August/September 2001 NEWS Volume 10, No. 8 A Publication of The American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/apsnews

Keeping the Promise: Phys Rev Completes Online Archive The Physical Review be explored. The earliest volumes institutions and others to link to Online Archive or of the journals can be examined at APS publications, both current ma- PRL Gets a PROLA is now com- length, in detail and at ease. Histo- terial and PROLA. Authors are also plete: every paper in rians and biographers can track the free to mount their Physical Review New Face every journal that APS expansion of the knowledge of papers on their own sites. has published since physics that took place over the PROLA is composed of scanned 1893 (excepting the previous century in Physical Review. images of the printed journals, op- present and past three Research published in Physical Re- tical character recognition (OCR) years, which are held view by any particular author or material, and a searchable separately for current group or institution can be col- richly-tagged XML bibliographic subscribers) mounted lected and perused with a search database. Each year, another year online in a friendly, of PROLA and a second search of of this material is added to PROLA Bob Kelly/APS powerful, fully search- PROLA team at APS Editorial Office in Ridge, NY: Louise current content. Journalists can ac- from the current subscription con- able system. The project Bogan; Paul Dlug; Mark Doyle, Project Manager; Maxim cess physics Nobel Prize winning tent; 1997 was added in January took just under ten Gregoriev; Gerard Young; Rosemary Clark. papers when these have been pub- 2001, 1998 will be added in 2002 years from earliest con- lished in Physical Review, which is and so forth. Some ardent readers ception to reality. fragile tomes can get the rest they very often the case. Hyperlinked ci- of Physical Review feared that the PROLA functions primarily as an deserve, while the robust new tations (to LANL archive preprints online conversion and (in some infinitely more useful replacement PROLA versions beam out to re- and papers in journals of other cases) subsequent removal of older Starting in July Phys Rev for some 200 feet and 1,600,000 searchers’ and students’ desktops. publishers through CrossRef, in ad- hard copy journals from libraries Letters began featuring pictures on its cover. This is the pages of archival APS journals, the Because it held the copyrights for dition to APS) allow examination of meant the end of pleasant brows- July 2 issue, showing an image early volumes of which are dete- individual articles, APS was able to influences on significant papers, ing, but in fact, PROLA greatly of a Bose-Einstein condensate riorating. Librarians have bring the archive back to life and and forward citations show the facilitates casual perusal. By clicking after free expansion in a welcomed PROLA, noting that offer it to libraries and individuals impact that these papers had on fu- on the Browse button, readers can magnetic field gradient. Three Physical Review is one of the few in this durable form. ture research. A simple but access the complete Physical Review distinct components are observed corresponding to physics journals of whose older With the completion of PROLA, sophisticated, intuitive link man- collection from any location, at any different spin states. copies are still in active use. These additional uses for the archive can ager encourages authors, See PROLA on page 6

APS Journals, Services Receive High Movin’ On Up Marks From Members in Survey

The APS received high marks A snapshot of membership employment, 2001 for its member services in the lat- est membership survey. Physics Today, 2% 51% University, University Affiliated Research, online journals and meeting infor- Other Academe mation, lobbying and outreach 23% 24% Government, Federally Funded R & D

efforts, and APS News were among Mike Stephens/APS the most frequently cited benefits. Industry, Consulting, Self-Employed 51% 23% In the membership survey, 58% of physicists responding classified APS News as In terms of demographics, results 2% Other, Non-Profit, Medical Services “very valuable” to them, up dramatically from 39% five years ago. An additional indicate a shift back towards em- 24% 28% rated it “valuable”. Enjoying the good news are (l to r): Barrie Ripin, who ployment in basic research and was editor 1995-1999, and current staff members Alicia Chang, Jennifer academia among newer members, Ouellette, Richard M. Todaro and Alan Chodos. with increased representation of women and a higher percentage of future Web-based studies of mem- attracted by low dues for students retirees among the total APS mem- bership demographics. This is and recent graduates. In fact, most APS Selects 27 as 2001-2002 bership. supported by respondents, nearly members who joined in the last two Since 1990, the APS Committee half of whom said they preferred years are students, reflecting out- Minority Scholarship Recipients on Membership has conducted sur- to receive email notifications about reach efforts by the Society to attract veys of U.S. members every five APS programs and events over any more younger members to the APS. The APS has awarded Corpo- $2,000, which may be renewed years or so to monitor changes in other means. According to the current sur- rate Minority Scholarships to 27 once, and each renewal scholar- the membership and their profes- Demographically, among em- vey results, most members have students who are majoring or plan- ship consists of $3,000. sional concerns, in order to update ployed members, those who joined very positive responses about the ning to major in physics. Since its Corporate scholar Julian member services and benefits, and within the last two years are signifi- APS, with the majority of respon- inception in 1980, the program has Holder, a student at Poly Prep in to understand changes in member- cantly more likely to