RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon
Maxim Litvak Space Research Institute Russian Academy of sciences
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History/Heritage
Zond-3 photos of far side of the Moon
Luna-9 Luna-16 with Lunokhod-1 first landing samples of regolith page 2 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Main principles of Lunar Program
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1. Lunar program shall include initial exploration/investigation stage to solve key, most important lunar tasks and to provide basis for following human exploration and utilization of lunar resources.
2. Lunar program shall be developed as a sequence of key projects/missions with increasing complexity where subsequent missions inherit and develop science results and technologies achieved in previous missions and projects.
3. Lunar program goals shall take into account current technology readiness level (including technologies developed by Soviet lunar program and other space agencies) and available funding resources.
4. Lunar Program shall start with robotic missions and continue with manned lunar missions, solving specific tasks at each stage to effectively approach strategic goal – human exploration of the Moon and creating long living lunar bases.
5. Lunar Program (primary goals) shall be based on national funding capabilities but allow and provides possibilities for close involvement of international cooperation.
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Main goals of Lunar Program
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1. NEW MOON SCIENCE
. Origin and evolution . Polar regions and volatiles . Lunar exosphere and radiation environment.
2. NEW LUNAR TRANSPORT CAPABILITIES
. To support robotic and human missions to lunar orbit and lunar surface. . Lunar infrastructure on orbit and surface.
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3. Reconnaissance and utilization of lunar resources
. To create and support lunar base . Possible industry utilization.
4. Lunar observatories
. Deep space observations . Solar system observations . Laboratories for medical and biology experiments, preparation to long living expeditions far away from Earth (to Mars) . Lunar polygon/facilities to test new technologies.
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NEW MOON science: Lunar polar volatiles
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NEW MOON science: Cometary & Interplanetary molecules
Molecules in the interstellar medium and comets + and Moon
Н2О
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NEW MOON science: Lunar botanic (and zoology!)
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NEW MOON science: Lunar Radio Observatory
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NEW MOON science: Lunar landers visiting and studying
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Pathway of Moon exploration in the XXI century
Robotic polar landers Lunar Polygon Lunar Base
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Phase I - From investigation to exploration (2019 – 2030): 1) Characterization and mapping of recourses in polar regions. 2) Studies of lunar exosphere should be done to understand environment influence on hardware and man. 3) Cryogenic samples of lunar regolith should be delivered to Earth for studies and estimation of different regions for availability for Lunar Polygon. 4) First flights manned SC on near Moon orbit for workout and operation with robotic spacecraft on surface and docking on orbit. 5) New technologies and wide science investigation of polar regions should be developed as the base for next step to move from investigation to exploration. Phase II – Lunar polygon (2030 – 2040): 1) First elements of infrastructure in interesting and perspective polar areas of Moon (robotic modules, habitant module, power module etc.) 2) Manned transportation system for delivery of cargo and cosmonauts to near lunar orbit or on lunar base page 14 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Robotic precursors 2016-2025
