no suspicion that Ajax will deceive her. Nor can any of those about him really fathom his trouble. Yet his real feeling shines through his dissimulation. Cp. Tr. 436 foll. 1. 647. 4,4EL i lXc, 'brings forth though hitherto unseen.' Kpwr- reTaC,middle, 'hides in himself.' Cp. Aesch. Cho. 127 4 Ta srdavr CTEatL, ' produces from herself.' Tr 1. 648. deXjwrov. Cp. Archil. Frag. 7.4 XPr9&cv aerrov obSrv 'orv ob8' drcItorov, Ant. 388 davae, fporoiUtv obUv arr' dlrjUorov. &MXoKETaL, 'is overtaken.' Time overcomes all, even the mighty oath and the resolute will. 1. 650. -r& 8ELv' 'KpTrpouv,' showed such harsh firmness.' The acc. is cognate. For the article cp. supra 1. 3I 2. 1. 651. .<)^o'{iqpos 's, (sc. KapTEPps ye/6iE vos),.' like iron (made 88 AyAX. firm) by dipping.' These words have been usually construed with what comes after-0rlv'v0 v ar6a. But iron becomes hard, not soft, by immersion; and no explanation that has been given removes this difficulty. Steel becomes in a sense more pliable by, tempering, but can in no sense be said to lose its edge, ardioa. It seems therefore preferable to connect the word with what goes before. 'I who then hardened my heart, as iron is hardened by the bath.' (o'r 6 ya, (I) ' edge,' (2) 'speech.' The first meaning is taken by Tecmessa and the Chorus, the second perhaps thought of by Ajax or the poet.) i. 652. o'wKTrdp .. XIVTeV. The infinitive is ambiguous, i. e. it may mean either ' I leave her with pity,' or, ' pity will not let me leave her.' 1. 654. -rapaKTious XELVLws. The grassy'hollows on the side of the rising ground towards the cliff. Infra 1. 8o5 dyici3vas. 1. 656. Os&s, sc. IHafXl6os. 1. 657. XPpov must be repeated with K(XO. The 'abominable thing' was to be cast out into a desert place. Cp. Ant. 773 A , 'cpruosO' a v tv rLoos. 1. 658. KpvIO. He really hides it in his body. iyos ='a sword.' iEhdXv merely means, 'weapons of offence.' 1. 659. ya s is a partitive genitive of place =' somewhere in earth.' It is to be taken with 6pv'as. With 'vOma1j1 -rLs 06'lE'ra cp. O. T. 1412 fvOa poTroir' clToe O' &rL. ,But Ajax means that his act will be unseen, and that the hilt of the sword will be imbedded in the ground. 1. 660.

L 673. 'YYos 4)YELy. I. e. oi5rEri)v tlipav /X(yevt 7" abir Olyyos (cogn. ace.) AEv/cwho ipipa occurs in Aesch. Pers. 386. 1. 674. ' The winds, after blowing terribly, leave to gentle rest the moaning sea.' Cp. Virgil's 'straverunt aequora venti,' ' Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis;' Horace, Od. I. 3, 16 'Quo non arbiter Hadriae major tollere seu ponere vult freta,' lb. C. S. 9 ' Alme Sol curru nitido diem qui promis et celas,' where, as here, contrary powers are ascribed to the same being. Kotpl9j here (cp. ai'pmcsupra 1. 75)= ev jcOLLca0arOa. 1. 675. v 8', ' and also.' Cp. O. C. 55. 6 1. 677. LEZts= ' mankind.' Cp. supra 1. 125 p -yap 7las obSiv b'Vas ~AXo, ic.T.X. Or if we accept Porson's conjecture in the next line, ^et's will be = 4yCi. 1. 678. The MSS. read lyci -3'='I at any rate.' The sentence (b's 7r, c.T.A.) is then irregular; part of it (6 r'T Xps, K.T.A.) is made to depend on rio~raIyat, and part is independent. Either both clauses should have been independent, and inlrdaLpaL yp regarded as a paren- thesis, or both should have been dependent on in oraa, in which case we might supply ac (povijw with iyi 64i. But Porson's conjecture, zyy8', is probably right. 'I am sure of it,' viz. that I ought to learn temperance. 1. 680. This gnome is said to have been first expressed by Bias of Priene. 1. 681. povk1Croac, ' I shall choose.' Cp. O. T. 1077, and note. 1. 683. ' The haven of comrade-ship is untrustworthy.' The language borrows the common metaphor of the Greeks. Anything which may be regarded as affording rest or shelter is called a XLiv. So here we might expand, ' He who seeks protection in the good faith of a comrade has cast his anchor in a dangerous haven.' 1. 684. &I. ,ro",TOLwLV, 'concerning my relations with foes and friends, and towards the gods.' 1. 685. 8sL&re'ovs is to be joined with rTEXELOaL. 'To be accomplished to the end.' 1. 687. -rard'^8E, 'even as she.' 'rs I rTLRae, ' pay homage to these commands.' For the alliteration of 7, cp. O. T. 3'7, supr. 528. 1. 689. ikeLVE . voetv. It is not necessary to suppose a change of subject as in supra 1. 549, for / kLv is sometimes used as a personal verb (El. 342). Ajax refers to his own funeral rites. The Chorus understand the word in a more general sense. There is a similar ambiguity in the next line. 1. 692. aeotrc o-ivov, 'saved,' i. e. by death, in which alone was salva- tion to be found. The perf part. of this verb is frequently used, as denoting a state of safety. Ajax now leaves the stage as though going into the country, Tecmessa also withdraws. go AJyAX.

11. 693-718. The Chorus, delighted at the change in the mind of Ajax, break forth into a song of gladness, and dance as they sing; There are similar wild strains, though less clearly marked as hypor- chemata, in O. T. io86 foll., Ant. I 115 foll., Tr. 205 foll. 1. 693 E3IPL''EPeL, 'I thrilled with emotion.' The aorist denotes the sudden nature of the joyous thrill. wrEPXaP7i 8' &veTrrilLav, ' I fluttered overjoyed.' Cp. Ant. 1307 dvivrrav po'epy8. 1.694. The island Psyttaleia, adjacent to Salamis, was a haunt of Pan. Aesch. Pers. 448 foill. This may be the reason why Pan is addressed here rather than any other deity. But the words Kvxxa- Vias,K.Tr.. make this doubtful, and Pan was regarded as the source of sudden changes of mind, as e. g. in Panic fear. 1. 695. &X(kiXaywrE. Either (I)the Chorus address Pan by the epithet which suits the present need, (but there is no good ground to suppose that 'sea-roving' was an attribute of Pan), or (2) the predicate with dvy'90' is attracted into the vocative. ,'Come, thou rover, come over the sea.' For this cp. Phil. 828 EvaEs ?7iv (EXOots. 1. 699. Oecv Xopowro' vag, 'O thou of the gods who art the lord of the dance.' Cp. O. C. 869 OsNv 6 nr&vra XEbo'wv XLtos.Pan was pre-eminent among the gods as author of dancing. So Bacchus is addressed in Ant. 1146 nrp inEvrcwv XOpdy ' dorpcov. JoL is to be taken with tvvchV. 1. 700. pipa-r'.... 4ijLs. The words denote a wild excited dance. The phrase for solemn stately dancing is Xopobs arorat. Nysian dances are those of the nurses of Bacchus; the Cnosian (I1, 8. 590) or Cretan may refer to the dance of the Curetes, or to the dancing-gound of Ariadne, which was at Cnossus. abroSal, ' coming of themselves,' i. e. almost instinctive, as dancing is an instinctive expression of joy. Or the word may mean 'taught by thyself,' with reference to Pan. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 30o a'rICTL-r' dvvrpa. 1. 704. eii yVwo'ros, almost = ivapta-s, in such shape that all may know him. 1. 706. CAres has loosed from our eyes the awful grief.' The grief of the Chorus was indirectly the work of Ares, a name Sophocles seems to have used generally to describe a source of evil influence. Hence he is said to remove the mischief he brought. Cp. supra 11. 674-6. For the expression cp. Il. 13. 444 dIp&' vos 6Ipttos 'Apys. 1. 709. (I) 'Now, O Zeus, the white light of fair day may come near the swift sea-traversing ships.' Or ircEo&aLL may be transitive. (2) 'Now, O Zeus, thou mayest bring,' etc. The former suits better with the broken, interjectional strain. The passage must be taken in connection with the supposed time of action. So long as their grief had continued the Chorus were anxious for the night to continue, but now they could NOTES. LINES 693-727. 9I welcome the return of day. This seems better than making raEXhac = w(rc7E7~as TEXaoal, ' now light returns (metaph.) and we may go near to the ships.' The ' swift ships' are in any case associated with the mariners' hope of returning home. Cp. 1. 900oo. 1. 711 XaO iovos wrra'w. Ajax has recovered from his trouble aihd has forgotten it. The word a7r6xv merely points to the general idea of recovery. But at=' once more.' 1. 7 12. The Chorus assume that Ajax has already made a sacrifice, cp. supra 1. 655, 6. For this use of the aorist=the perfect cp. infra 1. .739. dw&v0urTe'0-~L' are ordinances with full rites. The unmeasured expression arises from the exultant mood of the Chorus. 1. 714. p.apaLvEL. The word in its derivation seems to mean ' smooths' or 'soothes;' and so' quenches.' Cp. phAc Eiopav'O I1. 9. 212. It may 6 be connected with byuapis, cp. El. 179 XP vos yap ebylap's OGEs. pLyas, 'mighty,' supra 1. 226. In the MS. these words are followed by we sac PX'yEt. These, if genuine, suppose a hiatus in the antistrophe; but it is possible that they have been added from some other passage in which the idea, ' time bringeth all things to darkness and light,' was treated. 1. 715. &vaCI68-rov, ' forbidden to be uttered.' Cp. supra 1. 386 1yl8' 1 y' dir s. The Chorus are echoing the words of Ajax above, 1. 648 KOVICCTr' d"eXrroYv ob/v. 1. 717. Ovpiv. The plural, if correct, is unique in tragedy. Cp. 1. 46. The dative follows the meaning of the noun. 11. 719-814. The strain of joy is suddenly checked. A messenger arrives in haste to prevent Ajax from leaving the tent and falling a sacrifice to the wrath of Athena. Tecmessa is summoned. She and the Chorus go in search of Ajax. 1. 719. Instead of the entrance of a prophet (as in O. T., Ant.) we have a reported speech of Calchas, which reads the true lesson of the situation. 'Tor rparov, K.r.X., i. e. the first thing which I wish to tell is that, etc. Cp. O. T. 1434 6 u v rXtlTros rcv A.yYwv EidrElv TE Kat p aOEv, C..A. The messenger gives the pleasant news first. 1. 721. Lorov . . o'rpar'ryLov. The general's tent, which was in the middle of the camp. 1. 722. Kcu5EraTL, historical present. This is said to be a Sicilian word. For the dative cp. supra 1. 539 '4TtLos 'ApyiolaE v b8' dr6XXvat. 1. 723. The order of words is-wTpdawo v paaOdures ('recognizing') aT v arT'XovTa, dlArrE' ar v 'ctvXc. 1. 724. 6vel8ErLV Ipcrao-ov. Cp. Phil. 374 ''Obs ipaaaov acoxs Trois 7aatrv. Aesch. S. c. T. 382 Oivelt ' 6vEisUt auvrrv Oac3id7v aopo'dv. 1. 726. orpwcparo is the objective gen. after itJLovXAVTroJ. 1. 727. 6s o01K &pK&(OL, K.'r. X. declaring (i), That it would not be enough for him not to die utterly shattered with stones,' i. e. that they, 92 A' A X. would not be satisfied if he were not stoned to death. Or rather (2) 'That he should not resist being stoned to shreds and dying of it.' For if adp'aoL =' should not suffice,' (not A)j od) would have been used, rb /A, C.T.X.being in that case the subject, and not an epexegesis after the negative. 1. 728. For 'r&s cp. supra 1. 519 iv ao& iro' -yyo c'4opat. These words from W'sdepend on dyovrEs implied in airoxahXovrEs. For carafaivEvy cp. Ar. Ach. 320. 6 1. 730. SLErrepau 0. The word seems to have quite a literal sense, swords were actually crossed by some of Teucer's retinue and the angry soldiers round the generals' tent. 1 1.731.roO irpoowrr&DrC, 'having touched the verge,' i. e. 'having run to an extreme.' The partitive genitive belongs more to the language than to the thought. Cp. Xen. Anab. I. 3, I livat70o rpdaw. The point is not that it did not go further, but that it went so far before it was allayed. For the litotes of language not affecting the sense cp. 6 avv 7 xEt rtvi, infra 1. 853. 1. 732. &vSp^v lends dignity to yepo'vrcov. The gen. depends on the expression v vvanxayg AX'yov. 'On elders interposing with their counsel.' 1. 733. &XX' ~Rtv Ai'as. The dative is ethical, cp. O. C. 81. 1. 736. 'rporOLs, 'ways,' 'dispositions.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 309 /ta ItOEp/ioaLt rpdrovs I vPovs, vios yap xa T'pavvos Av 0Eol^s. Ajax was turned to a gentler mood and had set forth on a new purpose in harmony with this. 1. 737. toito. 'There! there!' implying that the horror was come. Cp. O. T. 1182 0io lob, ra 7Tdvr' d'v i45cot UaQp. In the rarer sense of sudden recognition only we have Aesch. Ag. 25 lob lo1. 'Aya- IA-ILvovos yvvard, ,.r.X. (Dind. Lo). 1.7 39. '4Avy-qv. The aorist has a perfect sense, as supra 1. 712. 1. 740. ' What is there still unsatisfied in the need that has brought you ?' 1. 742. rrapKELV, ' forbade that the man should pass forth,' i e. that any one should allow him to go forth. irapd, 'past bounds.' Cp. Tr. 537 rapetu8Ea3eysla. ov . 1. 744. X~ ' To gain at the hands of the gods acquittal from their wrath.' The genitive is used because reconciliation implies a riddance of or escape from existing circumstances. XXov is the anger of the gods. 1. 746. ev (pov,^v,' with clear knowledge.' Cp. O. T. io66 ial 1ptyv Qpovouad y' E6r& Xtardao' Ahity. Ant 1o3. 1. 747. wroov, sc. pavre1erai, which must also be supplied with r7 8' 1is6(, X.r.h. NOTES. LINES 728-77 . 93

