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Rwandan Military and Reconciliation Processes

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Rwandan Military and Reconciliation Processes COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (CASS) CENTRE FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, CCM RWANDAN MILITARY AND RECONCILIATION PROCESSES: FROM THE PERIOD OF 1999 TO DATE A Thesis submitted to the University of Rwanda in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master’s degree in Peace Studies and Conflict Transformation Presented by MUTABAZI Sam (Reg. No: 215030267) Supervisor: ASSOCIATE PROF. CHARLES MULINDA KABWETE Kigali, March 2021 DECLARATION I, Sam MUTABAZI, hereby declare that this Thesis is my own and original work, that has not been submitted previously for any degree to any other university. Signature……............. Date: ..../..../2021 ii CENTER FOR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AUTHORISATION TO SUBMIT THE CORRECTED DISSERTATION I, undersigned, Dr Aggée Shyaka Mugabe, member of the panel of examiners of the dissertation done by Sam Mutabazi, entitled: RWANDAN MILITARY AND RECONCILIATION PROCESSES: FROM THE PERIOD OF 1999 TO DATE Hereby testify that, he successfully entered the suggested corrections by the panel of examiners and stands with authorization to submit required copies to the administration of CCM for administrative purpose. Done at Kigali Date:…../….…./2021 Signature of the examiner: For Administration of the CCM MA Program: Name, Signature Email: [email protected] P.O Box 4285 Kigali, Rwanda www.ur.ac.rw iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to express my gratitude to my parents and my cousin George Rumanzi for their assistance that lead me to get the opportunity of education. I would also like to thank my Supervisor, Associate Professor Charles Mulinda Kabwete, for his advice and guidance that made me work hard to come up with a thesis like this. I express my profound gratitude to the Rwanda Defence Force, to the Rwanda Demobilization and Re-integration Commission, to the leadership of Nyarugenge and Kicucukiro districts, and to the Rwanda National Unity and Reconciliation Commission for working with me in data collection phase. My sincere recognition goes to Maj. General Ferdinand Safari and Rtd Lt. Col. Ndore Rulinda for their advice, guidance and friendship throughout the duration of this study. I thank also, those who accepted to participate in this research because without their views this thesis would not be completed. Mutabazi Sam iv Dedication To my Parents, To my relatives and friends To my classmates in MA program at CCM I dedicate this thesis v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACOS: Army Chief of Staff ANC: African National Congress AR2: Amnesty, Reconciliation and Reintegration AUO: African Unity Organization BNK: Basic Needs Kits CNRD: Conseil National pour le Renouveau et la Démocratie DDR: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration FAR: Forces Armées Rwandaises FDLR: Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda ICJ: International Court of Justice ICTR: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MISIC: Millenium Savings and Investment Cooperative MMI: Military Medical Insurance MRND: Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement NRA: National Resistance Army NURC: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission PAC: Pan Africanist Congress PDO: Pre-discharge Orientation Program PSO: Peace Support Operations RDF: Rwanda Defence Force RDRC: Rwanda Demobilization and Re-integration Commission RG: Reintegration Grant. RPA: Rwanda Patriotic Army RPF: Rwandan Patriotic Front SADF: South African Defense Force SAP: South African Police UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees vi ABSTRACT The present dissertation is on the role of the military in the processes of unity and reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda. It focuses on the participation of the military in the activities intended to foster unity and reconciliation starting with the implementation of the doctrine of the Rwanda Defense Force. The study highlights how the military as an institution was involved in the promotion of reconciliation, and how the military as staff members of that institution have promoted directly and indirectly the reconciliation of the Rwandans. The research is based on the qualitative methods and the data were collected through interview guides. They were interpreted by grouping them in themes. The interviews were conducted with 34 persons including senior military officers, the demobilized soldiers and combatants, the genocide survivors and perpetrators in order to have their views on the role of the military in the whole process of reconciliation. The findings show that the military role started with the reintegration of ex-combatants and former government's force, ex-FAR. This has set an example to the rest of the population and brought them to understand that reconciliation is possible, because it happened within the former enemies, meaning the belligerents during the liberation war that stopped the genocide against the Tutsi. This was done in line with the good civil-military relations based on the spirit that the military as part of the Rwandan institutions is concerned by the social problems that may undermine the efforts to consolidate peace and security. Keywords: military, post-genocide reconciliation, civil-military relations theories vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii Authorisation letter from Center For Conflict Management……………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ iv Dedication ..................................................................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... viii 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................... 8 This research has three specific objectives and one main objective as detailed in this section. ................. 8 1.3.1 Main objective .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES.................................................................................................................... 9 1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 9 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ...................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS ......................... 11 2. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Post-Conflict Reconciliation ............................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Post-Genocide Reconciliation ............................................................................................................ 12 viii 2.2.3 The Military ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.3. THEORIES OF THE MILITARY................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Theories of Military interventions in Politics ..................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 The Civil-Military Relations theories .................................................................................................. 18 2.4. THEORIES OF RECONCILIATION PROCESSES ........................................................................................ 21 2.4.1 Religious theory .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2 Anthropological theory ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Social Identity and Self-categorization
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