be doing basic dents finding membership dues helped more than 290 minority Brooklyn, New York, was drawn to ship demographics. This latest research, and slightly more likely reasonable. Physics Today contin- students pursue physics degrees. physics through a childhood fasci- survey was performed via the Web to work in academia than more se- ues to receive high marks from APS Nineteen new scholars and eight nation with how mechanical for the first time, and Roman nior APS members. The number of members, cited by virtually all re- renewal scholars were selected. devices such as airplanes worked, Czujko, Director of Employment retired members has doubled over spondents (96%) as a valuable Each new scholarship consists of See SCHOLARSHIP on page 3 and Education Statistics for the the last ten years. Employed mem- membership benefit. Other valued American Institute of Physics, re- bers with temporary visas has risen benefits among employed physi- ports that it performed to 7% of the total membership, cists and student members were HIGHLIGHTS comparably to paper surveys in the compared to 2% in 1996, while the online APS meetings information past. “Vigilance in updating email representation of women is up to (86%), APS online journals (79%), This Month in Zero Gravity addresses with the Web-based 9%, compared to 6% in 1996. and APS News (86%). In fact, APS Physics History Feline Physics questionnaire resulted in a remark- Most employed members recall News was rated much more highly 2 Faraday and Electromagnetism 5 able 45% response rate, joining the Society to keep up than the survey conducted five comparable to a 49% response rate with the community of physicists years ago, reflecting, among other in the 1996 paper survey,” he says. and breaking developments in things, editorial changes in graph- He believes that continuation of their fields. However, among stu- ics and style to increase readability frequent email updates will allow dent members, the majority were and visual appeal. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives See Member Commentary on page 3 See SURVEY on page 3 2 August/September 2001 NEWS

“Members in the Media” This Month in Physics History “We think we know most of what exists in our local neighborhood, and there September 4, 1821 and August 29, 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetism isn’t anything which is a good candidate for producing these enormously high- energy particles. So it’s a bit of a mystery where these are coming from.” —David Saltzberg, UCLA, on plans to use the moon as a high-energy neu- British scientist Michael Fara- experiments in his basement labora- trino detector, Space.com, May 14, 2001 day—the man who would tory at the Royal Institution which ✶✶✶ contribute so much to our under- culminated in his discovery of elec- “Pythagorean mathematics was based largely on deriving relations from standing of electricity and tromagnetic rotation—the principle whole numbers and using them to describe everything in the universe. To magnetism—had relatively humble behind the electric motor. the Pythagoreans, the world order was a number and therefore the gen- beginnings. He was born Septem- However, in the ensuing decade, eration of a world order was the same as the generation of a number.” ber 22, 1791 the son of a local Faraday’s opportunity for doing —Ian T. Durham, University of St. Andrews, on the origin of the cosmologies blacksmith in the area of London original research was severely cir- of Eddington, Dirac and Milne, Science News, May 26, 2001 now known as the Elephant and cumscribed, although he quickly ✶✶✶ Castle. He attended day school and became known as one of the out- “Imagine that you’re in a boat lost at sea. You know that there is an learned the rudiments of reading, standing scientific lecturers of his island nearby, but you can’t see it because it’s just beyond the horizon. writing and arithmetic, but never time. He liquefied chlorine in 1823 pursued a more formal education. and discovered benzene two years Now comes along a storm. Your boat starts to move up and down ran- http://www.iee.org.uk/publish/faraday/faraday1.html domly in response to the waves, so occasionally your boat is high enough Instead, at the age of 14, he was later, but he didn’t resume his work Michael Faraday for you to look over the horizon and see palm trees. You have now de- apprenticed as a bookbinder for on electromagnetism until August application in numerous small elec- tected, with the aid of the noise of the waves…the presence of this island.” seven years, during which he de- 1831, when Faraday began ten days tric generators. It took several years —Frank Moss, University of Missouri, St. Louis, on how noise can help detect veloped an interest in science, of intensive work which had a revo- for such generators to become ef- a signal, Discover Magazine, June 2001 particularly chemistry. lutionary impact. Ever since 1825, ✶✶✶ Faraday’s natural inquisitiveness he had been wondering whether an ficient, but by 1841 power-driven multipolar machines were em- “In this experiment, the pressure is the pressure oscillation that ac- led him to read extensively on natu- electric current passing through a ployed in Birmingham for the companies a sound wave. The experiment shows that helium can turn ral science and perform chemical conductor could induce an electric electroplating of copper articles, from the liquid state into the solid state very quickly, that is within one experiments, even building his own current in a neighboring conductor. th and by 1858 a generator for elec- oscillation of the sound which is one-millionth of a second.” electro-static machine. He also On August 29 , he succeeded in tric light had been installed in the —Humphrey Maris, Brown University, UPI, June 4, 2001 joined the City Philosophical Soci- accomplishing this with a six-inch di- ✶✶✶ ety in 1810, which was devoted to ameter iron ring, around which were North