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Seriola Lalandi Dorsalis), Technological Advances Towards the Development of the Aquaculture Sector

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Seriola Lalandi Dorsalis), Technological Advances Towards the Development of the Aquaculture Sector Quantifying Digestion in California Yellowtail (Seriola lalandi dorsalis), Technological Advances Towards the Development of the Aquaculture Sector The Graduate Division The University of Hawai‘i at Hilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science: Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Hilo, Hawai’i December 2016 By: George Rod Parish IV Thesis Committee: Armando Garciaa Charles Farwellbc Luke Gardnerbd Kevin Hopkinsa Barbara Blockbd a Pacific Aquaculture & Coastal Resources Center, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 1079 Kalanianaole Ave., Hilo, HI 96720, United States b Tuna Research and Conservation Center, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA c Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA d Biology Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv List Of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vi List Of Tables .................................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 I. Yellowtail Biology and Aquaculture .................................................................................... 1 A. Yellowtail Physical Traits and Taxonomy ......................................................................... 1 B. Distribution and Movement Patterns in a Natural Setting .............................................. 2 C. Yellowtail Aquaculture ..................................................................................................... 4 II. The Necessity For A New Source Of Fish ............................................................................ 7 III. A Movement Towards The Ocean ...................................................................................... 8 IV. Respirometry: A Tool for Aquaculture .............................................................................. 10 V. Primary Objectives for this Study ..................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Postprandial Metabolic Response Of California Yellowtail (S. lalandi dorsalis) Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 13 VI. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 14 A. Metabolism in Aquatic Animals ..................................................................................... 14 B. Calorimetry as a Means to Calculate Energy Budget ..................................................... 15 C. Specific Dynamic Action ................................................................................................. 17 VII. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 19 A. Experimental Fish ........................................................................................................... 19 B. Swim Tunnel Characteristics .......................................................................................... 20 C. Swim Tunnel Calculations .............................................................................................. 24 D. Experimental Design ...................................................................................................... 25 E. Nutritional Analysis of a Sardine Flesh Meal.................................................................. 27 F. Calculation of Meal and Respiration Energy .................................................................. 28 VIII. Results ............................................................................................................................ 29 A. SDA Metrics .................................................................................................................... 29 B. Measured Respirometry Values ..................................................................................... 31 IX. Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 34 A. Baseline Metabolic Rate ................................................................................................. 34 i B. Overall Postprandial Response ...................................................................................... 37 C. SDA and SDACoefficient ....................................................................................................... 38 X. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 3: Influence of Feed Source On The Postprandial Metabolic Response Of California Yellowtail (S. lalandi dorsalis) In A 1,237 L Static Swim Respirometer ......................................... 42 I. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 42 II. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 44 A. Advances in Aquaculture Practices: Natural Feed items and Formulated Pellets ........ 44 B. Reduced Costs Associated with Feed Development: Defining the Mechanical Digestion of a Meal ................................................................................................................................ 45 C. Swim Speed and its Influence on Energy Expenditure................................................... 48 D. Importance of Fecal Output Collection and Characterization ....................................... 51 III. Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 53 A. Experimental Fish ........................................................................................................... 53 B. Primary Components of the Static Respirometer .......................................................... 53 C. Experimental Design Of The Study ................................................................................. 56 D. Nutritional Analysis: Calculating the Proximate Composition of Meal Types and Fecal Output .................................................................................................................................... 59 E. Fecal Collection Procedures and Storage ....................................................................... 61 F. Statistical Analyses ......................................................................................................... 63 IV. Results ............................................................................................................................... 65 A. Dietary Composition Analyses ....................................................................................... 65 B. Postprandial Metabolic Response .................................................................................. 65 C. Visual Documentation of Movement During Respirometry .......................................... 67 D. Fecal Proximate Composition as a Function of Meals Type .......................................... 68 V. Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 69 A. Metabolism .................................................................................................................... 69 B. Baseline Routine Metabolic Rate ................................................................................... 70 C. SDAMax, SDADuration, and Factorial Scope ......................................................................... 72 D. Protein and Lipid Contribution to Metabolic Response ................................................. 73 E. Variability in Metabolic Response from Meal Size and Structure ................................. 74 F. A Description of Routine Movement for Different Feed Types ..................................... 76 ii G. Digestibility of Various Feed Types ................................................................................ 79 VI. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 4: Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................................... 82 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 87 iii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank everyone who has shown their support and encouragement towards my education I’ve had the opportunity to work with some amazing people in a range of classroom, laboratory, and field settings. Each person has brought such a unique personality and wealth of expertise, I truly value everyone’s contribution to my studies. I would like to thank my committee members for taking the time
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