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Moon of the XX century: Equator
page 16 Motivation: Orbital observations of water ice at Polar areas of the Moon
Water distribution in regolith Water distribution in regolith Water distribution in regolith according to according to M3 (USA) data from according to LPNS data from data from LEND (Russia) onboard Lunar Chandrayan-1 (India) Lunar Prospector (NASA) Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)
OH/H2O Н О 2 Н2О Н2О
Possible ice depths according to data Observation of surface ice frost Detection of water vapor in Cabeus from Diviner onboard Lunar according to data from LAMP onboard Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA) during impact experiment «LCROSS» Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA) (NASA)
Н О 2 Н2О Н2О
page 17 Latest Moon water polar maps derived from LEND/LRO*
3S
4S
2S
6S
7S *
8S
Index Latitude Longitude 훏 WEH (wt %) Index Latitude Longitude 훏 WEH (wt %) +0.07 1N 87.3° 64.3° 0.80±0.02 0.44±0.06 1S -84.5º -47.3º 0.77±0.02 0.54−0.06 +0.06 2N 86.2° 51.3° 0.82±0.02 0.40−0.05 2S -88.0º 53.8º 0.78±0.01 0.51±0.04 +0.09 3N 80.3° 176.8° 0.82±0.03 0.40−0.08 3S -87.3º 1.8º 0.80±0.01 0.44±0.04 4N 85.5° 139.3° 0.82±0.02 0.39±0.05 4S -84.8º 32.3º 0.83±0.02 0.37±0.05 5N 88.8° 116.3° 0.82±0.01 0.39±0.04 5S -88.8º -107.3º 0.83±0.01 0.36±0.03 +0.07 +0.11 6N 84.5° 153.8° 0.83±0.02 0.37−0.06 6S -77.8º 80.8º 0.84±0.04 0.34−0.10 +0.08 7N 78.0° -170.8° 0.83±0.03 0.36±0.09 7S -83.6º 99.8º 0.84±0.03 0.34−0.07 +0.07 8S -82.9º 127.3º 0.84±0.03 0.34−0.06 * - accepted (2016) to ICARUS LRO issue page 18 Latest Moon water polar maps derived from LEND/LRO
Haworth, Shoemaker and Faustini craters
Cabeus crater
PSR regions are marked by black contours
page 19 RUSSIANLAMP LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS LEND
Heterogeneity of volatiles distribution
Search for possible correlation (similarities and differences) between various mapping data of lunar polar regions.
LRO data are presented: LEND neutron map, Map of UV albedo from LAMP and predications from Diviner about possible ice depths. White circles on all maps show where observed data could indicate presence of subsurface/surficial ice distribution.
Observations show significant heterogeneity of volatiles distribution not only across the surface but also among distinguished permanently shadowed regions DIVINER page 20 Modelling of water equivalent hydrogen distribution as a function of depth: Need to verify orbital observations with a ground truth measurements Cabeus region
Dry layer
Homogeneously distributed hydrogen
• Water ice depositions at Cabeus and Shoemaker spreads out of PSRs at sunlit areas. Water ice may be preserved only under top dry regolith layer at these sunlit regions. This provides that water ice preserved by a +ퟓ.ퟏ +ퟐ.ퟕ dry layer of regolith. In case of 1 meter of dry layer it may be ퟏퟎ. ퟗ−ퟑ.ퟑ wt% of WEH at Cabeus and ퟗ. ퟒ−ퟐ.ퟎ wt% at Shoemaker craters (Sanin et al., 2016, Icarus) . page 21 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Goals of the 1st stage of Russian Lunar Program: Robotic Precursors
Goal 1: Study of mineralogical, chemical, elemental and isotopic content of regolith and search for a volatiles in regolith of polar area of Moon.
Goal 2: Study of plasma, neutral and dust exosphere of Moon and interaction of space environment with Moon’ surface at poles.
Goal 3: Study dynamic of daily processes at lunar poles, including thermal property variations of subsurface layers of regolith and evolution of hydration and volatiles.
Goal 4: Study of inner structure of Moon by means of seismic, radio and laser ranging experiments.