Foreland Lighthouse. During the remainder of the “…br oken new ground in the way we’re doing astronomy.” self-improvement in a group of wound five coils of copper wire. One 1830s, Faraday worked on devel- —Michael Turner, University of Chicago, on the discovery of the most distant young men who met every week to coil was connected to the voltaic pile oping his ideas on electricity, quasar yet by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Dallas Morning News, June 6, 2001 hear lectures on scientific topics and another to a galvanometer. The ✶✶✶ enunciating a new theory of elec- trochemical action from which “There is definitely a relationship there... If we can tighten that rela- were coined many words that are a tionship, it should be a useful tool.” staple of scientific research today: —Jim Lattimer, State University of New York at Stony Brook, on a plan to use electrode, electrolyte, anode, cath- a lead-208 nucleus as a surrogate for a neutron star, New Scientist, June 9, 2001 ✶✶✶ ode, and ion, to name a few. He also worked on a new theory of static “Physicists in particular have lost a lot of clout, and they’ve even lost a electricity and electrical induction lot of esteem in the public eye, and I think that’s reflected in the fact that which led him to reject the tradi- they’re now being more ignored in their advice.” tional view that electricity was an —David C. Cassidy, Hofstra University, on why the Bush administration imponderable fluid. Instead, he pays so little attention to scientists, New York Times, June 17, 2001 ✶✶✶ proposed it was a form of force that passed from particle to particle of “Not only are we not at the center of the universe, we aren’t even made matter. of the same stuff the universe is.” In the 1840s, prompted by dis-

—Joel Primack, University of California, Santa Cruz, TIME Magazine, June Inset: http://www.the-education-site.com/faraday.html Archives; AIP Emilio Segrè Visual cussions with a young William 25, 2001 Michael Faraday’s laboratory. Inset image of Faraday’s apparatus. ✶✶✶ Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), Fara- day conducted a series of experiments “Everybody thinks space-time should be an output rather than an and to discuss scientific matters. It moment the current in the battery that led to his discovery of the mag- input of a final theory.” was here that Faraday gave his first was active, a transitory current ap- neto-optical effect, today known as —Nathan Seiberg, Institute for Advanced Study, New York Times, June 26, 2001 lectures, and also met Humphrey peared in the galvanometer in the Davy, a professor of Chemistry at opposite direction. This now-famous the Faraday effect. The mathematical the Royal Institution. Davy ap- induction cell was the first electrical underpinnings of this effect were de- And finally, three quotes from ABC’s Nightline, June 18, 2001, on the pointed the young Faraday transformer, and modern trans- veloped by Thomson and, at his subject of neutrinos and the first results from the SNO detector: chemical assistant at the Royal In- formers—some of which have instigation, by James Clerk Maxwell, “Baseballs become footballs because in the world of quantum me- stitution in 1813, thus steering his capacities of up to 550 MVA and in whose hands it became one of the chanics that baseball always has a little bit of football in it.” protégé in the direction of what contain more than 40 tons of cop- cornerstones of modern physics. —Art McDonald, SNO, giving a metaphorical explanation for neutrino oscillations would become an illustrious scien- per—are still constructed on the Faraday continued working in sci- ✶✶✶ tific career. same principle. ence for two more decades, but “We’re putting on a pair of bifocals with these detectors. Now we’ll be In 1820 the Danish natural phi- Faraday then proceeded to dem- chronic ill health eventually took able to see near and far.” losopher Hans Christian Oersted onstrate that the lines of magnetic its toll. He died at Hampton Court Hamish Robertson, University of Washington, on new detectors his group will had discovered the phenomenon force could be cut, and a current on August 25, 1867. install at SNO of electromagnetism, which induced, simply by rotating a cop- Further reading: ✶✶✶ opened up a major field of scien- per disc by hand between the poles http://www.ri.ac.uk.History/M.Faraday “All the evidence points to the fact that we are on a one-way trip, tific inquiry all over Europe. Faraday of a powerful electromagnet. This is (note: case sensitive) whether you like it or not.” took part in this effort. On Septem- now known as the principle of the Ludwig, Charles: Michael Faraday, Neil De Grasse Tyson, American Museum of Natural History, on the acceler- ber 3, 1821, he undertook a set of dynamo, and soon found practical Father of Electronics (1988) ating expansion of the universe

Series II, Vol. 10, No. 8 Physical Society, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, Treasurer Lubkin* (Forum on History of Physics), Stuart Wolf August/September 2001 MD 20740-3844, [email protected]. Thomas McIlrath*, University of Maryland (emeritus) (Forum on Industrial and Applied Physics), Ed Gerjuoy NEWS ©2001 The American Physical Society Editor-in-Chief (Forum on Physics and Society), Carl Lineberger (Laser For Nonmembers—Circulation and Fulfillment Martin Blume*, Brookhaven National Laboratory Science), G. Slade Cargill, III (Materials), John D. Coden: ANWSEN ISSN: 1058-8132 Division, American Institute of Physics, Suite 1NO1, (emeritus) Walecka (Nuclear), Sally Dawson, Peter Meyers 2 Huntington Quadrangle, Melville, NY 11747- Past-President (Particles & Fields), Alexander Chao (Physics of Editor ...... Alan Chodos 4502. Allow at least 6 weeks advance notice. For James Langer*, University of California, Santa Barbara Beams), Richard Hazeltine (Plasma), Timothy P. Associate Editor ...... Jennifer Ouellette address changes, please send both the old and new