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Assessing the Contribution of Military in Peace Building in Africa: Case Study Rwanda (1994-2016)

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Assessing the Contribution of Military in Peace Building in Africa: Case Study Rwanda (1994-2016) UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MILITARY IN PEACE BUILDING IN AFRICA: CASE STUDY RWANDA (1994-2016) MPAGAZE Anthony Baguma Reg. No: R47/8917/2017 SUPERVISOR: Col (Dr) Steven HANDA RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN STRATEGIC STUDIES. DECEMBER 2018 DECLARATION This research project is my own original work and it has never been presented for examination in any other university or any other award. All materials from other sources have been acknowledged appropriately. Name: MPAGAZE Anthony BAGUMA Registration No: R47/8917/2017 Signature: ___________________________ Date: ___________________________ The project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the University Supervisor. Name: Dr Steven HANDA Signature: ___________________________Date: _____________________________ i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents for their guidance ever since my childhood which became a strong base that propelled me to undertake this academic journey. My success is built on the foundation you gave me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank God for the gift of life given into me throughout this course. Secondly I wish to pay special tribute to my family especially my wife Susan Asiimwe and our children, Nyemina Jordan, Beza Georgia and Mpagaze Josh for their understanding, sacrifice, perseverance, patience and moral support given to me during the course. I pledge to dedicate more time to them in the future. I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Steven HANDA without his intellectual guidance and support it would have been difficult to complete this task. My intellectual acknowledgement goes to all my lecturers, entire staff of Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS) and Defence Staff College (DSC) Karen, my fellow students and colleagues for their intellectual encouragement and support extended to me throughout my course. Lastly, my grateful thanks go to the management and staff of Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF) for their maximum cooperation during my research work at the institution. You have all been there for me. iii ABSTRACT The contribution of the military in peace-building in Rwanda is the best indicator of how the army plays an important role in nurturing peace within states. The aim of this project was to assess the role of Rwandan Defence Forces (RDF) in the peace-building process in Rwanda following a protracted period of war. Theoretical framework was based on “peace-building and human security: a constructivist perspective” which is a theory of peace-building that revolves around the attainment of human security at the structural-cultural, personal and institutional levels. The contribution of military in peace-building in Rwanda was evaluated along the basic tenets of this theory. The findings of this study affirmed the existence of a multifaceted peace- building strategy by the RDF in Rwanda that has led to the attainment of peace, stability, tolerance and economic development. The recommendations given included the enactment of laws towards uprooting the genocide ideology, addressing any form of inequality in Rwanda and developing proper structures of governance which includes proper measures to address increasing youth unemployment. These enhancements will increase the success of peace- building efforts in Rwanda. iv Table of Contents DECLARATION............................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... iv ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 1.0 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectives of Research ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 General Objective .............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Justifications ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.4.1 Academic Justification ...................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Policy Justification ............................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.1 The rationale and nature of peace building activities conducted by Rwanda Military between 1994 - 2016................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.2 The extent to which military has contributed to peace building in Rwanda between 1994 – 2016 ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.5.3 The Challenges faced by Rwandan Military in the peace building process between 1994 - 2016 ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.6 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.7.1 Research Design .............................................................................................................. 13 1.7.4 Data Collection Methods ................................................................................................. 14 1.7.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 14 1.7.6 Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.8 Chapter Outline ...................................................................................................................... 15 v CHAPTER TWO: THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN PEACE-BUILDING ......................17 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 The General Contribution of the Military in Building Peace ................................................. 18 2.3 The role of military in peace-building in Africa .................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Safeguarding Sustainable Development .......................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Economic Development .................................................................................................. 22 2.3.3 Healthcare ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.4 Increasing Stability .......................................................................................................... 23 2.4 The Role of the Military in Building Cohesion and Transitioning a Country to Stability ..... 24 2.4.1 Maintaining National Security ......................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Integration ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.4.3 Protecting Civil Rights .................................................................................................... 26 2.4.4 Respecting Civilian Authority ......................................................................................... 27 2.5 The Role of the Military in Peace-building in East Africa .................................................... 28 2.5.1 Peace-Building through Sports ........................................................................................ 28 2.5.2 Remaining Neutral ........................................................................................................... 29 2.6 The Strategies of Peace Building ........................................................................................... 30 2.6.1 Guaranteeing National Security ......................................................................................
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