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Deep Space Habitats Hearing Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives

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NEXT STEP TO MARS: DEEP SPACE HABITATS HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION May 18, 2016 Serial No. 114–78 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 20–875PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas, Chair FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., ZOE LOFGREN, California Wisconsin DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois DANA ROHRABACHER, California DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ERIC SWALWELL, California MO BROOKS, Alabama ALAN GRAYSON, Florida RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois AMI BERA, California BILL POSEY, Florida ELIZABETH H. ESTY, Connecticut THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky MARC A. VEASEY, Texas JIM BRIDENSTINE, Oklahoma KATHERINE M. CLARK, Massachusetts RANDY K. WEBER, Texas DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia BILL JOHNSON, Ohio ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado JOHN R. MOOLENAAR, Michigan PAUL TONKO, New York STEPHEN KNIGHT, California MARK TAKANO, California BRIAN BABIN, Texas BILL FOSTER, Illinois BRUCE WESTERMAN, Arkansas BARBARA COMSTOCK, Virginia GARY PALMER, Alabama BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana DRAIN LAHOOD, Illinois SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE HON. BRIAN BABIN, Texas, Chair DANA ROHRABACHER, California DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma AMI BERA, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ZOE LOFGREN, California MO BROOKS, Alabama ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado BILL POSEY, Florida MARC A. VEASEY, Texas JIM BRIDENSTINE, Oklahoma DONALD S. BEYER, JR., Virginia BILL JOHNSON, Ohio EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas STEVE KNIGHT, California LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas (II) C O N T E N T S May 18, 2016 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................. 2 Hearing Charter ...................................................................................................... 3 Opening Statements Statement by Representative Brian Babin, Chairman, Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Rep- resentatives ........................................................................................................... 4 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 7 Statement by Representative Donna F. Edwards, Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ............................................................................ 10 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 12 Statement by Representative Lamar S. Smith, Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives ..................... 14 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 16 Witnesses: Mr. Jason Crusan, Director, Advanced Exploration Systems, Human Explo- ration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 19 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 22 Mr. John Elbon, Vice President and General Manager, Space Exploration, Boeing Defense, Space, and Security, the Boeing Company Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 28 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 30 Ms. Wanda Sigur, Vice President and General Manager, Civil Space, Lock- heed Martin Corporation Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 38 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 40 Mr. Frank Culbertson, President, Space Systems Group, Orbital ATK Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 48 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 51 Mr. Andy Weir, Author, The Martian Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 61 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 63 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 66 Appendix I: Answers to Post-Hearing Questions Mr. Jason Crusan, Director, Advanced Exploration Systems, Human Explo- ration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA ........................................... 86 Mr. John Elbon, Vice President and General Manager, Space Exploration, Boeing Defense, Space, and Security, the Boeing Company ............................ 98 Ms. Wanda Sigur, Vice President and General Manager, Civil Space, Lock- heed Martin Corporation ..................................................................................... 108 Mr. Frank Culbertson, President, Space Systems Group, Orbital ATK ............. 120 Mr. Andy Weir, Author, The Martian .................................................................... 132 (III) IV Page Appendix II: Additional Material for the Record Statement submitted by Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, Ranking Member, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives .................................................................................................... 136 Documents submitted to the record ....................................................................... 137 NEXT STEP TO MARS: DEEP SPACE HABITATS WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 2016 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY, Washington, D.C. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2:03 p.m., in Room 2318 of the Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Bruce Babin [Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding. (1) 2 3 4 Chairman BABIN. Good afternoon. The Subcommittee on Space will now come to order. And without objection, the Chair is authorized to declare recesses of the Subcommittee at any time. Welcome to today’s hearing titled ‘‘The Next Steps to Mars: Deep Space Habitats.’’ I recognize myself for five minutes for an opening statement. The exploration of space, particularly human exploration of Mars, has intrigued generations around the world. Our sister plan- et holds many mysteries, and quite possibly, the keys to our past and our future. The profound goal of putting humans on Mars and perhaps establishing a settlement there, fuels our desire to push the boundaries of what is possible and to reach far beyond our own planet. Space exploration is in our DNA. Americans of all ages watched on their black and white TVs as Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the Moon. Our collective interests have not waned since that time. However, we now watch in full color and high definition as we launch off our planet, land a rover on Mars, and see our as- tronauts on the International Space Station do an EVA to assemble an orbital space laboratory enabled by the unwavering dedication and hard work of countless thousands who have contributed to the historical successes and immeasurable benefits spaceflight and ex- ploration have brought humanity. Last year’s cinematic blockbuster, The Martian, based on the book written by Andy Weir, one of our witnesses today, wrote about the challenges an astronaut faced in order to survive the hostile en- vironment of Mars faced with much hostility. This concept is di- rectly related to the topic of our hearing: examining the challenges and discussing what it is going to take to turn this science fiction into a reality as we hope to do in the years ahead. One of the foremost requirements for success in such a profound endeavor is the support of Congress, and undoubtedly, bipartisan, bicameral support is strongly behind this goal. In fact, bipartisan support for our spaceflight and exploration programs is so strong that the 2016 NASA Authorization Act passed the House by a unanimous voice vote. In this turbulent political climate, a vote like that is very exceptional for any agency. The House’s intent is clear, and I strongly urge our colleagues in the Senate to join us by tak- ing up and passing a NASA Authorization bill this year. Doing so, in this election year, is particularly important as it will provide NASA programs the stability that they need through the uncer- tainty that results during the transition of Presidential Adminis- trations. One of the most critical capabilities needed to sustain humans for a journey to Mars is a habitat. Without a viable habitat to pro- tect our astronauts from the inhospitable environment of space, we cannot achieve our goals for human deep space exploration. Congress demonstrated its very strong support of space explo- ration last
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