Lodge (Polymer), Kannan Jagannathan, (New addresses, and, if possible, include a mailing label General Councillors England), Joe Hamilton (Southeastern) Special Publications Manager ...... Elizabeth Buchan-Higgins from a recent issue. Requests from subscribers for Jonathan A. Bagger, Beverly Berger, Philip Bucksbaum*, * Members of the APS Executive Board Design and Production ...... Elizabeth Buchan-Higgins, Alicia Chang, Kimberly Quigley missing issues will be honored without charge only L. Craig Davis, Stuart Freedman, Leon Lederman*, Proofreaders ...... Ken Cole, Edward Lee and Sue Otwell if received within 6 months of the issue’s actual date Cynthia McIntyre, Margaret Murnane, Cherry Ann ADVISORS APS News (ISSN: 1058-8132) is published 11X News should be directed to: Editor, APS News, One of publication. Periodical Postage Paid at College Murray, Roberto Peccei, Philip Phillips, Helen Quinn*, Representatives from Other Societies yearly, monthly, except the August/September Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20749-3844, E-mail: Park, MD and at additional mailing offices. Jin-Joo Song, James Trefil John Hubisz, AAPT; Marc Brodsky, AIP issue, by the American Physical Society, One [email protected]. Postmaster: Send address changes to APS News, International Advisors Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844, Membership Department, American Physical Society, Chair, Nominating Committee Gordon Drake, Canadian Association of Physicists, (301) 209-3200. It contains news of the Society Subscriptions: APS News is an on-membership One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844. Curtis G. Callan, Jr. Dr. Gerardo C. Puente, Mexican Physical Society and of its Divisions, Topical Groups, Sections publication delivered by Periodical Mail. Members Chair, Panel on Public Affairs and Forums; advance information on meetings residing abroad may receive airfreight delivery for a APS COUNCIL 2001 William R. Frazer Staff Representatives of the Society; and reports to the Society by its fee of $15. Nonmembers: Subscription rates are: President Alan Chodos, Associate Executive Officer; Irving Lerch, committees and task forces, as well as opinions. domestic $105; Canada, Mexico, Central and South George H. Trilling*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Division, Forum and Section Councillors Director of International Affairs; Fredrick Stein, Director America, and Caribbean $105; Air Freight Europe, President-Elect Steven Holt* (Astrophysics), Harold Metcalf (Atomic, of Education and Outreach; Robert L. Park, Director, Letters to the editor are welcomed from the Asia, Africa and Oceania $120. William F. Brinkman*, Bell Labs-Lucent Technologies Molecular & Optical), Robert Eisenberg (Biological Physics), Public Information; Michael Lubell, Director, Public membership. Letters must be signed and should Vice-President Sylvia Ceyer (Chemical), E. Dan Dahlberg* Arthur Affairs; Stanley Brown, Editorial Director; Charles include an address and daytime telephone number. Subscription orders, renewals and address Myriam P. Sarachik*, City College of New York - CUNY Hebard*, Allen Goldman (Condensed Matter Physics), Muller, Director, Journal Operations; Robert Kelly, The APS reserves the right to select and to edit for changes should be addressed as follows: For APS Executive Officer Steve White (Computational), Jerry Gollub* (Fluid Director of Journal Information Systems; Michael length or clarity. All correspondence regarding APS Members—Membership Department, American Judy R. Franz*, University of Alabama, Huntsville (on leave) Dynamics), Peter Zimmerman (Forum on Education), Gloria Stephens, Controller and Assistant Treasurer NEWS August/September 2001 3 Physics Students Make Strong Showing at 2001 ISEF

Physics students were scholarships and prizes. The three students, including She and Patterson, her co-re- among those taking top honors students were judged on their Francis Boulva, 18, from cipient for the award, will travel at the Intel International Sci- creative ability and scientific Montréal, Québec, Canada, to the Nobel Prize Ceremony in ence and Engineering Fair thought, as well as the thor- who was recognized for his Stockholm, Sweden, in Decem- (ISEF), held in May in San Jose, oughness, skill and clarity project, “Galactic Champagne,” ber. Lisanti also won the $5000 California. The world’s largest shown in their projects. The which demonstrated for the first prize for best project in her pre-college science competi- APS is a participant in this time that hydrogen bubbles are category of physics. tion, this year’s ISEF recognized event, cosponsoring 3 awards associated with a particular type The Intel ISEF has been coor- more than 800 high school stu- with the American Association of star. His co-recipients were dinated for the past 52 years by dents for their scientific of Physics Teachers. Ryan Patterson, 17, from Grand Science Service, a non-profit or- achievements. More than 1,200 The grand prize, the Junction, Colorado, for a creat- ganization dedicated to students from 38 countries $50,000 Intel Young Scientist ing a way to electronically advancing the understanding and competed for $3 million in Scholarship, was awarded to translate the American sign lan- appreciation of science among guage alphabet using a modified people of all ages through publi- golf glove; and Monika Paroder, cations and educational 17, from Brooklyn, New York, programs. Each year a volunteer for her two-year study of the host committee representing the Photos courtesy of Intel protein that catalyzes the trans- host city raises funds to sponsor Ryan Patterson, 17, of Grand Junction, port of iodide into the thyroid events throughout the fair. For Colo., demonstrates his sign language and other tissues. Paroder’s more information on Science Ser- translator. Patterson won a $50,000 col- work could lead to a new ap- vice and the Intel ISEF, see http:/ lege scholarship