JBIS Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
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Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
Actual Problems Актуальные Проблемы
АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК АВИАЦИИ И ВОЗДУХОПЛАВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ КОСМОНАВТИКИ ИМ. К.Э.ЦИОЛКОВСКОГО RUSSIAN ASTRONAUTICS ACADEMY OF K.E.TSIOLKOVSKY'S NAME ACADEMY OF AVIATION AND AERONAUTICS SCIENCES СССР 7 195 ISSN 1727-6853 12.04.1961 АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АВИАЦИОННЫХ И АЭРОКОСМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ процессы, модели, эксперимент 1(42), т.21, 2016 RUSSIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF AVIATION AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS processes, models, experiment УРНАЛ 1(42), v.21, 2016 УЧНЫЙ Ж О-АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ НА ОССИЙСК Р Казань Daytona Beach А К Т УА Л Ь Н Ы Е П Р О Б Л Е М Ы А В И А Ц И О Н Н Ы Х И А Э Р О К О С М И Ч Е С К И Х С И С Т Е М Казань, Дайтона Бич Вып. 1 (42), том 21, 1-210, 2016 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ CONTENTS С.К.Крикалёв, О.А.Сапрыкин 1 S.K.Krikalev, O.A.Saprykin Пилотируемые Лунные миссии: Manned Moon missions: problems and задачи и перспективы prospects В.Е.Бугров 28 V.E.Bugrov О государственном управлении About government management of программами пилотируемых manned space flights programs космических полетов (критический (critical analysis of problems in анализ проблем отечественной Russian astronautics of the past and космонавтики прошлого и present) настоящего) А.В.Даниленко, К.С.Ёлкин, 90 A.V.Danilenko, K.S.Elkin, С.Ц.Лягушина S.C.Lyagushina Проект программы развития в Project of Russian program on России перспективной космической technology development of prospective технологии – космических тросовых space tethers applications систем Г.Р.Успенский 102 G.R.Uspenskii Прогнозирование космической Forecasting of space activity on деятельности по пилотируемой manned astronautics космонавтике А.В.Шевяков 114 A.V.Shevyakov Математические методы обработки Mathematical methods of images изображений в аэрокосмических processing in aerospace information информационных системах systems Р.С.Зарипов 140 R.S.Zaripov Роль и место военно-транспортных Russian native military transport самолетов в истории авиации aircrafts: history and experience of life России, опыт их боевого применения (part II) (ч. -
The Effect of Time and Volume Stater of Bioethanol Content from Coconut Fiber Waste and Mengkudu Nutrient Content Compositions 8 in 100 Gr Mengkudu [8]
Copyright © 2019 American Scientific Publishers Journal of All rights reserved Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Printed in the United States of America Vol. 16, 5224–5227, 2019 The Effect of Time and Volume Stater of Bioethanol Content from Coconut Fiber Waste and Mengkudu Netty Herawati∗, Muh A. P. Muplih, M. Iqbal Satriansyah, and Kiagus A. Roni Chemical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Palembang, Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani 13 Ulu, Plaju, Palembang, 3011, Indonesia Mengkudu and coconut fiber are a plant which frequently find in Indonesia. Mengkudu is a plant that has many advantages and carbohydrate content as 51,67%. Coconut fiber has high enough cellulose content as 43,44%, with high carbohydrate content and high cellulose content they can be utilized as basic ingredient in the making of bioethanol. The purpose of this research is to determine the best condition in the process of making bioethanol from them. Bioethanol was made by fermentation which was helped by bactery, that was Saccaromyches cerevisae or often known as bread yeast. The results of this research were obtained fermentation time and volume of the stater used in making bioethanol from mengkudui fruit in order to get the best content bioetanol is in 60 hours using a stater volume of 10% which produces 6.26% bioethanol, while for the manufacture of bioethanol from waste Coconut coir is at 72 hours using a 6 gr volume of starch which produces bioethanol 13.80%. RESEARCH ARTICLE Keywords: Mengkudu, Coconut Fiber, Bioethanol, Time Variety, Stater Volume, Saccaromy chescerevisae. 1. INTRODUCTION as FGE [6]. Bioethanol is an alcohol compound with a The increase of human population and the develop of hydroxyl group (OH), 2 carbon atoms C, with the chem- industry are directly proportional with the increase of ical formula C2H5OH, which is made by sugar fermen- dependency number with oil fuel. -
Ashes of Exploding Suns, Monuments to Dust
