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Morphological Development of Embryo, Larvae and Juvenile in Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola Lalandi

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Morphological Development of Embryo, Larvae and Juvenile in Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola Lalandi Dev. Reprod. Vol. 20, No. 2, 131~140, June, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.12717/DR.2016.20.2.131 ISSN 2465-9525 (Print) ISSN 2465-9541 (Online) Morphological Development of Embryo, Larvae and Juvenile in Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi Sang Geun Yang1, Sang Woo Hur2, Seung Cheol Ji1, Sang Gu Lim1, Bong Seok Kim1, Minhwan Jeong1, Chi Hoon Lee2 and †Young-Don Lee2 1Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Jeju 63610, Korea 2Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Korea ABSTRACT : This study monitored the morphological development of embryo, larvae and juvenile yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, for their aquaculture. The fertilized eggs obtained by natural spawning were spherical shape and buoyant. Fertilized eggs were transparent and had one oil globule in the yolk, with an egg diameter of 1.35 ± 0.04 mm and an oil globule diameter of 0.32 ± 0.02 mm. The fertilized eggs hatched 67–75 h after fertilization in water at 20 ± 0.5°C. The total length (TL) of the hatched larvae was 3.62 ± 0.16 mm. During hatching, the larvae, with their mouth and anus not yet opened. The yolk was completely absorbed 3 days after hatching (DAH), while the TL of post-larvae was 4.72 ± 0.07 mm. At 40 DAH, the juveniles had grown to 30.44 ± 4.07 mm in TL, body depth increased, the body color changed to a black, yellow, and light gray-blue color, and 3–4 vertical stripes appeared. At 45 DAH, the juveniles were 38.67 ± 5.65 mm in TL and 10.10 ± 0.94 mm in body depth. The fish were green with a light orange color, with 7 faint green-brown stripes on the sides of their body. At 87 DAH, the juveniles had grown to 236.11 mm in TL, 217.68 mm in fork length, and 136.5 g in weight. The fish resembled their adult form, with a light yellow-green body color, loss of the pattern on the sides of their body, and a yellow coloration at the tip of the caudal fin. Key words : Yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, Fertilized egg, Larva, Juvenile INTRODUCTION States (Nakada, 2008). There are currently 4 known species of Seriola off the waters of Japan (Nakabo, 1993), of which There are 12 species of yellowtail (Seriola spp.) worldwide yellowtail, yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi), and greater amber- (family Carangidae, order Perciformes, subclass Actinopterygii) jack are farmed. Between 1979 and 1998, approximately (Nakada, 2008). There are 3 known species of Seriola 150,000 tonnes of yellowtail were produced in Japan every inhabiting the coasts of South Korea: yellowtail kingfish (S. year, despite seed production for yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi), yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata), and greater amberjack lalandi) still being under development (Nakada, 2000; (S. dumerili) (Kim et al., 2001). Yellowtail kingfish (S. Nakada, 2002). Yellowtail farming in Australia and New lalandi) occur throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Zealand began in early 2000; seed production there is Oceans, and in waters surrounding Japan and the United currently in progress (Poortenaar et al., 2001). Yellowtail Manuscript received May 05, 2016, Received in revised form May 08, 2016, Accepted May 15, 2016 † Corresponding Author : Young-Don Lee, Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Korea. Tel. : +82-64-782-8922, Fax : +82-64- 783-6066, E-mail: [email protected] This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ⓒ Copyright an Official Journal of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology. All Rights Reserved. 131 SG Yang, SW Hur, SC Ji, SG Lim, BS Kim, M Jeong, CH Lee, Y-D Lee kingfish (S. lalandi) are diadromous, and have great value June, when the water temperature was 20.5°C. worldwide as a fish for cultivation and for the leisure fishing industry. They are spring-summer spawning fish, and the 2. Egg morphology and development greater amberjack shows oocytes from different stages of In order to observe the morphology of yellowtail kingfish ovary development, suggesting that they spawn multiple (S. lalandi) eggs, and the development processes in fertilized times during a single spawning period (Nakada, 2008). eggs, a pipette was used to collect 1 mL of fertilized eggs, Research has been conducted on embryo development which were retrieved immediately after natural spawning. of S. lalandi inhabiting the coasts of Australia and New These were moved to 2,000 mL beakers and managed in a Zealand (Moran et al., 2007b), as well as those inhabiting still water system in a tank heated by an Aquarium Heater the coasts of Japan (Fujita & Yogata, 1984). There