Goal 5: Preparation for future exploration of Moon and utilization of lunar resources
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Luna-25 Expected results from Luna-25 (Luna-Glob) mission Technology: Re-design of soft landing technology Pole-Earth radio link tests and experience Thermal design validation Robotic arm testing and validation
Science: Mechanical/thermal properties of polar regolith
IR composition measurements of polar regolith
Laser ablation measurements and testing of polar regolith samples
Water content and elements abundance in the shallow subsurface of the polar regolith
Plasma and neutral exosphere at the pole
Dust exosphere at the pole
Thermal variations of the polar regolith page 23 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Expected results from Luna-26 Luna-26 (Luna-Resurs-Orbiter) mission
Technology: Pole-orbit UHF radio link tests and experience
Orbital operations
Science: Luna-27 landing sites candidates
Global science in different wave-lengths, gamma-rays and neutrons
Space plasma in the lunar vicinity
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Expected results from Luna-27 Luna-27 (Luna-Resurs Lander) mission
Technology: High precision landing and hazard avoidance
Pole-orbiter UHF radio link tests and experience
Cryogenic drill testing and validation
Science: Mechanical/thermal/compositional properties of polar regolith within 2 meters
Water content and elements abundance in the shallow subsurface of the polar regolith
Plasma, neutral and dust exosphere at the pole
Seismometry and high accuracy ranging page 25 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
The sequence of Russian lunar robotic missions
2024 1976
2021
Luna-24 Luna-29 (Luna-Resource-2) 2020 Lunohod mission (3000 kg) 2018-19 Luna-28 (Luna-Grunt) Cryogenic samples return from South pole Luna-27 (3000 kg) (Luna-Resurs_Lander) Studies of South Pole regolith and exosphere (2200/810 kg) Luna-26 High accuracy landing Joint (Luna-Resurs-Orbiter) Mission Global orbital studies of Cryogenic Drilling LPSR the Moon Ground Luna-25 Segment Scientific Instruments (Luna-Glob) Technology of polar soft landing, study of Lunar Possible ESA Contribution PILOT-D South pole page 26 (1450/530February kg) 18, 2014 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Increasing complexity of Robotic lunar missions = precursors for manned missions
Concept of the Projects Scientific investigations Implications for lunar exploration mission
Analysis of lunar polar regolith and Re-development of lunar landing Luna Glob Lander Small Lander on local polar exosphere, testing polar system, communication system, the south pole (Luna-25) 2018-19 volatiles from <50 cm subsurface long-time operations
Luna Resurs Global mapping of lunar surface, Reconnaissance of polar landing Orbiter at 100 km Orbiter measurements of exosphere and sites for lunar exploration, long-time polar circular orbit (Luna-26) 2020 plasma around Moon orbital operations, communications
High accuracy and hazard Luna Resurs Analysis of lunar regolith and local Large Lander on avoidance landing Lander exosphere, testing volatiles from 2 the south pole Testing of drilling system for (Luna-27) 2021 meters subsurface cryogenic sampling
Luna-Grunt: Lander with return Cryogenic delivery of samples form Re-development of return flight Polar Moon Sample rocket Moon to the Earth system Moon-Earth Return
Lunokhod Mobility on the Moon surface, long Luna Resource–2 (Large Long Studies of lunar surface at distance duration mission with solar and Distance Moon of about 30 km radioisotopic power, cryogenic Rover) cashing of samples
Polar Moon Surface operations of Lunokhod Lunokhod+Lander Cryogenic delivery of samples form Samples Return with Lander, cryogenic cashing of with return rocket Lunokhod to the Earth samples for returning page 27 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Lander Luna-Glob (LUNA-25) Instruments list
Mass Accommod # Instrument Measurements/Operations Organization (kg) ation Active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of 1 ADRON-LR 6,7 Add_SD IKI regolith
2 ARIES-L Measurements of exosphere’ plasma 4,6 Main_SD IKI
IKI + 3 LASMA-LR Laser mass-spectrometer 2,7 Main_SD U of Bern
4 LIS-TV-RPM IR spectrometry of minerals. TV imaging 2,0 R_Arm IKI
ISP 5 LINA-XSAN Measurements of neutrals and ions 0,7 Main_SD (Sweden) 6 PmL Study of dust and micrometeorites 0,9 Add_SD IKI
7 TERMO-L Study of thermal properties of regolith 1,2 Main_SD GEOKHI TV imaging of panoramas and area near 8 STS-L 4,6 Main_SD IKI Lander (rover and Robotic arm) Laser Retro 9 Moon libration and Moon ranging 1 Main_SD NPO SPP Reflector Robotic Arm for sample acquisition and 10 LMK 8 SC IKI delivery
11 BUNI Power and data support of science 2,3 Main_SD IKIpage 28 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
TV-CS
ARIES-L RADIOBEACON
LINA-XN BUNI
GkH-L SEYSMO-LR
TA-L LIS-TV-RPM (EU)
LAZMA-LR PmL
RAT ADRON-LR
page 29 MOON EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Luna-25 Lander (engineering model)
page 30 Luna 25 and Luna 27:RUSSIAN Remote LUNAR observation EXPLORATION of HydrogenMISSIONS subsurface (down to 0.5 m) distribution with active neutron and gamma spectrometers
ퟏ ퟐ ퟏ퐇 + 퐧 → ퟏ퐃 + ퟐ. ퟐퟑ 퐌퐞퐕
퐍퐞퐮퐭퐫퐨퐧 퐝퐲퐧퐚퐦퐢퐜 퐚퐥퐛퐞퐝퐨 퐟퐫퐨퐦 퐭퐡퐞 퐬퐮퐬퐛퐮퐬퐫퐟퐚퐜퐞
page 31 Luna 25: to acquire regolithRUSSIAN sample LUNAR from near EXPLORATION subsurface depthMISSIONS (10-30 cm) using robotic arm scoop and study it with laser mass spectrometer
LAZMA Laser mass spectrometer
Robotic Arm
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Luna-Resource-1 Lander (Luna-27)
1) Science oriented mission. Main science goal: Deep drilling (1.5- 2m) with cryogenic (to preserve volatiles in sample) sample acquisition at near polar latitudes.