at the Intel International proach to diagnosing gastric /www.sciserv.org. Intel’s sponsor- Science and Engineering Fair. cancer. ship of ISEF is part of the Intel Physics student Mariangele Innovation in Education initia- that help meet the needs of stu- Lisanti, 17, from Westport, tive, a global, multimillion dollar dents and communities Connecticut, won the Glenn T. effort to help realize the possi- worldwide through improving Seaborg Award for her project bilities of science and technology science, math, engineering and entitled, “Conductance Quan- in education. The goal is to pre- technology education; improving tization in Gold Nanocontact”, pare today’s teachers and education through the effective Gene Meieran (extreme left), Intel Fellow and judge, and Carlene Ellis (extreme right), which focused on the use of students for tomorrow’s de- use of technology in classrooms; Intel Vice President of Education, with the winners of the $50,000 Intel Young Scientist single atoms or molecules to mands. Intel develops and and broadening access to tech- Scholarship. From left to right: Francis Boulva, Monica Paroder and Ryan Patterson. fabricate electronic devices. supports education programs nology and technical careers.

Scholarship, from page 1 Survey, from page 1 tend more APS-sponsored meet- journal service as superior to 2001-2002 Scholars ings, but said that invited sessions those of other major scientific stimulated by frequent visits to lo- Most survey respondents who in their research speciality would publishers, and virtually none cal airports and science museums. New: attended recent scientific or tech- increase their likelihood of attend- rated it poorer. However, paper He struggled initially in his ad- Jose Leobardo Banuelos nological conferences say they did ing future March or April meetings. journals are still the most fre- vanced placement physics course, Ryan Marciel Camacho so to present a paper or talk, with a The Society’s online journals re- quently used format of physics but persevered and went on to Joy Michelle Chavez smaller number attending for the ceived nearly universal positive research literature. Respondents score the highest possible grade on Monique Janelle Cook informal interaction with col- ratings from respondents for their said they would like to see fur- the national AP physics exam, and Sharon O. Doku leagues in their field. “Many accessibility and usability, and this ther expansion in the coverage of plans on making physics research Darnell Reynard Edwards members are limited by their sched- year’s respondents are twice as the Society’s online journal ser- a full-time career. Holder further Julian Breton Holder ules and travel budget and hence likely than in 1996 to have either vice, with the online archive fostered his interest in research by Isamaria Fajardo Hopkins have to be selective in choosing Physical Review or Physical Review including all issues ever printed spending two summers at Temple Tyeisha L. Hughes which conferences to attend,” says Letters in their office or on their (see article on PROLA, page 1). University’s School of Medicine, Lydia Akosua Kwateng Czujko. The APS March Meeting computers. Two-thirds of employed Some also suggested incorpora- and last summer was a student Gasper Magallanes Martinez continues to flourish. Czujko physicists and more than half of tion of links to online Bernice Carla McPherson intern in the Clinic Psychopharma- points out that the number of APS other scientists and students access bibliographic databases and Matthew Isaac Pena cology Section at NIDA (part of the members who attended the APS online journals once a month or other virtual journals, as well as Amanda Marie Rice National Institutes of Health), in March meeting in the last two years more for physics research literature incorporating improved citation Libet Santin Baltimore, Maryland. In addition, was even higher than usual be- — a dramatic increase from 1996, cross-referencing and hyperlinks Michael Llort Steward he is an avid jazz fan and trumpet cause of the Centennial meeting in when only two-fifths of employed to referenced articles. Marcos Steven Vicente player, as well as a gifted athlete. Atlanta in 1999. Respondents cited physicists used online journals. Overall, awareness of APS pro- Kendrick Marcell Walker A childhood interest in meth- time, cost and location constraints Nearly half of the survey re- grams has increased since the last Brian S. Wiggins ods of communication developed as primary reasons they do not at- spondents rated the APS online survey conducted in 1996. “One into a fascination with digital com- of the most important messages re- Renewed: munication and the promise of ceived in 1996 was that Elliot George Aguilar quantum computing for Corporate Member Commentary communication with the members David Hector Ayala Scholar Isamaria Hopkins of the Survey respondents were given the opportunity to provide ad- needed to be improved. Over the Rosa E. Cardenas Beaumont School in Cleveland ditional comments about the APS, and more than 350 took advan- last five years, a lot of time and ef- Joel Christopher Corbo Heights, Ohio. She has been an avid tage to comment upon such issues as increasing industrial orien- fort has gone into making the Stephen Elliff science student, and helped found tation and fostering ties to other disciplines, as well as increased membership more aware of all the Laura Ann Lopez focus on education and career issues. A sampling of their com- her high school’s math and science APS programs and services avail- William Francis Walker ments follows. club, which now regularly partici- Merrick able,” says Trish Lettieri, APS pates in science competitions. She Benjamin Isaac Rapoport • “APS does a good job of meeting the needs of a wide range of Director of Membership. Most APS is equally active in the drama pro- professional skills in the public and private sectors of the U.S. members are aware of