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THE EFFECTS of the 1992 EL Nlho on the FISHERIES of BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO M

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THE EFFECTS of the 1992 EL Nlho on the FISHERIES of BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO M HAMMANN ET AL.: 1992 EL NIQO AND BAJA CALIFORNIA FISHERIES CalCOFl Rep., Vol. 36, 1995 THE EFFECTS OF THE 1992 EL NlhO ON THE FISHERIES OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO M. GREGORY HAMMA"* JULIO SAID PALLEIRO NAYAR OSCAR SOSA NISHIZAKI Centro de Investigacidn Cientifica y de Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Centro de Investigacidn Cientifica y de Educaci6n Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras (1"-CRIP) Educacidn Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Apartado Postal 2732 Ensenada, Baja Cahfomia Apartado Postal 2732 Km. 107 Cam. Tijuana-Ensenada Mixico Km. 107 Cam. Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada, Baja California, 22800 Ensenada, Baja Cahfomia, 22800 Mixico Mixico *Address all correspondence to M. Gregory Hammann, CICESE, P.O. Box 434844, San Ysidro, CA 92143. Fax (011+526) 174-51-54. ABSTRACT 231,319 MT, or 15.6% of the total Mexican production, The 1992 El Niiio affected the landings and distri- and second only to the state of Sonora (25.4%; Anony- bution of several commercial and sport fisheries of Baja mous 1992). The most important species in the total California, Mexico. Pacific mackerel, yellowtail, sword- landings were yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), skip- fish, and giant squid showed clear changes in seasonal- jack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis), giant kelp (Macrocystis ity (early fishing seasons). Increased landings of tropical pyrifera), Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Pacific roosterfish, dolphin, and marlin were reported in the sardine (Sardinops sagax cueruleus), and red sea urchin recreational fisheries. Increased landings of northern an- (Strongylocentrotusjansiscanus). The tuna species, how- chovy and Pacific mackerel, and decreased landings of ever, are mostly caught in waters south of state limits. yellowtail and swordfish in Baja California waters may The western coast of Baja California is part of the have been due to changes in availability under warm El California Current system. In this system an association Niiio conditions. between the California Current and prevaihng northerly winds produces upwelling along the U.S. Pacific coast, INTRODUCTION from the Canadian border to Baja California and be- The state of Baja California is located in the north- yond (Mann and Lazier 1991). Upwehng off the Pacific western part of Mexico (figure 1). Its fisheries exploit shore of the Baja California peninsula is strongest dur- resources from the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of ing spring and summer on the southern sides of land California. In 1991, landings in Baja California were extensions (Hubbs and Roden 1964). The fish fauna of the California Current changes dra- matically under El Niiio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) I --- conditions (Hayward 1993). Pearcy and Schoener (1987) reported that the very strong 1982-83 El Niiio was im- plicated in northern range extensions and shifts in population dstributions of many species of marine orga- nisms from Oregon to Alaska during 1983. Radovich (1960) discussed the redistribution of fishes during the 1957-58 El Niiio event. In the North Pacific basin as a whole, an ENSO episode has been associated with a counterclockwise range extension; many species have been reported far- ther north than usual on the west coast of North America, and farther south than usual on the coast of Japan (Mann and Lazier 1991). These changes in distribution, espe- cially for the southern species typically found in warm waters, are presumably due to a combination of advec- tion and a changed habitat structure (Hayward 1993). For some fisheries, especially pelagic fisheries, El Niiio can be catastrophic (Cushing 1982; Smith 1985). But warm periods benefit commercial and recreational fish- eries for some species off southern California. During El Niiio condtions, subtropical and tropical species such 1 L," as yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis), California barracuda 1170 1160 1150 1140 1130 1120 (Sarda Figure 1. Map of Baja California, Mexico, showing the locations of the fish- (Sphyraena argentea), Pacific bonito chiliensis), ery offices for catch reporting. skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, and dolphin (Corphaena 127 HAMMANN ET AL.: 1992 EL NIQO AND BNA CALIFORNIA FISHERIES CalCOFl Rep., Vol. 36, 1995 hippunrs) become more available to northern fisheries database, and may differ from the official reports in FA0 (Radovich 1960; Squires 1987). and Mexican fisheries yearbooks because they may not Although the 1983-84 El Niiio event was character- have used the same criteria for data correction from ized as the strongest of the century (Norton et al. 1985), monthly records, or the same common name-species the period from 1991 to 1993 was one of the longest name equivalencies. It was clear that errors due to changes continuously warm episodes recorded, and was only the in common name from one region to another increase third time during the 1900s that mature ENS0 condi- when data summary is carried out far from the geo- tions were observed in consecutive winter and spring graphic region where fish are landed (for example, seasons; previous periods were 1911-13 and 1939-41 Mexico City or Rome). Furthermore, for yearbooks, (Bell and Halpert 1995). landings are converted to live weight; in this paper we Earlier workers focused on El Niiio effects on the dis- report landed weight. tribution of fish in the California Current north of the Qualitative data from the sport fisheries at Ensenada U.S.