1. 748. Kic rrapv iriyXavov, ' and I was an eye-witness of so much.' Cp. the combination o6'r' ofa o'r crabvotia Dem. c. Lept. 461, 2 and Shilleto de Falsa Leg. § 19. The form of coordination (cp. 1. I) avoids the awkwardness of rapdivy rvX&v. 1. 749. Hendiadys. The circle of the princes sitting in deliberation is meant. Round these would be the people in their diyopd: all except Calchas being in fierce excitement. 1. 751. The order is Ocls sefv Et's XEipa Tev'dpov. 1. 753. rTo taves ,r3 vv 'r68E. These words mark the progress of the action; the day has already dawned. Cp. Od. I. 272 adptov els dyop v ,aA~as (pwas 'AXatobs. 1. 756. r Se 04lppa. The article may be easily supported as referring to jyap 70TiOCpavs . . r0E. For the crasis cp. 11. 778, 1362, 0. T. 1283. Lobeck would read -8' V 7 pAIP: others 77-5' 0' /Eipa, which gives a different sense. The visitation of Athena does not appear to extend beyond the compass of a day. (' Thy wrath endureth but the twinkling of an eye.') 1. 757. &s 4 MXycov. Cp. Aesch. Ag. 205 0wv2v, II. I. 43 ds 6 Y dE Ipar' EVlXyEvos. 6 1. 758. repLocr& K&vPVrlTa, overgrown and burdensome,' i.e. Irapa -ro9 6vyoqiYtov paqp'vra. Cp. Homer's 7rEXhptos Ai'as (Il. 3. 229). His haughty overbearing spirit is closely connected with his huge bulk. 1. 760. IaccKe. This word is constantly used of oracular deliverances. Cp. O. T. 110, 0. C. 1332. 0ir6LS, K.-.h. ' when a man, etc.;' for the remote reference (arts carries us to odjvara) cp. 8s A'v without antecedent in Thucydides, e.g. 2. 44 7b 8' VTrvX)S, 8s lv, tC..h. For oPTLs cp. O. T. 714 borts YiyvorT, where, as here, aiv is omitted in an indefinite relative clause. (0. T. 1231.) 1. 762. e0UMs (cp. 61ws, IAErae, etc.) belongs in meaning to cpE'Oq. 6 1. 763. ivous KCsXs XyovT'os .. TTrps. Cp. Ant. 38 Er7' AXC,6v

1. 764. a,'rv ivvrrre, ' gives him this charge.' This use of the accusative is remarkable. Cp. O. T. 350, I1. 17. 237 A'as E7TE Sov dyaObv MEv'Xaov. For the charge given cp. Il. 9. 254- 1. 765. r3v O,(c, as we might say, 'under God.' 1. 767. 6 xrvlv dv, 'a man even if he be nothing.' The phrase is slightly hypothetical, hence yo'iv not o~6i'v. 1. 769. tou"-' emiTLr&o-eLV KMo , 'to pluck the glory of victory (ro07r' refers to paTros) and fix it upon myself.' The active voice is more dignified than the middle would have been. 1. 77. 8Las 'AOvas. These words are not in any regular construction, but seem to follow that of ra'rpas in 1. 763. We may regard the 94 AYAX. genitive (1) as implying a loose sort of relation to the sentence, or (2) suppose an anacoluthon, abwacw.opys being changed into viIc'".. 7aT'. Cp. O. T. 701, O. C. 1 92, infra 1. 792 : (i) is more probable. Trans. 'Yet a second time, towards divine Athena,' etc. 1. 772. 'q8-r8o. Cp. Phil. I30 awocjievov. But the active form is more common. 1. 774. Tots MXotLoL. Dat. icard' avcirv with rihAas i'Trcas-- rapLoraiyo. 1. 775. Ka0' ltas oaior' a2pi-petL p.X i. The general meaning is, of course,' the line shall never be broken where I am,' but the metaphor is not quite clear. The battle seems to be spoken of as a flood which Ajax was keeping out with a wall. See L. and S. s. v. i'xprjyta. 1. 776. da'rpy i, (i)' implacable,' 'inexorable,' or rather, passively, (from a rEpyEL in the sense, 'to acquiesce in anything,') (2) ' intolerable,' i.e. Tiyv Ofs 6py-Iv Eicn'aaTo, darEpyiS ICT77ya. 1. 777. oL KCLT'aiVOPUMrov (povvy. It is difficult for us to enter into this Hellenic conception of the jealousy of the gods. Hence there is something repellent in the action of Athena in this play, which would not be equally present to the mind of a religious Greek. But see Introductory Analysis. 1. 778.i7i8 4O~ipa. Cp. supra 1. 756. Here also 'r8'iv piea has been read. 1. 779. oi'v Oe,. The way of saving Ajax is discovered by divine aid revealed through Calchas. 1. 780. i~Z'pas, (i) from the circle in which the chiefs were seated round the king, or (2) from the place where I was sitting. For the article separated from the substantive (6 8 . . Teiicpos) more Homerico cp. Phil. 371 6 8' hr'Ovo a8v"s, ic... 1. 782. UvkXcra-sv, 'for us to take them in charge,' i.e. darb '/as scow udva'oa~stv. This use of the infinitive to express a purpose is not confined to Greek, but occurs frequently in the Latin dramatists, e.g. Plaut. Pseud. 642 'reddere hoc, non perdere, erus me misit,' where it cannot be considered a Grecism. &rrosEp4Le0a, 'have been robbed of our prize,' - have come too late to gain our object.' Cp. supra 1. 740 6Ecrlaratovov. 1. 783. o-of 6s,' skilled in his art.' Cp. O. T. 502 o iq 8' dv ooq~tav 7rapaelEbEEv duvrp, Ant. o059 aopobs ab a&vts. 1. 784. Sa't.'unhappy.' For the Doric form cp. 'AOdvas 1. 771 and elsewhere. In Homer the word means 'hostile;' the sense 'wretched' may perhaps be derived from this in so far as a captive would be regarded and treated as an enemy. 8crY.opov yivos, 'child of misery.' The use of yE'Vos as applied to one person is uncommon. Cp. Ant. i i6 Ical Atbs 0apuppcyTra yyvos, supra 357- NOTES. LINES 772-806. 95 1. 785. 5pa, ' come forth and see what news the stranger utters.' Cp. O. T. 50o3 7rp'v i'oiyt' BpOv e'ros. 1. 786. 4L.XalpEv ry&, i. e. 'rOTEpi, Ic..X. For this 'epexegetic infinitive' cp. supra 1. 673 -yuEMv.For the negative expression cp. Eur. Med. 136 ob6 o'vv oatL, d& v'a, alyEOL t daros. 1. 788. &'rpl'rov,'unwearying,' 'incessant.' The sorrows are never worn out, never grow less. Cp. X&acos dTr&LpIs. 1. 789. 6s, ' how,' after Edaci'ovE. o 1. 79 . v XyqYo-' &.'y The acc. must be considered as an extension of the cognate use, that which causes the pain taking the place of the pain. The same occurs with jS6o4uat. The aorist goes back to the time when the news was heard, supr. 1. 502. i. 792. 'I know not of thy estate, of Ajax I know,' etc. The gen. is to be taken with wripL in the next line, but the word is put first in the sentence to sharpen the contrast with uov. 1. 794. cLS1v "7F + s. Cp. O. T. 74 Xvr T' rpI aL. 1. 796. wrrvXov is more graphic than irr6. Cp. supra 1. 321. 1. 797. lr,,rr ' On what ground ?' 11. 798, 9. 'riv8s 8' i~o8ov, K.T.A. 'He expects to intimate that this going forth of Ajax will be attended with ruin,' i.e. ' He is coming in the hope of bringing news that it will be fatal for Ajax to go forth from his tent, and so preventing him from going forth.' But we knQw 6 that Teucer remained behind. Therefore we must read AE piav IA'. Unless ' qui facit per alium facit per se,' so that pIpELv can mean 'to impart,' even through another. Lobeck compares Aesch. Ag. 1134 TXat Eorl1tywoM q, 'iov /,povIVY AaOeLV. 1. 802. O'TE(I) may be= 4, the change being permitted because the antecedent expresses time. ' On this very day which is charged with life or death for him.' Cp. supra 1. 756 T76E iAjipad'vy . Or (2) 6 /PTIs may be supplied as the nom. to (qipet. The latter is best. 6 1. 803. rrp -rr' v yKaLS 'TnXpls, (I) ' stand forth to aid a helpless lot.' Cp. Eur. Heracl. 306 7=iWBE'poT'oraav .dvot, and supra 1. 485. Or, (2) 'stand forth to avert a crushing blow.' 1.804. ar-weVo-a'. The word is first used absolutely in the sense, 'be urgent;' and then with ivTEs = 'go quickly.' The combination uarEraar' i ~veStakes the acc. dyccvas. 8 1. 06. Ajax had said that he would go to the bathing places near the cliffs, leaving the direction doubtful. The iyiparv is the angle made by the cliff (Rhoeteum or Sigeum) and the beach (aiytaods). This last is supposed by Sophocles to have a Northward exposure. Ajax is found after a vain search in both directions at a spot not far from the tent on the side towards Rhoeteum. It is uncertain whether Sophocles imagined the tents of Ajax as being east or (more probably) west of the camp. 96 AyAX.