such efforts gram, working behind the scenes physics community. Keep it up!” as “What’s New” (76%), the Time at most school theatrical produc- are awarded to African-Ameri- • “The APS could be more active in helping to establish links Line Wall Chart (65%) created as tions and writing her own plays for can, Hispanic American and between academia and industry, so as to increase the flow of part of the Centennial Celebration, performance. She also volunteers Native American students who students from high school through the university to industry.” and the Society’s grassroots lobby- for a variety of community service, are high school seniors, college • “Further efforts by the APS to recognize the inter-relationship ing efforts (62%). Among policy including tutoring dyslexic chil- freshmen or sophomores. The between physics and other disciplines will enhance the per- issues, respondents rated energy dren at a local hospital. Her selection committee especially ceived value of physics courses, as well as the reputation of the (84%), physics-related environ- participation in such non-scientific encourages applications from physics major in industry.” mental issues (75%), and the future activities has given Hopkins an ap- students enrolled in institutions • “It would be nice to have more substantial support for women in of the national laboratories and preciation for their value, and also with historically Black, Hispanic the physics community.” general health of the profession influenced her choice of fields, or Native American enrollment. • “Much more needs to be done to inform the public about the (68%) as top priorities for the APS. crucial importance of basic research in the physical sciences.” desiring one “whose scope is not After being selected, each Top priorities for the Society’s pub- • “No matter how much I, as an individual, might agree with their limited to the scientific community scholar is matched with an ac- lic affairs, education and outreach statements, the APS Executive Committee has no right to speak and whose purpose is not limited complished physicist to act as a activities included informing policy for me on political issues such as nuclear weaponry, global mentor. For applications for the to furthering itself.” warming, teaching evolution in Kansas, and so on.” makers about physics (92%), edu- The APS scholarship program 2001-2002 competition, con- • “We need a stronger and more vocal lobby, both in Washington cating the public about physics operates under the auspices of tact Arlene Modeste Knowles at and in the media.” (85%) and lobbying for increased the APS Committee on Minorities [email protected]. Information • “I think the APS’s lobbying for public funds runs the risk of reducing funding for physics (77%), with im- in Physics, and is supported by can be found at http:// physics to just another pig trying to squeeze in at the public trough.” provements in various levels of funds allocated from the APS www.aps.org/educ/com/ • “Oink.” education averaging around 75% Campaign for Physics. Scholarships index.html. in importance. 4 August/September 2001 NEWS LETTERS

Inflation or Flatulence? In response to A. G. Jackson’s letter in APS News (June 2001), there Source of Cat-Powered Monorail Revealed! already exists a widely accepted, but embarrassing prefix, “peta-”. To physi- Regarding your Zero Gravity a few scientific words and a formula, sound, the resources needed 15 cists, it denotes a factor of 10 , but to many Europeans it translates more article “An alternate theory for and sent back to my friend, who has would deprive the United King- as flatulence than inflation. For instance, the amount of methane in Earth’s perpetual motion” (APS News, obviously sent it on. dom of its many curry chefs, 15 atmosphere is approximately 4.85x10 grams, or 4.85 petagrams. That’s October 2000), I can reveal the Sadly, I can confirm that, to the best making our national dish (and enough to enhance the greenhouse effect, which seems to raise a big stink source of the theory: it was me. of my knowledge, there was no maga- my staple diet) ridiculously ex- politically between us and our friends overseas. While writing up my PhD three zine contest, but I think I may have pensive. Loren Booda years ago (and I can’t stress stood a pretty good chance of winning. I was absolutely stunned when I Arlington, Virginia strongly enough that it’s in an Requests for funding for further saw my theory resurface for the first entirely unrelated branch of en- research and (you never know) con- time on an Internet message board Educate Teachers First gineering) I received the first part struction of a prototype have proved this morning, and a subsequent The Back Page comments by Rep. Holt (June 2001 APS News) correctly of the article, the theory of cat unsuccessful so far. I have, in any search revealed that it is posted on identified the problem [science illiteracy] but missed the mark on the levitation using buttered toast, by case, abandoned the idea on eco- at least 20 sites, including yours, in solution. Yes we need competent math and science teachers, but why email from a friend. The chicken nomic grounds. While I am sure the the UK, USA and Australia. don’t we have them? The reason is that teachers come out of our Nation’s tikka masala idea was thought up cat powered monorail would be Julian Griffiths Colleges of Education where they are taught methodology but virtually in five minutes, embellished with both cheap and environmentally Manchester, UK no content. Without properly educating the teachers we cannot hope to educate the students. Science Testing Adds to Teachers’ Burdens Michael Gold The Council Statement on in- good math practices and reading for Bush’s government is requiring more University of New Mexico cluding science in educational interest are also downgraded in many assessment, particularly of reading assessment (APS News, June 2001) instances. and math. Defending Oppie is