Ashes of Exploding Suns, Monuments to Dust Christopher McKi tterick when skies are hanged and oceans drowned, the single secret will still be man —e.e. cummings Extinction +15,000 years Scientists say you do not dream during cryosleep. This is untrue. If you enter the state intend - ing to kill billions, the subconscious mind punishes. Cryosleep dreams move slowly, the way glaciers take thousands of years grinding a civilization to gravel. Violence acting almost imper - ceptibly over protracted time still leaves enduring scars, like aging. Warming away the residue of hibernation, the sleep capsule lit my nerves on fire. The all- consuming pain of being resurrected is difficult to convey. A facsimile of your own blood dis - places hibernation fluid. Senses scatter and conflate. Skin crackles and muscles creak as the nano-bath electrifies. To activate switched-off nerves, embeds twitch one’s body in disconcert - ing jolts. Teeth rattle. Images from dream and memory overwhelm the casket’s synesthetic re - ality. Nightmares fade and rise again. No matter how tranquil one’s normal state, panic grips the throat. 130 NOVEMBER /D ECEMBER 2018 This phase lasts longer than the corporeal shock of waking. Not forever, though the hind - brain panics. After enough practice, discipline helps dissociate from the sensations. This suf - fering will end, like all things. If you fail to revive, you die before this liminal state, blissfully unaware. Those waking from cryo often envy those who remain forever asleep. What does it mean to live? An accurate measure is awareness of pain. As I surfaced toward consciousness, the reason for retreating into hibernation all those cen - turies ago crashed through me, like meltwater rushing beneath ice. -
Arxiv:1408.1133V1
Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal on 23 June 2014. A Preprint typeset using LTEX style emulateapj v. 5/2/11 THE Gˆ INFRARED SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL CIVILIZATIONS WITH LARGE ENERGY SUPPLIES. I. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION 1,2 1,3,4 1,2 5 J. T. Wright , B. Mullan , S. SigurD sson , and M. S. Povich Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal on 23 June 2014. ABSTRACT We motivate the Gˆ infrared search for extraterrestrial civilizations with large energy supplies. We discuss some philosophical difficulties of SETI, and how communication SETI circumvents them. We review “Dysonian SETI”, the search for artifacts of alien civilizations, and find that it is highly complementary to traditional communication SETI; the two together might succeed where either one, alone, has not. We discuss the argument of Hart (1975) that spacefaring life in the Milky Way should be either galaxy-spanning or non-existent, and examine a portion of his argument that we dub the “monocultural fallacy”. We discuss some rebuttals to Hart that invoke sustainability and predict long Galaxy colonization timescales. We find that the maximum Galaxy colonization timescale is actually much shorter than previous work has found (< 109 yr), and that many “sustainability” counter- arguments to Hart’s thesis suffer from the monocultural fallacy. We extend Hart’s argument to alien energy supplies, and argue that detectably large energy supplies can plausibly be expected to exist because life has potential for exponential growth until checked by resource or other limitations, and intelligence implies the ability to overcome such limitations. As such, if Hart’s thesis is correct then searches for large alien civilizations in other galaxies may be fruitful; if it is incorrect, then searches for civilizations within the Milky Way are more likely to succeed than Hart argued. -
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Malshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NASA TM X-53973 SPACE FLIGHT EVOLUTION By Georg von Tiesenhausen and Terry H. Sharpe Advanced Systems Analysis Office June 30,1970 NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Malshall Space Flight Center, Alabama MSFC - Form 3190 (September 1968) j NASA TM X-53973 I [. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE June 30,1970 Space Flight Evolution 6. PERFORMlNG ORGANIZATION CODE PD-SA 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT # Georg von Tiesenhausen and Terry H. Sharpe I 3. PERFORMlNG ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS lo. WORK UNIT, NO. Advanced Systems Analysis Office Program Development 1 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 13. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVEREC 2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Technical Memorandum 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE I 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT This report describes a possible comprehensive path of future, space flight evolution. The material in part originated from earlier NASA efforts to defme a space program in which earth orbital, lunar, and planetary programs are integrated. The material presented is not related to specific time schedules but provides an evolutionary sequence. The concepts of commonality of hardware and reusability of systems are introduced as keys to a low cost approach to space flight. The verbal descriptions are complemented by graphic interpretations in order to convey a more vivid impression of the concepts and ideas which make upthis program. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT STAR Announcement Advanced Systems Analysis Office 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this rePmt> (20. SECURITY CLA ;IF. (of this page) 121. NO. OF PAGES 122. -
Solar Sails and Lunar South Pole Coverage