1. 807. rs 'S rarlQV IV. For the gen. cp. Tr. 267 dv3p3s cs Eh~veOpov ] 1alotro, and infra 1. 1353 ,ixcwv vL IckEvos. For pwrs= 'husband,' Eur. Aic. 472 7rpo0avoi^Ca pwors. 1. 809. rL Spccrco, r Kvov; Tecmessa sees her child and hesitates whether she is to leave him or not. But she cannot remain and give up the search to others. See 1. 985. 1. 812. O'XOVTaS. The acc. is to be explained by assuming that I3pas is equivalent to an infinitive. 'It is no time to sit for those who,' etc. For the relative with the conjunctive which expresses a general statement cp. 0. C. 395 is vios rd . This may be avoided here by reading dvap' 's vavorrTE'p or cdv5pa y' is Tlre'ELt. The Chorus and Tecmessa now leave the stage in search of Ajax. 11.8 5-865. The scene is changed from the tents and sea-shore to an un- frequented thicket, not far off, where Ajax is seen with his sword partially buried in the earth. Such changes of scene are very rare in Greek tragedy, the only other certain instance being in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, where, however, the change is merely from one temple to another. The suicide of Ajax is allowed to take place upon the stage in order to pro. duce a scene which shall contrast with the former picture of Ajax sitting among the slain oxen and sheep. The perfect deliberation of his last act could not otherwise be impressed on the spectators, nor would they follow eqgally the changes of his mood to the critical point. Nor could such a scene be reported by an d yEXos, because the Chorus and Tecmessa are seeking to restrain him from the act, and no other person is engaged in the search. Ajax is also alone: the solemn dignity of this last act would be spoiled if he had been represented as answering the arguments of friends; and the death would be too painful if accompanied by the lamentation of Tecmessa. The great expiatory act must be done by himself alone. The ancient views of suicide would take away anything of the ytaphy which modern feeling might attach to self-murder. 1. 815. 6 04ayE)s,' the slayer.' So the bow is personified in Philoc- 6 tetes 113o T 7rou iXtvb'v pis, (pp'vasE.' Tw/as 'XELS. 9 -rold'TaTros y&voL'' av, 'so as he may give the sharpest wound.' j7includes both the place where and the manner how; (11.816-822.) 1. 816. Et r aKLXo-yl ecrOL oXoXi. Supply rri-f. Ajax has leisure to review the circumstances attending his death: there is no need for haste. Thus we are prepared for the soliloquy. 'Seeing one has leisure for thought also,' as well as for all this preparation. 1. 8i7. v8pcs "ETKTopOs. The addition of dvsphs implies a certain respect. Cp. supra 1. 565 dxa' d vpEs daiartoi ps, 732. E'vcv. There were some among the Greeks whom, as the Atridae and Odysseus, he hated worse than any eivot; hence the limitation. 1. 818. 4X01ioro 0' 6pav. The mention of Hector recals the sight of NOTES. LINES 807-833. 97 "him, perhaps as he came leaping over the trenches to set fire to the ships. 1. 821. 4 irEptL-re(Xas, i.e. having trodden the earth about it. .1. 822. Evotcr'rarov, ' with most kindly intent towards me that I may 6 die at once.' E'ov'LrTaTov agrees with ar v. 0aVEiV= '"Tre 0avfav, cp, 1. 786. Obs. the change from the indifference of 1. 476. 1. 823. o'rcO p.~v E-crKEvoLeV, 'so well equipped are we.' Ajax is provided most excellently with the means of death. He now calls on :Zeus to perform his part. 1. 824. KCLy p E Ks. It is reasonable that one kinsman should aid another, and Zeus is the kinsman of Ajax. But his claim will not be great. Cp. supra 1. 59o, for the attitude of Ajax towards the gods. Even when reconciled to them he hardly treats them as superiors. 1. 826. Rumours were in the charge of Zeus. Od. I. 282 6'ovrav iKcAt's. But hardly more is meant than, ' Let some messenger go,' etc. Sophocles is not likely to introduce divine machinery unne- cessarily. The rumour would be not the less from Zeus, if it were merely the alarm spread by those sent by Tecmessa (1. 804), in con- .sequence of the inference at 1. 783. Teucer certainly heard a sudden rumour of Ajax' death; infra 1. 998. The time is idealized as in Ant., .O. C., O, T., and so compressed into a shorter space. Ltyiv,'for our behoof.' 1. 827. povra, 'as bearer of.' For this use of the present cp. O. T. 297, and supra 1. 781. 1. 829. KaLror*ev0ELs. Ajax has the feeling of one who has ' heard himself proclaimed;' he supposes that the eyes of his enemies are everywhere on the watch. 1. 831. Troo-ra , 'so much,' and no more. Traeh. 1221. rrpocrrprca, Jit. 'I turn your attention to;' hence ' I request of you.' 1. 832. rrowrratov 'Ep~iv XO6vLov. Observe the arrangement of adj. + subs. + adj., which is a favourite one with Sophocles. Cp. supra 11. 134, 5 Pdbupirrov W:aXay^vos.. d yXtXov. 4 1. 833. wr8 fl arL. The leap upon the sword is also the bound with which he will pass out of life. Cp. Byron's Corsair, SWhile gasp by gasp he falters forth his soul, Ours with one leap, one bound escapes control,' 'Thus Sophocles alters the treatment of Aeschylus, who made Ajax, as described by the messenger, at first fail in his attempt, till a nymph showed him the vulnerable part, Aesch. Fr. 78. Others take the 4b9rpa of the convulsive spring upwards when the sword pierces the heart. But however minutely conscious of the situation, Ajax does not think of his appearance in dying. 98 AyAX.

1. 835. They have no wedded loves ' to warp them from the path of right.' So Justice in Aesch. S. c. T. 662 is ira^s wrapOEvos Ad's. 1. 836. rVraL 'rdv ppo'rois rrUO, 'all that men suffer at the hands of men.' Cp. El. II112foll. aqval Te OEWv rai~ss v'Eps, I at Tros eLLscus 6 OV aCovras pa0', I at Tros dcvs broisiroL 'vroovs, c.'r.h. 1. 837. Fa0etv i','to learn in regard to me.' The infinitive depends on the general notion in caxA^. 1. 844. t'LeSLea0E is L pi&'ov. 1. 845. The time of the play is still morning, and the sun has to climb the steep of heaven before he can overlook the western side of the Aegean. The acc. obpav3v denotes the sphere of motion, supra 1. 30 .7'qwerTa iresa. Eur. And. io BqppsEawv ahLov hkay or. Throughout the speech Ajax personifies the objects he addresses, cp. infra 11.854, 863. 1.8. 8 as = 'my acts of madness,' (pl.). .6pov refers to his death. 1. 849. T rE 8varVjV c ,rpogg, (i) ' my poor mother,' (i' ' TEaC'i pt' OpEfl'),or (2) 'his unhappy nurse.' Ajax will not now be the "yiTpo- rpd0pos of his parents, and thinks of his mother in her old age as being the sole attendant on his father, Compare the picture of La- ertes and the old woman tending him, as Odysseus finds them in the Odyssey (24. 315). 1. 850. Cp. supra 1. 624 i rov iraXa a ~y Turppoos dClip, i.... r&'Fv=' the announcement' of Ajax' fate, made by Helios, or by any one. 1. 851. 1v wr&cr rbr6XEL,'throughout the land' of Salamis. 1. 852. o18iv ipyov, 'it is not my business;' not the thing which I have to do. 1. 853. oav r&XEL 'rLV(, 'with what despatch I may.' Cp. infra 1. 1267cs TaXui iRssSpoTrols I XdPps 6tappe'. The indefinite pronoun here gives even a peremptory or urgent tone, as in aodvcas TTAr. Pax 275. Cp. 0. C. 500 &LX' EV rXeXL rI rpdalaETrov. 1. 854. For the invocation of Od'varos cp. Phil. 797 & O 'ar, O'are , w S dcil IaXov/LEvos I Oi;'T iar' wpapo vv - loXE^v TorTe; 1. 855. KCKE,!in Hades. [vwy. Ajax is going to the halls of death, to dwell there. Observe the heavy solemnity of the line marked by a want df caesura. Cp. infra 1.994. 1. 856. oe 8', sc. 7rpoaav3^. aelVVijs is an Aeolic form which has passed into Attic usage. 1. 857. For the change of construction ep. Aesch. P. V. 91 ra ijrdp irE 'y, j ia T V iray nrTv ICtehov 7GaWi(.ov icaX S. 1. 860. irarppov Y'rIlas 00pov, lit. ' firm foundation of my father's hearth.' 'iaras 060pov is merely an extension of uaria, as the firmly- rooted centre of the house of Ajax. Cp. Tr. 994 & K7vala prqras jOw- pcZv, Phil aooo is r.' aIvIeV'bv PfdQpo. For the 'hypallage,' supra 247. NOTES. ZNVs 835-88, 99

1. 861. ,r acrv'po ov yevos, 'people linked with me,' i.e. Athenians, whose life is one with that of Ajax' race. 1. 862. 'Fountains and streams around me (o'tS).' Cp. infra 1. 881 tvrkiv Iooropiuvy roTrap0Wj. KLaL T.', Tpw K&, K.r.X. Here again the direct invocation is varied by the introduction of a verb. Cp. supra 1L 857. He is reconciled even to Troy, cp. supra 1. 459- 1. 863. & rpo4Cqs 4g±ot. Ajax has lived long on the plains and drunk of the springs, and therefore they are his nourishers. 1. 864. Opoet implies solemn or passionate utterance. Cp. supra 1. 785, Trach. 1232. 11. 866-973. The Chorus enter from either side, and search as it were for Ajax, but in vain, till they hear Tecmessa weeping over his body. They then join in her lamentations. 1. 866. Tr6vos rv~ rr6vov EpeL. Observe the alliteration, and cp. El. 210 olvoiva ra rea v Ir4po.7r rov, 2rvov are probably to be taken together. Cp. El. 235 Fx) TieCrTy 0' &raydrats, Aesch. S. c. T. 4379 Eur. Hel. 195 &iicpva &nlpvil pot Lpowv. 'Toil brings toil on toil.' 1. 869. ' No place cries "halt" to me that I may share its secret.' For this sense of 4aCrarata cp. Tr. 339 7ro pe r7-vv' que~racra baCrv;w and note. The MSS. have tirrara, but eirtaraLrat gives a better sense, -and involves a very slight change. The middle of i'ar7tll with active signification, even in the present, is found both in the simple and compound form. See Veitch's Greek Verbs, s. v. The meaning of the middle voice is ' arrests by drawing attention to itself.' 11. 870, 1. Cp. O. C. 1479 10'o Pth' a'Os dlsqaPraraL1tarp6atos b7roPos. 1. 872. ' Yes! (ye) you hear us your fellow-voyagers on ship-board.' Cp. Eur. Alc. 606 advpwv 4epalwv E~spevils rapovoia. Supply Av'setfor the acc. 1. 874. rrXEvpv ~'rrepov vwv, ' the side to westward of the ships,' i.e. the curve of the shore westward of the ships. Supra 1. 805 briarpovs dTyicvvas. 1. 875. Cp. Ant. 9 rXLS *TL; 1. 876. des 6'4"v, 'towards getting a sight of him.' 1. 877. r v. . KXEVov. Either supply lo^ivy, or regard the acc. as one of extension in place, 'along the way.' dp' 7Alov fpoAv, ' towards sunrise.' Cp. O. T. 734. I. 878. o"&8aPo BqXot cavels. (I) 'Is certainly nowhere apparent,' or, (2) t9Xoi 7bTprvvd;qEvov, ' makes clear the object of our search.' 1. 879. 4LXowtbvcv &XLa8aV, 'toilworn fishermen.' The patronymic is used of a class. 1. 88o. cXcov .. dypas. Cp. supra 1. 564 8vo'LEYVv OGpav Xer. 1. 881. The goddesses, nymphs, or naiads who inhabit the Mysian Olympus are meant. H 2 Too A", A'AX.