-Mexico border. In this paper we review and sum- were collected through interviews with four vessel op- marize the monthly landings data reported from differ- erators and two seamen who move between the twelve ent fisheries in the state of Baja California, Mexico, from vessels of the Ensenada sport fleet. Raw data sheets for 1984 to 1993, and use changes in monthly and annual commercial landings were reviewed to find tropical species landings to qualitatively examine how the 1992 El Niiio that may have been specified as “others” in the data sum- may have affected resource availability in time and space. mary sheets and files. We reviewed the monthly landings during 1984-93 METHODS AND MATERIALS to investigate the possibility of changes in seasonality. Daily surface temperature data from Scripps Pier, The monthly time series for several species had large La Jolla, Calif. (32”52.0‘N, 117’15.5‘W) were analyzed gaps, which made seasonal analysis impossible. For 1992 for 1980-93 to represent the development and relax- no landings were reported for the California barracuda ation of El Niiio near the Baja California coast. Monthly (Sphyraena avgentea), and although an El Niiio effect on means were calculated, and the monthly time series this species has been reported in other works, analysis was adjusted for seasonality; a smoothed trend cycle was was not possible. Species regulated with strict fishing sea- determined with a Henderson curve moving average sons were also not analyzed (e.g., lobsters, sea urchin, (Statsoft 1994). abalone). Monthly commercial landing records for Baja Calhornia Fishing effort data were not available, so we were un- during 1984 and 1993 were reviewed from logbooks, able to estimate catch per unit of effort as an index of inspection sheets, and data files maintained at the Baja relative abundance. California Fisheries Delegation of the ex-Secretary of Fisheries (Ave. Lopez Mateus, Ensenada, Baja California). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Monthly data for previous years were not available. Figure 2 shows the seasonally adjusted time series of Commercial vessels are required to keep a fishing log monthly average SST at Scripps Pier, and the final and inform the local fisheries office of their landings. Henderson curve trend cycle. Although SST off Baja Inspectors also collect information from small-boat oper- and southern California did not warm as much as dur- ators who fish along the coast. ing the 1983-84 El Niiio event, the 1992 El Niiio was Official fisheries offices are at Tijuana (0.08% total state landings during 1984-93), Ensenada (94.58%), El Rosario (1.81%), and Isla de Cedros (2.27%) on the Pacific coast, and at Mexicah (0.12%), San Felipe (0.85%), and Bahia de Los Angeles (0.29%) in the Gulf of California 20 I (figure 1). We did not include data from Tijuana and Mexicah in our study because those reports include fi-esh- water species and fish landed but not reported at the 8 b- other offices; we do not expect this to produce a sig- v) nificant bias in the data. v) We examined the database for inconsistencies in com- 1v I mon names and in data reporting. For example, in some 151 y I years, it was clear that certain sport species were not re- 14 198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994 ported officially at all, but the sport fisheries logbooks Year did record catches. Our annual data are based on the Figure 2. Mean monthly SST at Scripps Pier, La Jolla, Calif., adjusted for sum of the corrected monthly data in our combined seasonality. The heavy heis the Henderson curve final trend cycle 128 HAMMANN ET AL.: 1992 EL NIQO AND BAJA CALIFORNIA FISHERIES CalCOFl Rep., Vol. 36, 1995 During 1992, the landings of several species increased while others decreased, as occurs each year, and few patterns with El Niiio were found. This may be partly due to the shortness of the time series relative to the oc- Mackerel currence of an El Niiio event, and to the lack of effort -raciric ”’ ai- krdine 18% 20% data. Monthly data for previous years were not available. II 1 \ Skipjack 6% Table 1 shows the yearly landings from 1984 to 1993 for ‘’4 13 selected species, in alphabetical order. Species with Increased Landings The landings of giant kelp (“sargazo”; Mucrosystis pyrijiru) surprisingly increased during 1992, although it is known that this cold-water species can be severely affected by El Niiio (Dayton and Tegner 1990). Kelp landings decreased during 1984 and 1987, suggesting an El Niiio effect not observed during 1992.
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