Solar Sails and Lunar South Pole Coverage M. T. Ozimek,∗ D. J. Grebow,∗ K. C. Howelly Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA Potential orbits for continuous surveillance of the lunar south pole with just one space- craft and a solar sail are investigated. Periodic orbits are first computed in the Earth- Moon Restricted Three-Body Problem, using Hermite-Simpson and seventh-degree Gauss- Lobatto collocation schemes. The schemes are easily adapted to include path constraints fa- vorable for lunar south pole coverage. The methods are robust, generating a control history and a nearby solution with little information required for an initial guess. Five solutions of interest are identified and, using collocation, transitioned to the full ephemeris model (including the actual Sun-to-spacecraft line and lunar librations). Of the options investi- gated, orbits near the Earth-Moon L2 point yield the best coverage results. Propellant-free transfers from a geosynchronous transfer orbit to the coverage orbits are also computed. A steering law is discussed and refined by the collocation methods. The study indicates that solar sails remain a feasible option for constant lunar south pole coverage. Nomenclature x State Variable Vector t Time u Control Variable Vector r; v Position and Velocity Vectors, Earth-Moon Rotating Frame U Potential Function a Sail Acceleration Vector R; V Position and Velocity Vectors, EMEJ2000 Frame κ Characteristic Acceleration l Sun-to-Spacecraft Unit-Vector !s Angular Rate of Sun, Earth-Moon Rotating Frame n Number of Nodes ∆i Defect Vector Ti Segment Time i Control Magnitude Constraint gi Path Constraint Vector hk General Node States and/or Control Constraint X Total Design Variable Vector F Full Constraint Vector DF Jacobian Matrix φ Elevation Angle from the Lunar South Pole a Altitude from the Lunar South Pole δ Sail Clock Angle α Sail Pitch Angle E Two-Body Energy with Respect to Earth H Two-Body Angular Momentum with Respect to Earth ∗Ph.D. -
Acoustic Shaping, Inc: Manufacturers in Mars Orbit
PROPOSAL AND BUSINESS PLAN SUBMITTED TO THE 1999 "NASA MEANS BUSINESS" STUDENT COMPETITION ACOUSTIC SHAPING, INC: MANUFACTURERS IN MARS ORBIT By the Georgia Tech team Sam Wanis, Don Changeau, Justin Hausaman, Ashraf Charania, Catherine Matos, Richard Ames DECEMBER 1998 I. Proposal Summary The Georgia Tech team proposes a Business Plan for a technical concept which they have demonstrated in '97 and '98 NASA Microgravity flight-tests: Acoustic Shaping as a means of non- contact manufacturing in Space. Acoustic Shaping will offer flexible manufacturing of pressure vessels and precision-formed components using raw material obtained from moons and asteroids. The customers are the space-faring construction industry, as well as bio-engineering companies of the 21st century. Material from lunar and asteroid-based mines will be shipped to manufacturing facilities in Earth and Mars orbit. Finished products will be delivered using aerodynamic decelerators to customers on planetary surfaces, or used in the construction of space station modules and vehicles for other missions. By reducing the cost of manufactured components to a fraction of the cost of Earth-built or machined components, ASI will provide an enabling resource for human exploration of the Solar system. A systematic Implementation Plan is laid out to develop ASI as the aerospace construction industry of the 21st century. From its already-demonstrated technical foundations, the Plan reaches out using the student team's projections of the evolving space industry. This Plan is used to convey a sampling of Georgia Tech's capabilities and interests in NASA's HEDS mission, across disciplines and levels. The team has won support from faculty research teams across the School of Aerospace Engineering, the Dupree College of Business and the GT-Emory School of Biomedical Engineering, each of which brings research and curricular capabilities to this mission. -
Report of Contributions
ICHEP 2010 Report of Contributions https://indico.cern.ch/e/ICHEP2010 ICHEP 2010 / Report of Contributions Accessing the properties of the ele … Contribution ID: 38 Type: Poster Accessing the properties of the elementary Higgs beyond perturbation theory The description of the Higgs in the standard model is gauge-dependent, as for any elementary particle in a gauge theory. To extract the mass or running couplings from the correlation functions therefore requires gauge-fixing. If non-perturbative effects become relevant, e.g. for a very heavy Higgs, due to the presence of (hadronic) bound-states, or strong physics at or beyond the TeV scale, this is complicated by the Gribov problem. The consequence of the Gribov problem is that perturbative gauge definitions become ambiguous. In Yang-Mills theory this ambiguity affects the correlation functions even qualitatively. Thus it has to be resolved to obtain unique results. This problem can be addressed using lattice gauge theory and continuum methods. Usinglattice gauge theory, a possible resolution of the ambiguity is presented. This yields that the ambiguous perturbative gauges become families of well-defined non-perturbative gauges. For scalar fields the propagator and gauge-boson-two-scalar interaction vertex are then presented for a particular non-perturbatively well-defined ‘t Hooft gauge. From these the properties of the scalar, likeits mass and the running coupling, are obtained. It is outlined how this procedure can be generalized to other and higher correlation functions, constructing -
Luna 27:RUSSIAN Remote LUNAR Observation EXPLORATION of Hydrogenmissions Subsurface (Down to 0.5 M) Distribution with Active Neutron and Gamma Spectrometers
RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS The vision of the Russian Space Agency on the robotic settlements in the Moon Maxim Litvak Space Research Institute Russian Academy of sciences page 1 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS History/Heritage Zond-3 photos of far side of the Moon Luna-9 Luna-16 with Lunokhod-1 first landing samples of regolith page 2 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS Main principles of Lunar Program page 3 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS 1. Lunar program shall include initial exploration/investigation stage to solve key, most important lunar tasks and to provide basis for following human exploration and utilization of lunar resources. 2. Lunar program shall be developed as a sequence of key projects/missions with increasing complexity where subsequent missions inherit and develop science results and technologies achieved in previous missions and projects. 3. Lunar program goals shall take into account current technology readiness level (including technologies developed by Soviet lunar program and other space agencies) and available funding resources. 4. Lunar Program shall start with robotic missions and continue with manned lunar missions, solving specific tasks at each stage to effectively approach strategic goal – human exploration of the Moon and creating long living lunar bases. 5. Lunar Program (primary goals) shall be based on national funding capabilities but allow and provides possibilities for close involvement of international cooperation. page 4 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS Main goals of Lunar Program page 5 RUSSIAN LUNAR EXPLORATION MISSIONS 1. NEW MOON SCIENCE . Origin and evolution . Polar regions and volatiles . Lunar exosphere and radiation environment. 2. NEW LUNAR TRANSPORT CAPABILITIES . To support robotic and human missions to lunar orbit and lunar surface. -
Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue : Technical Summary
MSC-03976 LMSC-A984262B JULY 15,1971 LUN..A..R 1Vl:ISSION S..A..FET-y ..A..ND RESCUE PREPARED FOR NATIONAL AERONAUTICS &SPACE ADMINISTRATION MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS CONTRACT NAS 9-10969 _ .. .... // .. ~ ~---·-_:. ·.. : -· :_:_. __ ;._· __ ._· ... ::. ·.--.:' ..:: -: .. ,' ·... -~ -=:-.}!· '..... ._ ... ::_::. · :' _ __ _.:_ .. _·:; : ....... -.. .- ·: :. .. _ .. · , .. I ·.' _~...,~- - ... ·-.· . ·.. ;- _-... _.·_ ·•·· .. ··•·••·· . ;~~ :., ~:···.·· .. ··· h .,·, .. >- ' ·.··· .· . ·.. ·. ~-~~\:, .•. #~?L ·. <____ , ;..,;.,_::·: _____ ............,. _____ -..;...--.....;....;·.· ·____- ... .;.......,..__----'--·--· :...;....·_:"'--_... :·· --· .___ .· ---'-"--~ TECHNICAL SUMMARY LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY A GllOUP D I VISION OF LO C KHEED AIR C RAfT CORPORATI O N SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION • SUNNYVALE, C ALIFORNIA MSC-03976 LMSC-A984262B Revision 1 LUNAR MISSION SAFETY AND RESCUE TECHNICAL SUMMARY i( Prepared for National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center Houston, Texas 77058 Under Contract NAS 9-10969 MSC DRL-T-591 Line Item 7 LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY ,) SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION P. O. BOX 504, SUNNYVALE, CALIF. 94088 Lunar Surface Features - Apollo 14 Mission iii LMSC-A984262B FOREWORD This report was prepared by the Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Sunnyvale, California, and presents a technical summary of results of the Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Study performed for the National Aeronautics and Space Admin istration, Manned Spacecraft Center, under Contract NAS 9-10969. This is one of the following four reports documenting the contract findings: MSC-03975, LMSC-A984262A, Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Executive Summary MSC-03976, LMSC-A984262B, Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Technical Summary MSC-03977, LMSC-A984262C, Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Hazards Analysis and Safety Requirements MSC-03978, LMSC-A984262D, Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Escape/Rescue Analysis and Plan v LMSC-A984262B ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Lunar Mission Safety and Rescue Study was performed under the direction of Mr. -
Telescope Clarity Phase
Durham E-Theses Atmospheric Cerenkov astronomy of cataclysmic variables & other potential gamma ray sources Bradbury, Stella Marie How to cite: Bradbury, Stella Marie (1993) Atmospheric Cerenkov astronomy of cataclysmic variables & other potential gamma ray sources, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5632/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Atmospheric Cerenkov Astronomy of Cataclysmic Variables & Other Potential Gamma Ray Sources by Stella Marie Bradbury, B.Sc. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be pubhshed without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted to the University of Durham in accordance with the regulations for admittance to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics November 1993 University of Durham 2 2 FEB m ABSTRACT Recent developments in the application of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique to 7-ray astronomy are reviewed here.