1. 884. rorapWv. The appeal is made ,directly to the rivers" as deities, unless OEav (i. e. nymphs) is supplied. 1. 886. 4L' oOL.. XE1iJo--wv= Ett ro0 .. hXE',UEt, AE ~cocv. 1. 887. ,XirXLa. For the plur. cp. infra 1. 1126 lrcata ydp rdv' 'TUVXEtVJXeVgV74 /e ; TV7ELZ' Ic-TEhILU/Ta/E; 1. 888. rv aLQKPpv&X&rav yzr6vov, 'a wanderer worn by long toils.' The genitive is descriptive. Cp, infra 1. 1163 T-aL tey 'yhrls Eptlds rs dyc'v. 1,889. 1rEXdoraL, seems to be used tabsolutely heie, ' to approach my haven,' and the dative describes the manner. They speak as mariners. 1. 890. AlCEV'qV6VY.Whatever may be the precise meaning of this epithet, it seems to place Ajax already among the d~,rE$qd icadpyva of the world of ghosts, not only as 'reduced by illness,' but as doomed by Fate and Prophecy. ' Shifting,' 'flitting,' 'ready to vanish away,' as one without a body, seems to be intended. The notions of feeble and fleeting ((dpi os, yivw), especially when the word has been applied to ghosts and dreams, readily pass into each other. Cp. Hym. Ven. 189, where Anchises entreats Aphrodite-p/ tE~ Civrr' d/AeryVby iv adivpcirotrY d a 7s y aitv, dAX' CXdap'"E~rE o' tLoOa'XiAto Avip I y-yLvErat, b8r6TEOEa .r.X, Inutilis is the word applied by Virgil to Anchises, 'Ex quo divum pater atque hominum rex fulminis adflavit ventis et c6ntigit igni.' Rl. XE6o-oELV, sc. rXE'TXLa'loTLV. ikWov, sc. arrL. 1. 892. Instead of saying simply 'ie] rapd vibrovs, Sophocles uses the more picturesque expression, 44Pq vc&rovs d4pavXos,' has escaped from the grove, close at hand.' Cp. supra 1. 321. Tecmessa has en- tered at back of the stage unperceived by the Chorus. 1. 894. rjv SoupXr-wPro0v. The Ionic form bovp- is used by the tragedians in compounds, but not in the simple word. Other Ionic forms which occur in tragedy are yov',ara, $aEvos, IoVios, jAtEoos, ipds, troXXo'v. 1. 895. O'tKr(f rCi8, 'grief of which we hear the utterance.' crvyK6KI, paivyv, ' steeped in.' Ant. 1311 ~Ethlaa . rvycE cpaaL &8~a. 1. 896. oL'XOK'. The perfect is uncommon, but was necessary here, Aesch. Pers. 12 rfroa y&p iaX3s 'AtLavo-yev)s o'ixricE. SLctare6pOll pt, op. Tr. I104 v-vqAqs7r' as iEverr6pG a TrciXdas. L 898. f1,piv is of course the dative of the interested person, ':here is our Ajax,' cp. 11. 332, 733. &pTLwEs, with vEog(payis I~c7rat. 1. 899. Kpuvcacp has been taken in two ways, (i) 'secret,' (2) 'hidden,' i.e. in the ground and in his body, Thp latter is right. Cp. supra 1. 658 icpv'co r6o'' ~yXos roio'v. TEPLrTrvXilS, ' folded round,' but infr. 915, 'covering.' Cp. O. T. 26o 6Mdo'ropov, 46o0 6dtrropor. 6 1. 900. v a'rov. The plural is perhaps used because the Greeks were in the habit of speaking of the return of the army before Troy as IdoaroL, NOTES. LINmES 884-925. 101 as each chieftain had a different home to seek. Cp. El. 194 oiTrp& 1 iv voarots a~dia. The Chorus, whose grief is not without a certain selfish- nes which distinguishes it from the grief of Tecmessa and Teucer,. feel that their hope of return is cut off with the death of Ajax. Cp. Od. 10. .415, when Odysseus returned from Circe to his comrades,. 8d0c'7aE 8' d'pa oapit Ov I sses E'/AEt Ws El warpla' icolaaTo Ical 7r6Xtv abn)Vv T7prXtls 'IOdcris. 1. 904. roO8', masc.= Ajax. 1. 90'5. EpgEis a conjecture of Hermann's for Etpaee, which the metre does not allow, as the line corresponds to 1. 951. 6 1. 906. acrTrs wrp"rpsaVTo, sc. E'rpat,. 7rp3sa Tov = abTrovXEpl. ot is to be taken with rrl7cTrdv, 'fixed by him in the ground.' 1. 907. rweptares is passive,.' round which he has fallen.' KcLTy0oQpLt, 'convicts him.' 1. 910. otos ap' atlp&X0~ls, 'thou wert alone in thy deed of blood.' The Chorus remember their heedlessness in allowing Ajax to go out of his tent. See 1. 741. Observe the Epic omission of the augment. 1. 911. KC06s, 'deaf,'-not to have understood, 11. 646-92. - 1. 912. at&w&; The Chorus now approach nearer to the body of Ajax, and Tecmessa proceeds to cover it with her mantle. 1. 913. 8vorpprrGXos, ' the ungovernable;' cp. supra 1. 594 tIwPp 10ot1 6ocCs ppovy I EEr0/oyby ol^ Oos d'pre e3etv voEts. It had proved impossible to turn him from his purpose. 1. 914. For s8cruvdvlos, 'of sad name,' cp. supra 11. 430 foll. 1. 917. ;-TLS Katl fLXos, 'no one who is a friend.' The Atridae might indeed rejoice in such a sight, but to any one who loves him. it is intolerable. Cp. infra 11. 96 1, 1o64. The words are a limitation of obrEis. Others take the words as = El ica' fiXos rodpXet, as if a friend' could bear the sight more easily than an indifferent person (0. T. 1430). 1. 919. &'r'otlKE s o~ayf-s, ' from the death-wound given by his owin hand.' The flow of blood from nose and mouth takes place when the lungs are pierced. For oLKE(cas,cp. supra 1.260 olicea avrdOr. 6h 1. 921. ~s &KCaLLos, Et p3r, P oL, 'if he were to come, how season- able would his arrival be!' If this rendering be correct there is a remarkable omission of divwith y6Xoot. It may however be observed that the clause with W's,though used interjectionally, is a relative clause' and so parallel to 0v 4y''y pegatpI 7rtO. C. 1172. Others read &s dizyai' d~v, but dlKca'os suits. better with the inf. in the following line, or translate WIs.. l6Aot, 'utinam veniat.' 1. 924. 'Such as is worthy to win a tear even from enemies.' 1. 925. (.pLEXXes,(i) 'You intended,' 'were bent upon;' or (2) 'It could not be otherwise,' Phil. 446. dpa, 'as the event has proved."' 02 AY4X

1. 926. cKaiav.. irbvov, 'a bitter doom of boundless woe,' i.e. bringing: boundless woe upon your friends. For the gen. cp. supra 1. 888, infra 1. 1163. 1. 929. 'rota. This use of ro^a to introduce a reason may be com, pared with roLto5<8e, supra 1. 148, 7ota~ra 11. 218, 327. 1. 930. 4a40ova, 'in the daytime.' Cp. the use of o6povra in O. C. 74, and ~d'vra in O. T. 1230. The adjectives are to be taken as adverbial accusatives, with advErivacvs. 1. 932. oibXcp crjv IrrdEL, 'under that cruel blow,' i.e. not the madness, which came afterwards, but the loss of the arms, and the effect: which this wrong produced upon Ajax. Cp. 7rd0ifpza in Phil. 388. 1. 934. IYa appears to be an adjective agreeing with apxov. 'That time was a mighty beginner of woe;' unless we regard adpxcov 1ptarcov as a supplementary predicate to Alyas = E-.yAows7pXe nTr7ciTwv, 'That time was great in its beginning of woe.' 1. 935. pL7rT6XeLp, 'wherein the noblest strove.' The prize was to be given to the man of noblest deeds. The lacuna might be supplied with Xpvroru'rcov. 1. 938. 'A mighty sorrow pierces thy breast, I know.' The sentiment expressed by the line is intended to apply especially to Tecmessa, It is not general. yevvat = the opposite of trifling or inconsiderable. 1.941. &rrop3Xa409Ecav, 'stayed from,' 'rudely separated from.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. I20 kai6'vra AotaOicov Bp61cov. The word expresss the suddenness of the shock. 1. 942. sOKicv, 'to entertain opinion.' Cp. O. T. 485, where Bosofvr7a, if masc., means 'entertaining such opinions.' dyav 4poveiv, 'to have too clear a sense.' For ppovev in this sense, cp. O. T. 328 TirvneS ydp ob 4POVELTE. 11.944, 5. Cp. supra 11. 5ol foll. 1. 946. &Vvaky4rovis a predicate. ' Heartless are the two Atridae, whose deed,' etc. 1. 947. Advauvov, (i) may have the same meaning as in Aesch. Ag. 237 dvab

1. 998. WoSGEo rTwos, 'as though sent by a god.' Cp. O. T. 126o0 (5s VqO'p77ro07TLos. Rumours were believed to have a divine origin; cp. supra 1. 826. Hence it has been thought that a rumour was sent by Zeus in answer to the prayer of Ajax (cp. Hdt. 9. xoo): but the messenger returning in search of Teucer after finding Ajax away from, his tent, may have spread abroad the report of his death. See Introd. Anal. p. 50o,and cp. supr. 826. 1. 100oo3. ' EKKAXJOv. These words are addressed to an attendant. 1. 100oo4.& SvoOr ov 4'cpa, 'O sight hard to look upon!' ob'p/a is here, as not unfrequently in Sophocles, a true verbal=' what is seen.' Cp. Shak. Lear, 4. 6, 85 ' O thou side-piercing sight!' Kal1 r6XT )S IrLKp&S, 'and (sight) telling of rash daring.' The gen. is descriptive, as in adrpwv 6 Eqippdr?7 (El. 19) and the like. Cp. O. C. 1030 is Troai0v' i 'puy .. rdkpS*T 77s rapEaTrc'7oos Tavvi. 1. 1007. Apgavwr', i. e. adpCavTa, agreeing with the subject of the inf. IpoXEL^. Such changes are not uncommon; cp. El. 1372 foll., supra 1. 812 OiXOVTas. 11. Ioo8-I0. rro . . io-cos.. rws ydp odX; The particles are expressive of strong irony. 11. 1010, Ii. Xopov'r', ' returning.' 'Oco wipa, K.r.X. (I) ' Whose custom it is, even when prosperous, not to smile 3 sweetly.' 8tLov, i. e. 7 avXO^vYoT Linwood, o70EiOOT70s Hermann. This is the usual trans- lation, but the words seem rather to mean: (2) ' Whose lot it is henceforth not, even if prosperous, to smile any the more sweetly.' This gives a more natural sense to waipa. Cp. supra 1. 982 ardpa or vEYCv4.. In either case l~rv ij7tov means 'none the more pleasantly' for his good fortune, but in (I) the reference is to the habitual harshness of Telamon, and (2) to the effect of Ajax' death on him. 1. 1012. 'T Kp EGL; ' What will he keep back?' Cp. O. C. 980 obt yap oAv oL,'roat, Trach. 937, Phil. 375. 6- 1. o1013.It is not quite clear whether v, K.-.X. is the acc. of the object after ipct^ caic'v (speak evil of), or in a sort of apposition, ' calling me the,' etc. Cp. Trach. 775, 791 ; 0. T. 572, 3; Aesch. S. c. T. 57; tK Sopds ysyT.r. The mother of Teucer (Hesione) is held as cheap as the spear by which she was won. 1. 1015. 66XOLLv, the plural is used, as in our word 'wiles,' of the various plans, devices, etc., employed. 1. 1017. iv' yrp papis, 'dangerous in his age.' The natural harsh- nessis rendered more uncontrollable by reason of years. Ajax' father is represented as having something of the ' rash temper' which he gave to his son. 1. Ioi8. eLs ipw Ov.OpoIevos, 'angered into strife.' Eur. Bacch. 743 Io6 A X. has edsidpas Ovyov'rEvoL, 'angered into using the horn,' ' putting anger into the horn.' rrpas obSiv, 'at nothing.' 1. 1020. 'Declared (spoken of as) a slave instead of free.' Cp. El. 287 # N6olYal yEvvaia yvvi. The declaration arises from a false impression and therefore Teucer does not accept it. 1. 1023. ebp6prlv, 'found for myself.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 267 6O'rois 6 8' dpiyv airds ebpdblv rdovous.Cp. note on 1. 615 supra. 1. 1o24. Teucer recalls himself to the sad task immediately before him. 1. 1025. 'roB' ca6o0J KVW'oVT0o. gvd0wv has been taken to mean, (i) the cross-piece of the hilt, (2) a spike, i. e. the end of the short sword projecting above the ground. The last is right. aidhov may be taken as ='bright,' of the newly-sharpened sword, or 'stained with blood.' Cp. Phil. II157 .Ass capIcs aidAas. In the latter case it would apply to either meaning of bcvawv, in the former to the meaning 'spike' only. 1. 0o26. Apa, 'as I find.' 1. Io29. The exchange of gifts between Hector and Ajax takes place in II. 7. 303 foll. ("Eircp AavL) &'icep ios dpyvp6hOv, ( av KohXEre 8 8 qipopv KiatIE0TPTQ TEX6hAdNoWVIAt'as NE~worrTpa ov povLrct aEtvo'v. 1 1030. To point Teucer's moral Sophocles either adopts or invents a different version of the death of Hector from that given in the Iliad. In the Iliad Hector is slain in single combat by Achilles, and his corpse is dragged by thongs of ox-hide, without any mention of the girdle. Cp. Ii. 22. 360, 395 foll. wrpLcr0s, 'sawed,' the word expresses the eating of the wrr)p into the flesh. i, 'attached to,' is to be taken closely with rptaEds, which is a strong expression for BeeOds, 'lashed.' 1. Io33. iphs roGBe, sc. iV)voVros, which is regarded as the agent. Cp. supra 1. 1025 {y' o$ j povws dtp' tirveveas. 1. 1035. K&KEVOV,sc. rV wa'r0pa. 1. 1037. pFlXavav. This verb is elsewhere found in the active in the, participle only. The active here represents the absolute disinterested action of the gods, who are acting for the world, not in any way for; themselves. Cp. supra 1. 449 itgrtraav,and note. 1. 1038. ivyvdpS l Xti, 'pleasing in his judgment.' 1. 1039. eetva, sc, such things as are 4v ^c'ynp qiuXa iCeb've. I.1040. IGKp&v, 'far.' Cp. El. 1259 ) faamprvloiXov AX tyEv. 1. 1043. &" 8s KQKOpyOS, i. e. oa 8) Kcaiovpyos &v Ze0coLo rol(1Wov. Menelaus is an instance of the depreciation of the heroic character by the tragedians, a depreciation which increases with the growth of the drama. Cp. Menelaus in the Helena, Orestes, and Iphigeneia at Aulis of Euripides; Odysseus in the Ajax and Philoctetes of Sophocles. It is uncertain how far this was begun by the Cyclic poets. The proportion NOTES. LINES 1020-1067, 107 between Menelaus and Agamemnon is kept, the former being the less dignified. yeXv is probably future. 1. 1044. crrpwroO is to be taken with idvpa. ' What man is it whom you see belonging to the host?' Cp. supr. 425. the dative c cp. Ant. 736 t'Ax, y p '77o Xpg *pe 7as 1. 1045. For6 PXLV xOoyd s; O. C. 1673 WrTvL.. 7Tvov.. E OLXAv. 1. 1046. aOetv, 'to recognize.' 0. C. 323 avbag 8'abT'C E'eaTrLvaOEiv. 11. 1047- 162. Menelaus enters and announces that the body of Ajax is not to receive burial. Teucer resists, and a sharp conflict of words ensues. 1. 1047. oVTros, voc., as often in addressing a person. 0. C. 1627 ?VoTros O7ros, Oil irovs. O. T. 532 oTros, ui 7rc^s 8Evp' XAOEs; 1. 1048. pg crvylYKOI.itv, 'not to gather in,' as a shock of corn, i.e. inter: a metaphor from harvesting. rbvcannot have the sense of 'aiding' here, for Menelaus wishes to forbid the funeral altogether, not only Teucer's part in it, and Teucer is not merely assisting, but conducting the affair. 1. 1049. Observe the rhythm of the line. If such lines are more frequent in the Ajax, this is a sign of early date, for there are more in Aeschylus than in Sophocles (see on 1. 994). ' Why have you wasted so many words as these ?' 'roo6v8E is ironical. 1. 1050. SoKovrVT' ZLol, sc. hiE"O. 1. 1051. Irpo0etS, sc. TaV'ra Xy"Lts (or xpalve's). Cp. O. T. 1155. 6 1. 1054. 'qrovrTEs=4i4ra doves, 'when we began to try him.' Hence the present participle with the aorist verb. Q ypuy^v comprehends the Trojans and their allies: it also implies some degree of contempt. Cp. Eur. Alc. 675 r60repa Avy3v 77,,pv'ya; 1. 1055. crrpa-ro jWravrTL. This is of course an exaggeration, though it reminds us that Ajax would have drawn the whole host upon him by murdering the chiefs. Supr. 11. 408, 9-. 1. 1058. 7ilV'.. rXqv. These words are in the ace. because Oav6v&es a ..y6dp imply ihXXOaLE'v. 1. 1o6o. vXlkkhatev, 'has turned in exchange,' 'changed the direction of.' The '1pts is put in the place of the effect of the 6/3pts. 1. io6i. ire(reLv=are ITEa edY. 1. 0o62. cu-rv. .