2) Should be delivered to south near polar latitudes (~80S) at potentially volatiles rich area.
3) Mission will be performed in close international cooperation: ESA will provide Drilling system + one of sampling instruments + precise landing system.
page 33 LanderRUSSIAN Luna LUNAR-Resource EXPLORATION-1 (LUNAMISSIONS-27) Mass Accommoda # Instrument Measurements/Operations Organization (kg) tion 1 ADRON-LR Active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith 6,7 Add_SD IKI
Gas Analytic Chromatographic and mass spectroscopy analysis IKI+ 2 10,4 Main_SD Package of volatiles content and chemical composition U. of Bern 3 ARIES-L Measurements of plasma of exosphere 4,6 Main_SD IKI IKI+ 4 LASMA-LR Laser mass-spectrometer 2,8 Main_SD U. of Bern 5 LIS-TV-RPM IR spectrometry of minerals and TV imaging 2,0 R_Arm IKI IKI+ 6 LINA Measurements of plasma and neutrals 4,6 Main_SD ISP (Sweden) 7 PmL Measurements of dust and micrometeorites 1,5 Add_SD IKI 8 Radio-Beacon Radio signal with very high stability 1,7 Main_SD IKI Radio measurements of thermal property of 0,5 Add_SD IKI 9 RAT regolith 10 SEISMO-LR Measurements of seismic activity 1,6 Main_SD IFZ UV and optical imaging of minerals with UV 0,5 Main_SD IKI 11 TV-Spectrometer excitation 12 TERMO-L Measurements of thermal properties of regolith 2,0 Main_SD GEOKHI 13 STS-L TV imaging of panoramas and area near Lander 4,6 Main_SD IKI Laser Retro 14 Moon libration and Moon ranging experiments 1 Main_SD NPO SPP Reflector 15 BUNI Power and data support of science 5,0 Main_SD IKI
+ Robotic Arm (LMK) + ESA Drilling System + ESA sampling instrument page 34 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Courtesy to Jo Ann Zhang and David Paige “Cold-trapped organic compounds at the poles of Moon an Mercury: implication for origin” page 35 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Depth temperature profile at one possible landing sites
page 36 RUSSIAN LUNARWeight, EXPLORATIONSizes, MISSIONSPower, Depth, Device Mission Comments kg mm Wt. mm Drilling system for Luna 16, Luna 13,6 690 х 290 140 350 Luna 16/20 20
Drilling system LB09 Luna 23, Luna Depth in Luna- >10 3000 х 500 х 500 >100 2500 for Luna 23/24 24 24 ~1600 mm
13,4 Drilling system for Аpolo 11-12, 577 х 244 х 178 456 3000 Apollo 14-17
Scope instrument Viking 1-2 11,3 614,8 х 233,7 х 342,9 30 ~200 Micro drilling system Deep Space 2 <0,05 <11 cm3 0,9 <10 Failed
Drilling System Philae Rosetta 4,8 150 х 760 4-12 230 Grinding instrument Mars-Express/ 0,2 30 х 60 х 100 6 10 Failed Beagle-2 Beagle-2 Abrasion device on Depth of drilling MEX – A/B 0,7 100х70 11 5-10 Martian rovers MER 5 mm Drilling System for Venera 13-14, Operation time 26,2 ~500 cm3 90 ~35 Venera SCs Vega 1-2 on Venus 120 s Instrument on rover MSL <4 12 х 120 <80 ~70 MSL Drilling System for ExoMars 11 500 х 160 х 160 40 <2000 Martian rover Pasteur page 37 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Luna-24 Mars-rover / GZU-500 DS \ ExoMars
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Rozetta \ MUPUS Mole penetrator KRET Phobos-Grunt / CHOMIK