certainly well-meaning in draw- In the last year, aside from my usual It is unfortunate that the APS This is with regard to the feature article on Oppenheimer in ing attention to the importance of physics research, I have been involved and other scholarly societies did the June 2001 issue of APS News. The description of H. D. Smythe science in school curricula. It also in physics education research in el- not speak out against this standard- as a congressman at the time of Oppenheimer’s memorial service hints at what Helen Quinn makes ementary schools. I see the remarkable ized testing fever before it swept would surely have brought a broad smile to his face. Smythe re- specific, that testing drives the cur- learning that occurs when dedicated through Congress. The inclusion of ceived many honors during his life but was never an elected official riculum. This situation gives short teachers are given the opportunity to science testing in an essentially except as President of the American Physical Society in 1957. shrift not only to science, but also explore physics intelligently with their wrong-headed program may only During the period of interest Smythe was serving as the United to all subjects other than the focus young students. Such opportunities are add to the burden that is already States Ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency in of the tests. Those subjects can be being threatened by state mandated decelerating educational progress. Vienna. He was appointed to this position by President Kennedy social sciences, arts, humanities and testing that presumes to include sci- Gary R. Goldstein in 1961. Smythe’s obituary appears in the May, 1989 issue of Physics even physical education. In fact, ence while emphasizing facts. And now Tufts University Today, page 96. Val L. Fitch A Reform Agenda for APS Meetings Princeton University ✶✶✶ James Langer’s concern cline in attendance and interest of Rather than prescribe for about the decline of our general our general meetings began most the ailing patient, I suggest I initially enjoyed the article about the revoking of Oppenheimer’s security meetings (The Back Page, APS conspicuously with what used to that the patients be given a clearance but it left me with a bitter aftertaste. The APS News was protecting News, May 2001) is a coura- be the grand AAPT-APS Joint Meet- chance to diagnose their own the identity of his despicable enemies. Even after an evocative quote such as geous effort to address a ing, held annually in January in New condition and propose their “[Oppenheimer’s surveillance] was ‘supplemented by enthusiastic ama- problem that has actually been York City, which has since long own remedies. I strongly sug- teur help from powerful personal enemies”, there are no hints given. in the making since 1966, when faded into oblivion. Langer’s recipe gest that at the next general Eugen Tarnow the Society surrendered its tra- for reform is to convene larger meeting, the problem of gen- Avalon Business Systems ditional character of being one meetings. But why should that eral meetings themselves be big society in favor of being a fed- work, when it is the general meet- open for discussion with a se- Editor’s Note: APS News received several letters in response to the historical eration of assorted specialists. ings that have been persistently ries of invited and contributed column on Oppenheimer’s security hearings. We ruefully acknowledge the That profound change al- moribund? If divisions meet con- papers. misidentification of Smythe as a Congressman. These articles are intended to tered the character of the currently, will that mean genuine Lawrence Cranberg briefly highlight key milestones in physics history, not to promote specific political Society in many ways. The de- scientific interaction among them? Austin, Texas agendas. Space limitations often prevent the inclusion of in-depth detail. Readers are encouraged to use the listed references for further reading to explore such Article Rejection Tied to SSC Demise topics in greater depth. The complete transcript of the Oppenheimer security hearings can be found online at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/abomb/ The June 2001 issue of APS gebra, all self contained in my very jority of physicists to under- oppmenu.htm. News summarizes the views of short article. In the article I assert stand the basic ideas of modern four speakers on why the SSC that 95% of all living physicists don’t particle theory because “the No Degree for Kelvin project was terminated. I would understand at all the Standard geometric and algebraic imagi- like to add a view related to that Model and that the majority of the nation that is needed to In the legend to the figure accompanying the article “New CMB Mea- of Goldston and Schopper. physics faculty at leading universi- assimilate these ideas is hard and surements Further Support Inflationary Universe” (APS News, June 2001), Some time ago I wrote an article ties also don’t understand it. I have hence takes time to absorb”. If it is said, “The maps depict tiny deviations, on the order of one hundred to explain on a solid technical no proof those statements are ac- the majority of members of the thousandth of one degree, in the otherwise uniform 2.73 degree Kelvin level, but without reference to field curate except that nobody has ever American Physical Society have background.” theory, the important ideas of challenged them. When my article little interest in basic under- Since the adoption of the International System of units (SI) in 1960 gauge theory and the Standard was refused by the American Jour- standing of modern particle by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), it has Model. The prerequisite is only nal of Physics the accompanying physics, why should the man in been recommended by International Committees (CGPM, IUPAP, IUPAC, a decent understanding of the letter, written by a theorist, ac- the