1. 1069. Xpetv wrcpav0dvov'rcs, ' directing him by force.' Ajax, evefi when alive, was beyond the reach of reason, much more then when dead; Menelaus also considers reason out of place when force can be employed, infra 1. 116o. 1. 1071. KGKO0 Wpis iv8p6s. Cp. supra 1. 319 2rpos y p icaicov rE caL Papvi0/Xov, tc.vr.. UIv8Spais used with qISdryv in order to allow B~7,ydrIT to become a sort of quasi-predicate. The language of this line and the next suits better with Athenian than Epic politics, cp. Thuc. 2. 37i.Trv & Ev dpXI irCwOv d&iPoda'E, but there is no need to suppose any definitd allusion to Sparta. 11. 1073, 4. KMXfiS I potVT' Civ, 'would go on well.' Cp. Thuc. 5. 16 c3 pEp'~Evos iv orpa-riyiats, Xen. Hell. 4. 4, 25 7' *rpaciyjiaa MaKWs PEpETrat. El. 1095 TirVSw5EpoI iEav puCrra, and note. 1. 1075. 'rpav6s ye. The instance most in point has the emphatic ye. 1. 0o76. Cp. Aesch. Eum. 524 7is 8b pyoevA v c4EL lcaplas dva-rppwv i7 7roX SpoTrOg O' 6 ZOLIs E'T' Av'EIro8t irbtcv; irp6XhLx here expresses the meaning of rpoPahXdX'Evos, 'a shield and protection.' 1. 1O77. K&v ow^ta yev4c RE'ya. Cp. phrases like olvaev r7pxas, 66vras, and even (ppvas. Hence in O. C. 149 dXaSv ByLT Wv opJrda- /pLos. See note in loc. 1. 1078. Kav. The d'v can be explained as a repetition, but such a use shows how cadv came to= sai. CVr,' in consequence of.' 1. 1082. This line fixes on a special case the vague statement in the 6 preceding verse. Xp vco trror, as we should say, ' sooner or later.' 1. 1083. i& odp'cov, sc. SpatApy.Tirwv, 'leaving the fair course.' It is true that Ei oibpcwv in later prose means, ' with a straight course.' But (a) 'in time straightway' is contradictory, (b) 'to run before the wind to the bottom' is meaningless. 'TEo-E^V. The aorist has been explained (I) as gnomic, or (2) as expressing certainty, as in Aesch. P. V. 667. poAELv cEpavvdy,. Aesch. Suppl. 602 (H.). Od. 2. 171. For the sense cp. Plato, Polit. 302 A roXai pt.Ly iviorE ai ICa0aGrnp rXot^a xaVraVnsodEv at

1. 1084. Kai 84os, i.e. as well as Odpros. Thuc. 2. 37 81td Bos o 7rapa- Vo01/.LVY. 1. 1085. 1A BOKLEGv. Observe Ist pl. pres. subj. with IA', because there is no first pers. pl. imperative. The rule is not broken; Use pi with pres. imperat. and aor. conjunct. (Herm. in loc.) 1. 1087. rmar, i.e. self-will and trouble after it. Ajax was self-willed and now it is his turn to be in trouble. 1. io88. adiov, cp. suprA 1. 221. 1. oo090. Eds ra4&s arls. For the expression cp. O. T. I2O9. The plural here is the concrete of the singular. Cp. supra 1. 46 r6hXaLs. 1. o091. EWroTocrrflas, 'laying as a foundation,' i. e. in .11. 1073 foll NOTES. LINES I069-1114. 109

Cp. the use of prlps in Pindar Pyth. 4. 243 &XXAeropsrfita aoqp&Y

1. 1092. iv Oavo0r~L, cp. infra 1. 1415 Av fPoI Opados, supra 1. 43 1v blfyVXEpa XpativEOat 1dy, 1. 453 v ToLOLSe .. Boro^s, 1. 557 I' ixopots. 1.1094, 's 1 "alvAv. The yt in u78Y &v is due to the hypothetical nature of the clause introduced by gs,which after 0avdtaiw is = t'TLs. 6 1. Io96. 'roLta0' &aapr&vo-oLv v X yoLs 'rrjr, 'utter such false words in their speech.' Cp. such pleonasms as Ed' q4wu&v, ifqX4E-Ao7w. I.1097. 4yLv, 'brought with you.' The tense is the imperfect, cp. supra 1. o053. 1. I100. 0 woVo G-oTapryeLs 'roO8E; 'Where is your right of command 9ver him?' Cp. O. T. 390 woG ab pci 'rs ET rapis; 1. o1101.Av 68' ~Eir' otK06ev. Observe the violation of Porson's rule for the cretic. Cp. Phil. 22 a4rpawv' ELT' XEL. 'ryay', J-Ev have been suggested by metrical critics, and 7gyay' appears in one MS. of the 14 th icentury. But such exceptions are defended by the elision. 1. 1i103. KRoLfat, ' to control;' cp. 6alAtos, 'orderly.' 6 1. I104. &pXfsOErI s, 'lawful use of sovereignty,'' ordained authority.' So Od. 23. 296 xrpoto OeCrEo'pof Odysseus and Penelope. 1. 1105. 61rapXos &MXcov, 'commanding under others.' o')v is not for rrdvrcmv, but = avtpri'vrov, and is probably neuter = 8Xho:v -r&v 7rpay/a- row, in spite of the omission of the article. If masc. it is= b'ov To9 Orpa'rov. 1.11o6. rwoE', 'on any occasion.' 11. I1o7, 8. 6IX' vwrrep iPXELs d(PXE. Cp. Plaut. Trin. Io6r 'Emere meliust, quoi imperes.' rd ir4v' 'r! [K6Xca' E(KlVOUS,'use your fine phrases in abuse of them.' iry is acc. of the ' inner notion,' the notion residing in the verb; 4ic'Povs is acc. of the object. Cp. El. 556 El B' Y' ,8' dEl AkdYovs i4pXcs. Aesch. Suppl, i8o (H.) ailoia ial yd'Eava caL aXpE' Try JE'ovs i iraeOE. 1.11o8. ei'Lre a-oF- s, What is meant is'whether you forbid it ,or not.' But in expressing this the negative would cause a difficulty ,(ElTE ar pI 4py's, eT'rE p ), and the alternative is suppressed. 1. . sIlc.WsL, 'duly,' as custom requires. Cp. Ant. 23 av Gir1.. Lala Kai vy IiTar XOOVbSI 7ipvbE. 1. 112. or6vov wroXXAo rhA . This refers to such of the chieftains and others as were willing to perform any labour imposed upon them by the Atridae. t ,.1113. Cp. Thuc. I. 9 'Ayalctvwcv IpOL BotEF vTWyrrTE 8VVdaEL rpo XCv talaob 'roloV7ov 70rs TvvScdpov 'picots caTEroflI7YvoyVs TOV'Ehxvrq jpuvLrTlpas ayiv o'xcrrdAov &yErpai, Phil. 72. 1._I14. 'Agovro's yl4q8vas, 'he used not to value men that were 110 A AX. naught.' 7leov seems used absolutely. With 7ros ynpyivas cp. O. T. ioi9 i Ytov V3plSevL'i, Ant. 1325 T7y oiC b'vTa laXXov i) pq&E'va. 1. 1115. rXElovs .. KilpuKas. This implies that Menelaus had come attended by a herald. 1. III6. j6pou may be regarded as a gen. of cause. Cp. O. T. 728 voias yeLpiuvrps 70o' brroarpapelsXysts; The construction would also be assisted by the similarity of ivrparraOatand arpapjvat. 1. III7. ?s &v js ot6s rwepet, (I) 'so that you may be such as you really are,' i.e. 'so that you know your real position.' Or (2) wdsdv (s may be taken ='however much you may be,' etc. (cp. infra 1. 1369), i.e. 'however much you may be a wonderful potentate-and after all you are only Menelaus.' Others regard &s as = ' cs, but this is improbable. 1. III9. The Chorus assume a judicial position somewhat inconsistent with their character as partizans of Ajax. Yet they acknowledge the justice of Teucer's statement. 1. 1120. 6 rog&byS. Sophocles is here expressing the feeling of hi§ own times, when ' bowmen' were held in small estimation as compared with the heavy-armed soldier. Throughout the Persae of Aeschylus the contrast is pointed between the (Persian) archers and the (Greek) spearmen (cp. esp. 11.238, 9). 1. 1123. Jo16s, ' with my bow only,' or ' even without my bow.' 1. 124. ' How valiant is the spirit which thy tongue maintains.' For "rpfEL cp. O. T. 374 P rpEE'sI~ Wpbs vvITrds. The emphasis is onri

