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Abampere (Ab-AM-Peer)—The Cgs Electromagnetic Unit of Electric Current Equivalent to 10 Amperes

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HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 1 A AA B abampere (ab-AM-peer)—the cgs electromagnetic unit of electric current equivalent to 10 amperes. abdomen (AB-duh-men)—the belly; the cavity in the body between the thorax and the pelvis that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, and kidneys. abducent (ab-DOOS-int)—drawing away from, as muscles draw away. abducent nerve (ab-DOOS-int NURV)—either of the six cranial nerves; small motor nerves supplying the external rectus muscle of the eye. abductor (ab-DUK-tur)—muscles that separate the fingers. Opposite of adductor. abductor hallucis (ab-DUK-tor huh-LOO-sis)—a muscle of the great toe. ability (uh-BIL-ih-tee)—the quality or state of being able to perform. abiogenesis (ay-by-oh-JEN-uh-sus)—the generating or springing up of living from nonliving matter; spontaneous generation. abiosis (ab-ee-OH-sis)—absence of life. abirritant (ab-IHR-uh-tant)—a soothing agent that relieves irritation. abnormal (ab-NOR-mul)—irregular; contrary to the natural law or customary order. abnormality (ab-nor-MAL-ih-tee)—the state or condition of being ab- normal or unusual. abohm (ab-OHM)—the cgs electromagnetic unit of resistance equal to one millionth of an ohm. aboral (ah-BOHR-ul)—located or situated opposite to or away from the mouth. abrade (uh-BRAYD)—to remove or roughen by friction or rubbing. 1 HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 2 2 abrasion abrasion (uh-BRAY-zhun)—scraping of the skin; excoriation; rubbing A or wearing off of the surface; an irritation; a scraped or B scratched area of the skin. abrasive (uh-BRAY-siv)—a substance used for smoothing, as in der- mabrasion when sanding or brushing the skin. abreast (uh-BREST)—in line with; side by side with; up to the mark. abruption (uh-BRUB-shun)—a sudden breaking off. abscess (AB-ses)—a collection or pocket of pus in any part of the body, characterized by dead tissue and inflammation. absolute (ab-suh-LOOT)—pure, as a liquid; perfect; beyond a doubt. absorb (ab-SORB)—to take in and make part of an existing whole; to suck up or take up as a towel absorbing water. absorbefacient (ab-sor-buh-FAY-shent)—substance or agent causing or promoting absorption. absorbent (ub-SOR-bunt)—able to absorb. absorption (ub-SORP-shun)—assimilation of one body by another; act of absorbing; the process whereby digested nutrients are transferred from the intestines to the blood and lymph, and are trans- ported to the cells. abstract design (AB-strakt dih-ZYN)—cosme- tology; a hairstyle with broken lines, planned to give a casual, relaxed effect; informal hairstyle. abstract design abundance (uh-BUN-dens)—ample or plentiful quantity. abuse (uh-BYOOS)—to misuse; to use improperly. academic (ak-uh-DEM-ik)—pertaining to an academy, school, college, or university; scholarly. acanthosis (ak-an-THOH-sis)—altered skin metabolism that can pro- duce thickening of the stratum spinosum. acariasis (ak-uh-RY-uh-sus)—any condition, usually dermatitis, caused by an acarid (tick or mite). HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 3 acentric 3 acarid (AK-uh-rud)—any of an order of arachnids including mites and ticks. A accelerate (ak-SELL-uh-rayt)—increase speed; hasten action. B accelerating machine (ak-SELL-uh-rayt-ing ma-SHEEN)—used to re- duce the processing time for lightening and tinting hair. The ma- chine accelerates the molecular movement of chemicals in the color so that they work much faster. acceleration (ak-SELL-uh-ray-shun)—an increase in speed; the process of moving or developing faster. accelerator (ak-SELL-uh-rayt-ur)—any agent that hastens or quickens action. See activator. accent (AK-sent)—to give special force or emphasis to; to highlight or give added color tone. accent color (AK-sent KUH-lur)—See color additive. accentuate (ak-SEN-choo-ayt)—to emphasize; to heighten effect; in makeup, to emphasize the features of the face. accessory (ak-SESS-uh-ree)—a person or item that aids subordinately or assists; something added. accessory nerve (ak-SESS-uh-ree NURV)—spinal accessory nerve; eleventh cranial nerve; affects the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck. accidental (ak-sih-DEN-tul)—happening by chance; not planned. acclimate (AK-luh-mayt)—to adapt or become adapted to environ- ment, climate, or situation. accord (uh-KORD)—agreement or harmony. accreditation (uh-kred-ih-TAY-shun)—the granting of approval and status to an institution by an accrediting body after its creden- tials are approved. accretion (uh-KREE-shun)—growth or increase by external additions; something added; accumulation. acellular (ay-SEL-yuh-lur)—containing no cells. acentric (ay-SEN-trik)—off center; not centered; not arising centrally as from a nerve center. HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 4 4 acetic A acetic (uh-SEET-ik)—pertaining to vinegar; sour. acetic acid (uh-SEET-ik AS-ud)—a colorless, pungent, liquid; the chief B acid of vinegar. acetone (AS-uh-tohn)—a colorless, inflammable liquid, miscible with water, alcohol, and ether, and having a sweetish order or burn- ing taste; used as a solvent. acetyl (uh-SEET-ul)—pertaining to that which is derived from acetic acid and found in compounds. acetylated (uh-SEET-ul-ayt-ed)—any organic compound that has been heated with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride to remove water. acetylated lanolin (uh-SEET-ul-ayt-ed LAN-ul-un)—lanolin treated to be water resistant; used in cosmetics to reduce water loss from the skin; an emollient. acetylcholine (uh-SEET-ul-koh-leen)—the acetic acid ester of choline, a constituent of many body tissues; used in treatment of some diseases and for lowering blood pressure; a neurotransmitter that plays a role in muscle contraction. ache (AYK)—a dull, distressing, and often persistent pain. Achilles heel (uh-KIL-eez HEEL)—calcaneal tendon; a tender or vul- nerable spot associated with the Achilles tendon which joins the muscles of the calf of the leg to the bone of the heel; named for the Greek hero Achilles. achromasia (ak-roh-MAY-zhuh)—a condition such as albinism or vi- tiligo in which there is loss of normal color or lack of melanin in the skin. acid (AS-ud)—having a sour taste; an aqueous (water-based) solu- tion; having a pH number below 7.0; the opposite of an alkali or base. Compounds of hydrogen, a nonmetal, and sometimes oxy- gen that release hydrogen into a solution. acid balanced (AS-ud BAL-anst)—describes a product with a stabilized pH level; commonly used to refer to products such as shampoos and conditioners balanced to the pH of skin and hair (4.5 to 5.5). acidic (uh-SID-ik)—containing a high percentage of acid; having properties of an acid. HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 5 acne cystica 5 acidify (uh-SID-ih-fy)—to change into an acid; to lower the degree of alkalinity. A acid mantle (AS-ud MAN-tul)—the natural acidity of the skin or hair B that helps retard irritation or bacterial growth. acidosis (as-ih-DOH-sus)—a condition in which there is an excess of acid products in the blood or excreted into the urine. acid peel (AS-ud PEEL)—a skin-peeling treatment or process using a diluted acidic substance. acid rinse (AS-ud RINS)—a solution or emulsion that has acidic prop- erties such as lemon juice; commonly used to close the cuticle of the hair after shampooing or chemical services. acidulate (uh-SIJ-oo-layt)—to make acidic; to sour. acid wave (AS-ud WAYV)—permanent wave with lotion that has a pH of 7.0 or below, and requires heat or another form of activa- tor to speed processing. acne (AK-nee)—a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflamma- tion of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions; related to sebaceous overactivity and hormonal changes. acne albida (AK-nee AL-bih-duh)—milium; whitehead. acne artificialis (AK-nee ar-tih-fish AL-is)—papular eruptions caused by external irritants such as tar or drugs administered internally such as iodine. acne atrophica (AK-nee uh-TRO-Fih-kuh)—acne in which the lesions leave a slight amount of scarring. acne cachecticorum (AK-nee kah-KEK-tih-kor-um)—pimples that some- times occur when anemia or some debilitating constitutional dis- ease is present. acne conglobata (AK-nee kon-gloh-BAY-tuh)—a severe and stubborn form of acne that usually affects the back, buttocks, face, and sometimes the thighs; often causes scarring. acne cream (AK-nee KREEM)—a facial cream containing medicinal substances or agents used in the treatment of acne. acne cystica (AK-nee SIS-tih-kuh)—a form of acne with cysts. HEAVA1p.qxd 7/16/1 9:59 AM Page 6 6 acne hypertrophica acne hypertrophica (AK-nee hy-pur-TRAHF-ih-kuh)—pimples in which A the lesions on healing leave conspicuous pits and scars. B acne indurata (AK-nee in-dyoo-RAH-tuh)—deeply seated pimples with hard tubercular lesions or papules occurring chiefly on the back. acne keratosa (AK-nee kair-uh-TOH-sa)—an eruption of papules con- sisting of horny plugs projecting from the hair follicles, accom- panied by inflammation. acne miliaris (AK-nee mil-ee-AIR-us)—a condition marked by exces- sive whiteheads (milia). acne pits (AK-nee PITS)—pit-like scars produced by acne. acne punctata (AK-nee punk-TAH-tuh)—acne that appears as red papules in which blackheads are usually found.
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  • Magnetic Units