has also Green Bio (BS-5000, Dong Woo Electronic). The water was been research into the growth of juvenile S. lalandi (Fujita changed twice daily, with 50% new filtered seawater. Aeration & Yogata, 1984), and the morphological development of was not performed. The water temperature during embryo the digestive tract in juveniles (Chen et al., 2006a, b). However, development was 20 ± 0.5°C. The time required for each the only research into developmental biology on yellowtail stage of development after fertilization was defined as the kingfish (S. lalandi) in South Korea has been a single study time when at least 80% of the developmental stage was on induction of maturation and spawning characteristics. complete. Mean values were recorded from 3 repetitions. This study aimed to explore developmental biological Observations were made using a stereoscopic dissection information for use in the rearing management of yello- microscope (Nikon, SMZ745T). wtail kingfish (S. lalandi) for seed production. To this end, we describe the development process in fertilized eggs, as well 3. Management of water quality and supply of feed as the growth, morphological development, and swimming for seed rearing characteristics of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi) For the rearing of yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi) seed, according to age after hatching. We also aimed to devise naturally spawned fertilized eggs were collected and reared methods for the management of seed rearing. in an indoor tank (5.5 m × 5.0 m × 1.3m, capacity 27.5 m3) at the Future Aquaculture Research Center, National MATERIALS AND METHODS Fisheries Research and Development Institute. Throughout the rearing period, the water temperature was maintained 1. Acquisition of fertilized eggs at 21.6 ± 1.0°C, while the salt content of the water was The yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi) used in this study 32.1 ± 0.7%. consisted of 59 individuals (6.1–14.9 kg), which had been Food supply during the juvenile rearing period was as caught from the wild off the coast of Jeju, South Korea. follows: from 2 DAH, the juveniles were supplied with They were subsequently raised in a concrete indoor tank rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) that had been cultured in (6.0 m × 6.0 m × 2.0 m, capacity 100 m3) at the Future concentrated Chlorella extract (Daesang, Korea) and enriched Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research for 8 hours with Bio DHA Marine Glos (Marineglos Co., and Development Institute in South Korea. The fertilized Japan). From 8 DAH, the juveniles were provided with eggs gathered were naturally spawned between early May Artemia nauplius that had been enriched with SELCO 2014, when the water temperature was 17.0°C, and mid- (INVE, Belgium) for 8 hours. From 12 DAH, the juveniles 132 Dev. Reprod. Vol. 20, No. 2 June, 2016 Morphological Development of Embryo, Larvae and Juvenile in Yellowtail Kingfish were provided with an initial mixed particulate feed, with study were slightly larger, at 1.388 ± 0.041 mm and 0.378 the size of the feed increasing sequentially. Finally, from ± 0.029 mm, respectively. The egg diameter and oil globule 25 DAH, the juveniles were supplied with striped beakfish diameter for S. lalandi in California were reported as 1.36 hatchlings (Oplegnathus fasciatus). ± 0.03 mm and 0.29 ± 0.02 mm in 2009, respectively, and as 1.40 ± 0.05 mm and 0.31 ± 0.05 mm in 2010 (Stuart & 4. Observing the morphological development of Drawbridge, 2012). Measurements for S. lalandi in New juveniles Zealand were 1.40 ± 0.04 mm and 0.31 ± 0.01 mm (Moran The morphological development of juveniles was observed et al, 2007a, b). In the present study, the egg diameter for S. and measured to a precision of 0.01 mm using a stereoscopic lalandi in Korea can be considered similar to the California or dissecting microscope (Nikon, Nikon, SMZ 745T) and a pro- the New Zealand yellowtail kingfish (S. lalandi), but the file projector (PJ300, Mitutoyo). Immediately after hatching, oil globule diameter tended to be slightly larger than those 5 individuals were collected at random each day and anesthe- species. tized using low temperatures and MS-222 Sandoz (Tricaine methanesulfonate). Stages of juvenile morphological deve- 2. Embryonic development lopment were distinguished according to Russell (1976). Fertilized eggs that had been induced by natural spawning (Fig. 1A) formed a blastodisc (1-cell stage) 40 min post- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION fertilization (p.f.) (Fig. 1B). This blastodisc divided to form the 2-cell stage at 1 h 12 min p.f. (Fig. 1C). The 4- Developmental biological information about the early cell stage was formed by cleavage at 1 h 46 min p.f. (Fig. life of fish, including the development of embryos and 1D), and reached the 8-cell stage by 2 h 25 min p.f. (Fig. juveniles, is an important factor in understanding the life 1E).
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