1. 1126. siKaLa. For the use of the plur. cp. supra 1. 887 aXcE'Tta -yap, 1C.7.X. KT4EvavTa, ' having devised my death,' ' guilty of my death.' In the next line Teucer takes the word in its literal sense. Cp. O. C. 992 E' 7 s aE.. KTEdVOLlrapaodTas. The aor. in this sense is rare. 8 1. 1128. 'T E 8' olxop0LcL. Cp. Phil. 1030 eal 7-E'0vX ' vyur araXat. 1. 1129. Do not then dishonour your preservers by interfering with their rights. 1. 1130. 'yc1 ydp av ** kacpL; ' Am I likely to disparage?' 1. II3I 1. obs& s is treated as one word, and therefore obc is permitted even after d. But cp. supra 1. 1 o8 ELrE;j) arb p77s. There the con' dition is everything; here *E almost =' when.' 1. 1132. Tros .. WrOXEPLos, sc. obc Ei TILSOdTrrLtv. The sentiment is best regarded as general. Menelaus is appealing to ordinary Greek morality. 1. 1133. wrpoin'i, 'came forth' before the rest, or on any striking occasion. Cp. O. T. 395 rpo bP&vrv I'XWv. 1. II1135. Teucer accuses Menelaus of interfering with the votes in the decision respecting the arms of Achilles. 6 1. 1136. The words 'r8' r&46I go together, ' that failure occurred,' 'took place.' Or rd8E may be acc., 'he missed of that.' NOTES. LINES III5-I1163. IlI

1. II37. 'Under a fair seeming you could secretly gain many a dis- honest advantage.' For KhCX7TELvwith a cognate accusative, cp. Phil. 6 57 7 8' oOXJ tshArrdov. 1. 1138. LV. S.is frequent in expressions conveying a threat. Anti 751 7ij1'oiv OavEFira, jcad Oavova' hXErTrwa. 1. 1141. Tro10ro, 'with respect to this man.' TE0&4JETCat, 'he shall be buried, and no one shall prevent it.' So much seems to be implied in the use of the fut. perfect. For the construction, Phil. 549- I. 1143. 'r" heATv. Cp. O. T. 1417 lrdpearL KpEcov 7rb rpdcctv ica a :BovbXEwLv. 1. II44. . The dative implies possession. Cp. O. T. 735 Tis Xpdvos 'TrorS' IrTLVoberhExvObs; For the repetition of av cp. supra 1. I078, but eViepes may be right. 1. 1145. XeLR<^vos defines caie. Cp. Od. 3. 152 alco'o,orra supra 1. 363 ' 7r jLpa7r as'rr. 1. I146. Cp. Plato, Theaet. 191 A 7' dyw,pc apiooev, os vanVTrreijTs, 0 "raerV rTEica Xp aat 7% aTdv IobXraL. The article can be omitted with vavUThov, because rcl OXOVL means rather ' any one who wishes,' thaft 'the particular person who wishes.' 6 1. 1147. Ko- T4 .. OrTrc. These acc. with Po)v following may be regarded as depending in a general way on the whole sentence, or may be compared with abrav as followed by oSpcZa, supra 1. 1062. 1. II48. orLLKpo v" vUS,gen. of the place from which the danger arises. The words Er o'CVEVo-asip'yas are to be taken in close connection,. 1. 1151. Elmsley on Eur. Med. 85 shows that of rEXas is the usual expression; but he can hardly be right in rejecting To70 rias in Thud. I. 32 ,§ 4. 1. I155. 'rrqpavov 'Revos, fut. middle for passive. 1. i 56. dvoXpov, ' doomed to misery,' as the result of his folly; cp. &hatos, and supra 1. 621 tEXc~ots 'Arpdfsas. By a similar transference 7h7/A/cLv and arT7vos are used of those whose misery is the result of crime. nrapdv, ' face to face.' 1. 1158. RCLv fiVL&iV ; ' Is that a riddle ?' Teucer has no wish that his meaning should be mistaken. 6 1. 1159. Et ir80OLT rLS. These words are in character with Menelaus, who is afraid of opinion. rLS perhaps refers to Agamemnon. 1. 11 6o. ' That a man employed speech in chastisement, when force was in his power.' The subj. rapj makes the statement general. Cp. supra 1. 812 Os rirnb'p Oave~v. 1. 1162. ,arov (= who fails of his object) is an answer to the threat of force. 11. 1163-1184. Exit Menelaus. The Chorus in fear of what is coming urge Teucer to hasten the burial. Teucer seeing Tecmessa approach- 1 2 yA X. ing with Eurysaces, places the latter near his father's corpse, with suppliant locks of hair, and departs to prepare the tomb. 1. 1163. E'pLSos is a qualifying gen. with dyc'v. Cp. Tr. 20 dyiva .. jupX s, O. T. 634 oaraviY yXCVa s. 1. I 65. 18Etv, ' provide.' Cp. Od. 8. 443 abrTs vie 1'8c rrwipa, Theocr. 15. 2 Lp' iOppov, E&ivoa, ar~7. 1. 1166. ppoTots with 7-bv dE'oAlTrov. For the position of the article cp. Tr. 872 Tb 6wpov 'HpakicXer b 7rlplrLov. 1. 1167. EipEv'ra, 'murky.' An Epic word, as adherrov just above. Cp. Od. 10. 512 'A6ECw idov Ebpiv'ra. The Greeks thought with awe rather than horror of the change within the tomb. Teucer anticipates the time when the form of Ajax shall moulder in his grave, but his memory shall still be green. Erpc'vEra is the more applicable, as he was simply buried and not burnt nor embalmed. For K04oEEL cp. Aesch. Ag. 453 070as 'IAd ios70s E'l.oppot miaTrxovlt. 1. 1170. Cp. Ant. 903 rb abyv 8JUas rEptLorETXXovora or's' dpvvLat. 1. 1172. tLKETqS,as a suppliant to the Greeks for his father's burial. Cp. the position of Antigone in O. C. 241 foll. 1. 175. The offering of hair was sacred to the gods below. See Eur. 6 .Alc. 75 iEpbs y'ip oP70s TWrv sar XOovbs OEt,, ic.r.A. tICrlptLOV 06'ravp v i.s a sacred deposit having virtue for supplication. 1. 1176. arroo-rrLE. The optative is used to correspond with the optative of the wish expressed in the next line. Cp. infra 1. I218, where 7rpouadTroLtp is due to y~volpav. 1. 1177. wrra-oL XOov6s. 'Be cast out from his land.' Persons executed for treason at Athens were buried out of Attica. But the word may also mean, ' may lie unburied.' 1. 118o. aQ'r6v. Probably the body, to which the words iCt1VrcaTW and rpoairE ,rnXov in the next line refer. For the omission of the genitive after 'Xov cp. Hdt. 4. 22 6 CWv 'XETal. 1. 1182. Cp. O. C. 1368 aif ' aJvpEs, ob yvvaiCES, Eis 7bTvIArroveOv. 1. I183. 's r' yc ht6Xw . . T 8se,' till I return, having made preparation for his burial.' 11. II84 foll. The meaning of ob6c .. 4#='prevents,' gives to the words ic&v v8dts 2C4,a positive meaning, 'though all strive to prevent me.' Cp. Phil. 443, 4 y/Lis &, 7ov'when all cried, Silence !' 11. 1185-1222. 'When will the end come of my sufferings at Troy? O that he had perished who revealed the secret of leagued warfare; he was the enemy of joy and rest. Once I had Ajax to shield me, now he is gone! Might I but see Salamis!' 1. I 85. The simple expression would be Tis 4o"rat vla-ros . . ptOds; 6 which is amplified by changing E'rrat into XtEL, and is r 'TE is added to suit the new turn of expression-' What will be the last, when will NOTES. LINES I163-I218. -113 end the number?' etc. is br6-r; lit. 'against when?' Cp. is 6 b Thuc. 8. 23 Cs viEra, ' a6'ptov, etc. iroXkuW ycKTowvTiCov, 'years of restless toil and wandering.' 6 1. 1187." 8opv0oojfrTv X0COv,'labours with the spear in the field.' o 1. 119 . MSS. Eupw8f= EvposEtL, ' wide to view.' dep6hsa is a conjecture, of G. Wolff, =' misty.' Tpotav = Tpolav occurs here only. 1. II91. O'VELos is in apposition to the sentence; cp. 1. 1210 Av-ypcas u7raTa Tpotas. The long continuance of the Greeks at Troy is a reproach to them. 1. II92. 'rp6repov, sc. i)Sei'tat, ic..A., El. 1131. atLOpa 80vacL pcLyav, i. e. the soul being dispersed in air. 1.I 96. cOLVwo"Ap, ' banded warfare.' Thuc. I. Io cs dra irdays 7is 'EXXhhnos Kov 7we'tEruevos, unless the emphasis is on 'whXov, ' warfare in arms.' But the first is better, for the Salaminians have come here in a quarrel not their own. 1. 1197. ' Alas for toils whence toils were begotten. The labour of the first organizer of a Greek army has caused endless labour. L 1201. oZ . . vetLev. Here also, as in supra 1. 1184, the negative expression has a positive force,' did not give'=' deprived me of.' .LLheiv, 'that I should be the companion of them.' Cp. latewv 1.I204. 6 1. 1203. 8 opos, 'unhappy I.' Cp. O. C. 318 Trciawa* o01CE'oTLV dXxA. Others refer it to bcEi'Fos. 1. 1206. &RLPLtvos ov;'rcs, (I) 'thus uncared for,' 'with no one to solace my loneliness;' but some have suggested (2) an active sense, 'without any care of this kind,' 'with vacant mind,' like the Latin vacuus. The leading thought in the sentence is 'Epcos, with which pipva is associated here, as in later Greek. 1. I21o. I cannot forget that I am in damp dismal Troy, not irt the dry bright climate of Attica, while my hair is wet with dews, gyVi'arca, in apposition to the sentence; cp. supra 1. 1191. 1. 1214. &VE-(Lra, 'is slackened,' 'removed,' 'fallen.' Cp. dvisqyv (dVEfrac= olcc7t rpoT0EiraL, cp. infra 1. 1270 vXVIrpoTELV0co). This suits the contrast better than 'is devoted to,' 'given up to' a sad fate. 1. 1216. ircoTra'c ' shall be mine,'' shall rest on me.' Observe that the word ri~~ps is as it were the key-note of the latter part of the ode. 6 1. 12 17. lrEcrL, 'overhangs,' sc. *ro's 'ArXovaw. ' vrov goes with 6 Irp BhqAua, 'the rock jutting into the deep.' 1. 1218. dKpav .. lrX.Kac describes the edge of the high table-land 6 towards the sea. Cp. Tr. 273 dr' dicpas SICEI7vpy' .ovs irhacds. {w , ' below,' 'coming under.' .14 AyAX.