Courtesy to J. Grygorczuk, M. Banaszkiewicz, A. Cichocki, M. Ciesielska, et al ADVANCED Penetrators and hammering sampling devices for planetary body exploration,11th Symposium on Advanced Space Technologies in Robotics and Automation, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, 2011 page 39 Luna 27: to acquire regolith sample as deep as 2 m. Sophisticated instrument suite includes robotic arm + laser massRUSSIAN spectrometer LUNAR EXPLORATION+ gas analytical MISSIONSpackage (all from Roscosmos) + cryogenic drilling system + sampling instrument (all from ESA)
Laser spectrometer Robotic arm to transfer sample Gas analytical package
Mass spectrometer ESA sampling instrument
Drilling system
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Landing site selection for the Luna-25
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№ Название Широта Долгота to the SW of 1 -68,773 21,210 Manzinus crater
2 Manzinus crater East -67,476 24,613
3 Manzinus crater West -67,371 25,697
to the S of PentlandA 4 -68,648 11,553 crater
to the NW of 5 -70,681 23,634 BoguslawskyC crater
to the N of 6 -69,545 43,544 Boguslawsky crater
between Boguslawsky 7 and Boussingault -72,161 50,085 craters
to the N of 8 -73,882 26,363 Schomberger crater
9 SimpeliusD crater -71,718 8,186 10 SimpeliusE crater -70,148 10,288
11 Boguslawsky crater -73,400 44,000
12 BoguslawskyC crater -70,930 26,715 page 42 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Picture Illumination
LOLA/LRO LROC/LRO Slopes (on base 60 Mm)
To south-west from Mantsini crater
LOLA/LRO page 43 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Lunar precursor missions are the area for International cooperation
. High precision landing and hazard avoidance
. Cryogenic drilling system
. Ground & orbital segment for up/down link and data transmission
. Joint studies of samples in Earth laboratories
. International CoI’s for Russian science instruments
. Joint technological experiments for lunar exploration (resource utilization, high precision landing, nuclear power, laser data link, etc.)
page 44 Russian human spaceflight program (road map)
Lunar orbital station * Interplanetary manned complex ISS
Russian orbital station MLM Node SPM
Robotic precursors Lunar base
First Orbital and planetary infrastructure planetary Orbitaland manned Polar Soyuz MS and Moon Progress MC landers flight spacecraft interorbital transportation capabilities new generation
systems crew vehicle Transportation demonstration lunar deep space Solar electric propulsion expedition (tugs)
page 45 45 Russian human spaceflight program (road map)
Lunar orbital station * Interplanetary manned complex ISS
Russian orbital station MLM Node SPM
Robotic precursors Lunar base
First Orbital and planetary infrastructure planetary Orbitaland manned Polar Soyuz MS and Moon Progress MC landers flight spacecraft interorbital transportation capabilities new generation
systems crew vehicle Transportation demonstration lunar deep space Solar electric propulsion expedition (tugs)
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Human Robotic Integrated Mission (HRIM): Basic concept
МЛАК «Корвет» Manned flight S/C
Robotic “Corvette” S/C
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MAX Aeroshow 2015: Manned s/c together with robotic s/c
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