    Magnetic Units

    Magnetic Units Magnetic poles, moments and magnetic dipoles The famous inverse square force law between two poles p1 and p2 separated by a distance r was discovered by the English scientist John Michell (1750), and the French scientist Charles Coulomb (1785): In the cgs (electromagnetic) system, k = 1, and the interaction force between two poles each of unit strength (in emu) separated by 1 cm is equal to 1 dyne. Alternatively, one can visualize this force as an interaction force between the pole p0 and the field H produced by another other pole of strength p: Therefore, the field produced by p at the location of p0 a distance r away is given by: The unit of the magnetic field, the Oersted (Oe), is defined as the strength of the field produced by a unit pole at a point 1 cm away (by eq. 3). Alternatively, it is the strength of the field which exerts a force of 1 dyne of a unit pole (by eq. 2). Faraday’s representation Michael Faraday represented the field strength in terms of “lines of force” (1 line of force = 1 maxwell (= 1 Mx)). In this representation, the field strength is defined as the number of lines of force passing through a unit area normal to the field. Therefore: 1 Oe = 1 line of force/cm2 = 1 Mx/cm2 (4) A bar magnet has a magnetic moment given in terms of the pole strength and length of the magnet by: The unit of the magnetic moment in cgs system is emu = erg/Oe. It is worth mentioning that the magnetic pole does not exist, neither can the distance between the two poles be determined accurately due to non-localization of the pole.
  • The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For

    The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For

    NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v