1. 1222. rpooEClroLjLv. The optative is due to the preceding optative in yevo/lav (cp. Herm. in loc.). Phil. 325; Mimnerm. Frag. I. TEOvYalv rTEIL o yLC;TLrara hoeL, Od. I. 47

11.'I244, 5. ' But you who were left behind in the contest are at all times either to be pelting us with abuse or giving us some secret stab.' 1. 1245.

to Homer the rescue of the Greeks is due to Patroclus not to Ajax. Sophocles may have designedly followed another tradition, as about Hector's death, cp. supra 1. 1030; and in any case Ajax was the ' bulwark' of the Greeks in the absence of Achilles. See 11. 14. 402 foll. 1. 1275. Sop6s, as in supra 1. 963 iv xpeia op6s. 1. 1276. &Ap(. Cp. Il. 12. 175 i01'r rtpciXealOaL. 1. 1277. dKpo TLw i8'i vauV LKOtS48XloLS. It appears from Hdt. I. 24 § 8, araizvraiv 0 oe scOll ,(in the story of Arion) that the word iB&oAta was specially applied to some place at the stern, a sort of rudimentary quarter-deck where passengers sat (Eur. Hel. 1571), and under whiclt goods were stowed away. Hence it may mean simply 'already touch-: ing or threatening the stern,' (blazing close upon the stern). Hector in the Iliad takes hold rrpduvrys veas to fire it. (11. 15. 705, 717.) Cp. Hdt. 6. 114. i&deXLa is commonly taken to mean the rower's benches. 1. 1278. The repetition of va'UTLKa seems to imply that resistance for the camp was at an end; they were fighting for the means of departure. 1. 1281. The reference is to supra 1. 1237. cu.ppcvaLL wo81, (I) 'set foot by thine,' or as others, (2) 'joined in battle with the enemy.' Cp. avtpaaXE^v infra 1323. In either case Teucer exaggerates the meaning of Agamemnon. 1. 1282. {biLv, 'in your judgment.' 1. 1283. aOcrs, 'to himself.' 1. 1284. He had offered himself unbidden before the lot was thrown, I1.7. 164. 1. 1285. This is said to be a reference to the allotment of the Pelo- ponnesus among the sons of Heracles. Cresphontes threw a lump of earth into the urn; this crumbled when the lots were taken, and thus was left the last in the urn. 8par*E'lv, ' shirking,' like a runaway slave, eluding search. Teucer hints that some of the chiefs may have used this device. 1. 1287. KUViS, gen. of place whence, cp. El. 78. £&XM KOU LCLV, cognate acc., or rather Icov~ii6vis the cognate verb = aXpa icotxov roLe^L. 6 Cp. El. 406 rvtOEp3Eat xo s, i. e. Xoas bw'rvy3iovs TOLELYV. 1. I290. KCi Opoets. The /alis due to the interrogator asking for additional information, cp. supra 1. 462. 1. 1292. &pXatov,' at first,' ' in his origin.' The word is in part a predicate. Cp. Ant. 593 dPXata a&'Aa3acst8atv o'icv 6p ilpa, .T.X., and note. 1. 1293. a=' in the next generation.' 8vcra-rp&'rirarovis best taken with BEdvITYov,cp. the rhythm of supra 1. 315 roVEspyatV0ov I (Aa,

1. 1295. Aerope is meant. Sophocles here seems to follow the same NOTES. LINES 1275-13I9. IT story as Euripides, who (in his Kpjcpar) relates that her father Catreus gave Aerope to Nauplius to be drowned, but he betrothed her to Plisthenes instead; 1. I297 therefore expresses the intention of Catreus. 1. 1297. SLa40op&v, 'to be destroyed by.' Cp. 0. T. 1248 r'v 8 7Tirova hAtrot I Tros oTftv abTroV vO'TEKVOV 7rra18vpyiav. 1. 1298. roLISE. The description is to follow. 1. 1299. 8s iic ra'rps Piv. We should expect uIpcrp s i to follow but this is absorbed into the relative sentence, b'arTs, /.T.A. 1. 1302. Aaoj4Bov'ros, sc. OvyaTlp. 1. 1304. t &ptL'roTEoL8VoSy, 'from princes on both sides.' ('portrets.) 1. 1305. &v aoXivoy's ToU S rpos aLarcos, (I) 'bring shame upon my race (Ajax),' i.e. by my own birth, cp. supra 1. 1260, or (2) ' let shame come to my kin.' Cp. Aesch. S. c. T. 546. 1. 1307. oi6' E~ntowXvetL Xycov, 'and art not ashamed to say it.' He was not content with the ipyov avaviov (supra 1. 947). Teucer identifies Agamemnon with Menelaus, who had been his spokesman supra 1.2o62-4. 1. 1308. akeh~d rov, 'cast him out anywhere' without burial. Cp. 1. 1333. 1. 1309. Xap.s rpets, Teucer, Tecmessa, and Eurysakes. (Not Teucer, Agamemnon, and Menelaus, for Teucer knows that he would be overpowered). 4 1. 1311. rpo8 Xcos, 'publicly,' dying in conflict with the chieftains; the death of Teucer would be a matter of public fame. 11. 1311, 12. 'Thy wife, or shall I say, thy brother's ?' Teucer speaks with contemptuous indifference of the woman belonging to the Atridae. Cp. II. 9. 327 bpcfv 'vefa crpr pow. 1. 1313. Toibo6v. Cp. O. T. 627 c&X' iS ;i'ov &ZExddv.a 1. 1315. v 4lol 6paos. Cp. supra 1. 1092. 11. I316-end. Enter Odysseus, who reasons with Agamemnon and obtains his assent to the burial. Odysseus wishes to take part in the ceremony, but this Teucer cannot permit. The body is then carried forth to burial, and all leave the stage. 1. 1317. 6t i'4 gvv&S~eJv &hd&okuXX6oVwv rw&pe. 'If you come not to kindle (or, aggravate), but to help in ending the fray.' Cp. Ant. 40 hAova' a'v h '~prrTovaa. Here also the words may have an immediate reference to the situation, for tvcirrrEv means 'to begin a fray,' and avAhXVE'to join in bringing it to an end.' Cp. Homer's expression in regard to Arete, Od. 7. 74 ol0tv ' e )pov'VpL ai dvapnral VEIEa

i. 1319. P ov. For the acc. (Attic) ep. supra i. 136 a p/Zv E6 wrpio- aovr 'T aEa7pw. irr' Ah iXcpvetp^. These words of honour strike the key-note of the line of action taken by Odysseus. irT8 AyAX

1. 1320. Agamemnon begins with an excuse conveyed in ydp. 1. 1323. aovpgaXet, 'to cast' to meet the weapon of his enemy. 1. 1325. PX ,)vEXew, sc. ac (subject). 1. 1328. Ee(rwrt oiv, sc. /OL. (dIc may be taken (1) as making up part of the predicate with CvvylpqerEir.' May I speak truth to my friend and aid thee (in counsel) as heretofore?' Or (2), after 'ea rw.7 ' Is it allowed to your friend ?' which seems to agree better with what follows. 1. I330. I.e. if it were not possible for you to speak your mind and continue friendly. 1. 1333. I} rXis, -Do not harden your heart,' etc. 1. 1334. h ' the spirit of violence,' i.e. of despotic government. PI9 6 Aesch. Ag. 385 'i Tdaawva irELO , =' the spirit of persuasion.' 1. 1335. 'rocr6vSE CLLO-^V,'to carry hatred to such an extent.' 1. 1339. oCK va-TLccraL' aqv,'would not so far dishonour him in return.' The word does not occur elsewhere, and is a correction on the ;MSS. I. 1340. vca with dplrov. 'In him the bravest of the brave Argive host.' Cp. Aesch. Pers. 327 E's av2p 7TAEirTov rdrvov I E'XOpOs wrapaox&v, O. T. 1380 and note. Observe the aorist, 'I have seen none so noble.' 1. I342. &rTqI4oTdro. The rebuke is softened by using the passive voice. 1. 1343. o0 -y p 'TL TOGTOV,' not him by any means.' The conduct of Agamemnon will not injure Ajax, but the divine law, and even to hurt Ajax now is a mean act. 11. 1344, 5. v8pa .. rv iaOX6v, refers to Ajax, and is so echoed by ,Agamemnon, 1. 1352. 1. 1348. 'Ought you not to trample on a dead foeman?' Not only to slay, but to insult the slain. 1. 1350. i. e. It is not easy to preserve royal power and yet pay respect ,to laws which require us to spare a dead enemy. There is an implied sneer at dE eLa* as something good only for the mass. Cp. Ant. 780 r'vos IrTpraaoas orrT T&Y'"Aisov aipev. 1. 1351. With V .LELV supply ife'rTV from the Asitov of the preceding line. 1. 1353. Your power is established by listening to the voice of friends, who advise you for the best. For the gen. 4Ckxov with vack~lvos cp. supra 1. 807. 1. 1357. 'Nobleness prevails with me far more than enmity.' The article is added with the abstract noun. The gen. 'rgs 'XOpas is difficult ; it may be explained from the notion of comparison implied in VLK =' is superior to,' xpdrar v ar Irap' Apol.fr Ir Wolff conjectures s Xpas. 1. 1358. roLO(8E, i.e. those who let nobility outweigh enmity. For 'rTES.. Ppo ^ovcp. O. C.. 281

:- . 1359. Cp. O. C. 615 7a&T.parv 7TIp& ytlyvE'rat iaites qfiXa. The meaning is that such an estrangement as that between Ajax and Agamemnon was of too common occurrence to be treated in an exceptional way. By saying this Odysseus also tries to call up an image of their former friendship in the heart of Agamemnon, and to remind him that other estrangements may follow. 1. 1360. 1TrxaLvEs, 'advise,' 'approve of,' Ant. 1102. 1. 1362. SEthoros, as appearing to yield to Teucer's threats. For rfi8e 04I Lpia, cp. supra 1. 756. 1. 1363. iv ov, as often, corrects the preceding statement. "EAXqcrLv lraoL, 'in the sight of all Hellas.' The dative as in 1. 1282. 1. 1365. Kal y&p aZ-r6s. The meaning is not, ' I shall one day need 8 a grave,' but' that is the course I intend to pursue.' Cp. O. C. 641 7?So ydap vvolaoat. This alone is in keeping with the immediate context. Otherwise the taunt in 1. 1366 would have no sting. And however Odysseus may be himself impressed (cp. supra 11. 12 1 foll.) he is not likely to use a sentimental argument in trying to persuade Agamemnon. It must be remembered that, while Agamemnon was general-in-chief, Odysseus had the most influential voice in the council. 1. 1366. SLoLc is a supplementary predicate used adverbially. 'In all things alike every man labours for himself.' Others punctuate ~cv0' b'pota* iras dv)p abTc:roV'e. ' The world is all alike: each man labours for himself.' And some interpret, 'each is true to his character in what he does.' This last is pointless. Agamemnon means, ' I see, you do not wish to bear the odium (of favouring his burial) alone, That is why you try to persuade me.' Odysseus quietly accepts the reproach, because explanation would be useless. 1. 1369. As &v *roL4o1as, 'however you may do it,' i.e. ' whether you do it yourself or give others permission, your kindness will be equally acknowledged.' Cp. supra 1. 1117rs dv 's, 1.T.A., 0. C. 136[ doTep dv 0), oD qovIwcs sqyV77y1gvos. 1. 1371. oo'l j.iv. Cp. 1. 1. tjrijo8Ka, K.'.X. Cp. O. T. 763. The concession is made merely out of consideration for Odysseus. 1. 1372. Observe that Ajax is not E'Ie (in Agamemnon's mind) till he is buried. Cp. IL. 23. 137 'Tapo, yap p.oraf. i'r' "'Ad 1. 1373. tXpl, the reading of the MSS., is possibly right. But it is easy to read XpE-=Xp ~'s, cp. El. 6o6, Ant. 887. Agamemnon now leaves the stage. 1. 1375. rOLtorov 6'vra, 'after showing yourself to be such as we have seen.' 1. 1376. &yyiXhoaLt, 'declare to,' 'assure.' The middle verb implies that the announcement, and also the thing promised, come from the speaker.' Cp. O.T. 148 iv .'s' k'ayyE'erTaL. rQfr6'ro08e, 'henceforth.' .120 AAX.

1. 1380. YrovLtv, ' to take pains in burial;' cp. supra 1. II65, infra 1. 1415

1. 1382. X06yotL, ' because of what you say.' For the dative, cp. Ant. ,691 Xh6yoLsTroLO1Sros, ors pIa rpp Adacv. There is no explicit antithesis, but the word prepares the way for 11. 1393 foll. i Jevroas iEhwlSos. Cp. O. T. 1432 Xhrvios ' driranraas. 1. 1384. XEpG-v, 'with help of the hand.' Ircpcv gives dramatic effect, as supra 1. 1156. There is the same distinction between putting to the hand and assisting in other ways in Tr. 1214 bouv y dv abras Io) arorsTabowv XEpoy. Odysseus is not forbidden to help in the accessories but only in the immediate rites, lest his presence should offend the dead. 1. 1385. rTLPp6vTrTros. Cp. supra 1. Io3 -robriLrpwrovrdivaos, and note. 1. 1389. 'OXijWrrov 1ro08,'in this heaven above us.' Cp. Ant. 758 adhh' ob, 6Ov' 'OA.vtUrov, tc.-r.. The gen. is to be taken in a partly locative sense with arpeaoiec'ev. 1. 1392. X'cLLs, 'injuriously.' For this dative of manner cp. Ant. oo003a7rw vras . . A Xi~Aov gPovaae. 1. 1394. -r&ov. Teucer will not allow Odysseus to take part in the actual burial, for this might be offensive to Ajax, whose spirit may be supposed to retain his angry. feelings (cp. Od. II. 542 foll.), but in 'any more general rites instituted in order to do honour to Ajax, he is welcome to assist (r& 8' diXa Ica? a-oerpaaae),and to bring any one whom he chooses as a helper. Similar feelings prompt the address of Achilles to the shade of Patroclus in Il. 24. 11. 1396, 7. KE' TLL oa-rpTro I 0GXELS KORLLgELV.(I) 'And if you wish to bring any members of the host;' (2) 'If you wish any of the host to carry him.' But this might be open to the same objection. 1. 1398. rd 8' dXXa r&v-r, i.e. all things intimately connected with the burial, and preparation of the mound, the inscription,- etc. Cp. 3 Thuc. 2. 35 boea rept 7-v yrdpov Bltyoaig lrapao/cEvaalvra 6parT. 1. 1399. KG' ilas, ' in our judgment.' L. 1400. OEXov, sc. awVvOYrCaTLv. 1. 140. Ewawrvcas is more than aivvras: 'commending' rather than 'acquiescing in,' 'giving hearty approval to your proceedings.' 1. 1402. roX's .. Xp6vos. Much. time has been taken up in the ;altercations with Menelaus and Agamemnon. Some are to prepare -the grave (cp. supra, 1. 1165), others to warm water for lustral purposes, others to fetch the body-armour from the tent. The shield is not in- ,cluded owing to the instructions in 11. 574-577, which must be supposed to have been communicated to Teucer. The anapaests give the ,signal for departure. 1. 1404.' And some place upon the fire a lofty tripod conveniently -for holy lustrations.' 'rol, Epic for o. Some to avoid this have read NOTES. LINES I380-1420. I2I

rbvy B: thus making two divisions oi v .. lia 61, cK.7.X.But such a limitation as pIa, c.T.A., is better as applied to a third troop. Nor is any definite cauldron spoken of. 1. 1405. XowTpWv, gen. with iari/alpov. c i rvpov, predicative with O'01E, 'place on the fire.' 1. 1409. wrarphs with rXnvpds. 1. I4I1. 4 LX6d-rqrL is adverbial= 'lovingly.' 1. 1411I. There is some difficulty in supposing that after woXs Z7ETra7Ta Xp6 vos, the blood is still gushing as above 1. 918, but black gore may still be oozing from the wound, and either (i) this may be stopped by lifting the side, or (2) it may be a reason for care in lifting him (LptA077TL OOLyd'v). Vo-crL0L because the veins were believed to be air vessels. ivo ' forth to the light.' This action is preparatory to washing the corpse. 1. 1412. FIav Fivos, 'the dark life-blood.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 1037; also 7rp'v ailaTrypv &{appi~cwOat jtvos ib. 1067. 1. 1413. 4 hos with-wapsvat, (6orLs dvip

EXPLANATION OF THE MARKS IN THE TEXT.

1. 108. *ip1deov Elmsl. Apelov MSS. 1. 169. *5' Dawes. om. MSS. 1. I77. * dSUpotL Musgr. #EvaeEiaa 8~po~s MSS. 1. 179. *$7v', 7Lv'T etc., most MSS.: but L has 4. 11 197, 8. *dTapjis I av1EpoLs#daaLtv * pl/parat Campb. rdp- Br17Ta I 6ppa' e'apliots Baaaar MSS. 1. 199. *IcayXac(VTcurv Dinddrf. fa/cxavo'wv, BayxavTovwR MSS. 1. 211. *ovpLJdhrov Brunck. 8opLAXwcrov MSS. 1. 330. *AxvyotS Stobaeus. iXot MSS. 1. 350. *&r' Herm. ' MSS. 1. 359. *aXov Herm. &Miav MSS. As dXiav GJas Paley. 1. 372. *Xpi Herm. Xepat MSS. 1. 384. *5) Tricl. om. MSS. 1. 397. *CcRa0' Elmsl. i'XEo04 p' MSS. 1. 403. -L'6XOpiov doubtful in metre. 1. 405 id. prv c.a-A. wrong metrically and feeble. See Notes. 1. 412. *1b Brunck. om. MSS. 1. 450. *adSajaros Elmsl. dcailaaTO MSS. 1. 456. *T&v Elmsl. y' av MSS. 1.597. *dirAa7cros Vatican. dU&rAagy -ros most MSS. 1. 6oi. t 'Iai. . t. rol etc., see Notes. *pqcrv&vHerm. ,uhoxov MSS. 1. 604. *E v^wpat Bergk. evo'paL L. 1. 656. *Fkaev'coavsat so L: $axhw~&cat Hesych. 1. 678. *yiy' Pors. yca5' MSS. 1. 714. t1apaiVEL* Heath. papailvE yE ca qXyE L& 1. 776. *rToHerm. To'sMSS. 1. 869. :4*i1TraTat Campb. 'artra-raMSS. r d 1. 879. ij*8 OLHerm. 86pot MSS. 1. 905. *fp$e Herm. brpa~e MSS. 1. 926. *FS' Erfurdt. om. MSS. 1. 955. *roa Elmsl. ro't^ MSS. 1. ioo8. */le Kuster, om. MSS. 1. 10o22. *cbc Xm tpa Johnson. EXAEatspot MSS. 1. 1118. *XO.Brunck. MEN. MSS. o 1. I19 .dv'* deph~aEa *Tpcolav Wolff. av' 4,pW5a3Tpolav MSS. 1. 1199. *ob Herm. oivre MSS. 1. I312. *7' Erfurdt. 0' MSS. 1. 1339. o tIC*avTraT7Lriaalc' Bothe. oic~v divtAtcaa' most MSS. 1. 1373. tXP4 unusual in meaning. Xp.s (i. e. XpUriEs) Dind.

INDEX.

ACCUSATIVE, 55, 97, 304, 1058. asyndeton, 988. - after 4vvIrEL, 764. Attic acc., 136, 1319. - Attic, 136, 1319. attraction, 378; 'IrrEp rvds, 488, - cognate, 2, 181, 79o. 1417. - double, io7. Caesura, 969, - double, one defining the other, 994, 1049. 1O62, change of scene, 8I 2. 1147. change - in apposition to the sentence, of subject, 549. cognate accusative, 2, 18!. 559, 1191, 1210. compounds in Soph.= numerals, - of the sphere of motion, 30, 845, 877. 321, 390. compound words, 611, 892. - with inerrly, 82. comparative, IoIo. active for middle, 449; (pqX"a- coordinate sentences, I, 748. vav), T037. crasis, 756. adjective and descript. gen., 481. ' cretic,' law of the, violated, I 101. adj.=gen., 134. Ajax and Athena, 90. Dative, 440, 722. Ajax, character of, Ii9. - in expressions of time, 1144. alliteration, 245, 528, 687, 866. - of agent, 539. anachronism, 596 (cp. patro- - of cause, 1382. nymic). - of circumstance, 474- anacoluthon, IIo, 678, 771. - of occasion, 153. anapaests, 134. - with vrpopos, 622. antecedent omitted, 760. - c, 1045. - s Cipoi, 396. aorist, 119, 536, 693. o . - and pres. combined, 31. debts to the gods, 590 - participle, II16. Doric forms, 37, 784. - =perfect, 712, 739. Eccyclema, 345- - with ali vv^v, 18. ellipse, 34- - infin., Io83. Ares, 706. Fut. for imperat., 577. article, 364, 1226. Genitive, 41, 53, 357. - and infin., II4. - (abl.), 744. - emphatic, 312, 464. - after 7rp7rov, 534. - omitted, 1251. - as if with vuros, 1274. - T70 paLCpot, 473. - (combined), 264. 126 INDEX.

Genitive, descrip., 308, 619, 888, Names, 430. 1163. Optative, 457, 1176, 1222. - of place whence, 1148, 1287. - with dv, 88. - partitive, 659; 731. - with dv to express probability, - of respect, 1236. 186. - of time, 21, 14t. oxymoron, 100, 366, 640. - of value, 477. - with nr(arry'Ydv, 807; with Pan, 694. viMcUtEvos, 1353; with aTpapdEiyV, participle, 185. 1116. - omitted with 'vyXIvet,9. - with omission of 6, 190, 202. passive, 217, 1342. - for middle, 328. Hendiadys, 749. patronymic, 190, 879. Homer, Soph. deviates from, perfect, 33, 275, 692. o1030. personification, 815, 862. Homeric epithets, 147, 179, 375, plural, concrete, 46, 18i, 287, 503, 890, 954, 1167. 561, 1090, 1392. - expressions, 363. - irX&Ata, 887; 6b1ata, 1126. - picture, 614, 849. .*6XOLev,b-- o105. Hypallage, 247. -- Ovpiv, 7 7. Infinitive epexegetic, 79, 786. - vOot,,900. - imperfect, lq97. present particip. with aorist verb, - to express a purpose, 782. 1054. Ionic forms, 894. • Redundancy, 338. repetition, 267, 467. Jealousy of the gods, 777. rumours having a divine origin;, Metaphors, 2, 19, 251, 6r4, 683, 826, 998. 775; (mixed), 206. Stoning to death, 252. middle, 5 (subjective), 13, 32, 45, 647, 869, 1376. subj. I pres. pl., o085. - for passive, 1155. Tecmessa, 201. - of 4dov, 351. time idealized, 826. 'miserable'=' foolish,' 156. tribrach in three words, 530.

'AyydXhopiat, 1376. dvaylcaia 7 Xl, 485, 803.; iyE~r y-XwrTa, 382. dVELdra,1214. ayXLaXov, 135. dVEXeL, 212. c-oviyw, 195. dv 7p, 77, 8x7, a'aora,53. a7rorTos, 15. a'[Oovos, 22 1. cirEvOv0'vovra, 72. 6 dCpas lCKTr S, 285. 'Apystios, 420. dxx' oav, .535. a~PE, 75. ANo= ad, 58. ap,, J29. tlhrpa, 381, 390. dparat, 509. dv, omitted, 760, 921. aatcorov, 21. - repeated, 537, 1144- dr77, 307. ivavorv, 947. a Troai, 7oo. INDEX. 127

BdOpov, 135, 860. Lapalve, 714. A13XE'VEL's, 398, 514. 77iov, 540. pi, omitted, 69. AailtCwv, 243, 504. pi, with subj. and indic., 279. SeF, with 7rcrws,556. pt7r68vas, &olarTat, 511 1114. o CE', 942. NELEr, 28. Voos, 186. 'EcolXots, 1277. baevaa, 376. "Oppxa, 462, 977, 1004. eit roOt hN rawov, 886. irlcws,after BE, 556. o . - followed by infin., 378. Els, with superl., 134 6 ic, 27. 3pO V PW.,350. EICqEpEt,7. ~r'dXhor' d Xov, 58. Ev, 557, 1092, 1315. o6'= 'but not,' 629. 'EvvAstos, 179. o'tc as, I131, 1184- ovhXov, Rit, in comp., 438, 495- 403. i blyvos, 18. ou'TEand ob84, 428. ,Erpaeav,446. flaps, 475. i rrTTrTats, 27. - in composition, 742. E~iLrpLTTrov, 103. wiasadverbial, 275, 519. Cvp)l'rac, 6I5. 7rcEAda, 709, 889. Eiptvos, 8. ITEPtTrrvX7rs, 899, 915. Opeapos, 609. 7rwpo, 412. ipitrarat,irlararat, 869. 7'po8tLaJtKCELV,162. TOb Exov7ra, 157. irp6s,with gen., 319, 581, 1071. "H icat, 38. - with dat., 95. 4Li pa, 131. irvpyov vjsa, 159. : r6Alicas, 978. 'Pta, 159. 'Irropavi', 143. Tavpor6dAa, 172. LtTrovc'vas, 231. TEhXELraVTos, 210. Ka ldv . . . yE, 5 31. 'ns, 853. ial, with interrog., 462. - added to an adjective, 1266. icatpo'v, - in threats, 1138. 34. 156. caXLaTTEra, 435. - omitted after a participle, *rota, caXW^os,94. 929 (cp. 251, 562). Asv, 1078. rotobros, 433 (cp. 164). icEXaLVOrs,231. fOVTro p V... 8', 67o. TvyXvEL, yCvas,478. and part., 9. n/CEVs,986. 'aIaVoiv, 313- UdI 8CV,1025. XaL pEsV, '112. AaErv (IdbJw), 494. Xdptv, 176. Aapriov, I. Xp.s=XfiEts (?), 1373. Adyov, 477. 'ns av, 1117, 1369. MaOerL=' to recognise,' 1046. Apompars, 205. aAXhhov,omitted, 966.

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