street underwrite the next ISO, e.g.) that the word “degree” not be used for temperatures on the Kelvin Schrödinger Equation and a will- knowledged that the paper was multi-billion-dollar SSC project? scale, temperatures on that scale to be referred to simply as kelvins. ingness to learn a very narrow correct if “idiosyncratic” but said Henry R. Lewis If the terminology in the article mentioned above were to follow the part of group theory and Lie al- there is no use trying to get the ma- Boston, Massachusetts International Recommendation, the article would read, “on the order of one hundred thousandth of a kelvin, in the otherwise uniform 2.73 kelvins Women in Science, or Women Scientists? background.” Publications of APS should follow International Recom- mendations on notation and terminology. As a retired woman physicist, I few women in physics?” difficult to useful insight into the thinking pro- Ralph J. Tykodi was very interested in Howard bear, and like many other young cesses of hiring committees. He S.Dartmouth, Massachusetts Georgi’s Back Page article in the women scientists, considers affirmative establishes five hiring criteria, of January 2000 APS News and the action an insult to women’s abilities. which the second seems the most In the Beginning... subsequent letters in response. The situation differs from one important to me: “Do not define the In the June issue, you have a box on p. 6 that shows Mike Turner While I agree with Georgi that much country to another, but the final re- area of search too narrowly.” In or- pondering the future of the universe together with a list of the top 11 progress has been made by women sult is the same: in the highest rungs der for the ratio of women to men questions at the Physics/Astronomy Interface. The sixth question asks, in science in the last 25 years, the of the ladder, the ratio of women to PhD physicists to increase, it will be “How did the universe begin?” This formulation of the fundamental situation then was so bad that any men physicists is extremely small. In necessary to follow this principle. cosmological question is not neutral, and introduces a bias into the reasonable improvement could eas- North America, I think the discrimi- Physics will be much more appeal- investigation. A more neutral formulation is, “Did the universe have a ily be qualified as “much progress.” nation process that culminates in this ing to young women if they see beginning or has it always existed?” This latter formulation can serve The situation is still not entirely sat- situation begins very early in a girl’s several women physicists on the to generate a broader range of ideas with which to tackle some of the isfactory, as one woman graduate life, and is much more cultural than staff of university departments. In other questions, particularly, space-time dimensionality, nature of the student pointed out in response to gender related. addition to having useful role mod- dark energy, and proton stability. Georgi’s article. She finds the re- Georgi addresses the problem els, they will also be more inclined Frank R. Tangherlini peated question, “Why are there so mostly at its latest stage, but provides See LETTERS on page 5 San Diego, California NEWS August/September 2001 5

zero gravity VIEWPOINT… Congress Needs Scientific Advice Feline Physics Law of Cat Inertia. A cat at rest Bring Back The OTA will tend to remain at rest, un- less acted upon by some outside By Barrett Ripin and Anthony Fainberg force - such as the opening of “In politics it often seems OTA’s brand of non-partisan- nation not benefit today with in- cat food, or a nearby scurrying mouse. that perceptions are facts, and ship. Members and their staffs hand independent analyses of Law of Cat Motion. A cat will move in a straight line, unless there is a really facts are negotiable,” asserted and advisors need a source they stem-cell research, energy policy, good reason to change direction. Rush Holt in an APS News Back can trust for critical, impartial CO2 emissions, the relative fund- Law of Cat Magnetism. All blue blazers and black sweaters attract cat Page (October 1999) shortly af- analyses that delineate serious ing of research in biosciences to hair in direct proportion to the darkness of the fabric. ter his initial election to issues from fluff, weigh pro/con other fields, or improved voting Law of Cat Thermodynamics. Heat flows from a warmer to a cooler body, Congress. Everyone knows that arguments, and lay out long- technologies, to name a few? except in the case of a cat, in which case all heat flows to the cat. there are many factors influ- term consequences of various Was OTA ideal and, if rein- encing the fate of legislation, options. Even the NAS lacks the carnated, should it be a clone Law of Cat Stretching. A cat will stretch to a distance proportional to the including facts. Momentous mechanisms employed by OTA of its first life? Clearly not. OTA length of the nap just taken. national decisions loom that (many of them by statute) to as- had a number of real and per- Law of Cat Sleeping. All cats must sleep with people whenever possible, carry long-term and, perhaps, sure a nonpartisan approach at ceptual problems. In addition, in a position as uncomfortable for the people involved, and as com- irreversible, consequences. every stage of a study. More- the needs and political land- fortable as possible for the cat. Many issues are steeped in over, OTA, whose studies are scape have changed over the Law of Cat Elongation. A cat can make her body long enough to reach complex and confusing science authored by staff, can be gen- years. Sometimes, OTA’s re- just about any counter top that has anything remotely interesting on it. and technology issues. To pro- erally less expensive and faster. sponse time from study Law of Cat Obstruction. A cat must lay on the floor in such a position as vide for a more rational basis OTA was established in the inception to report was indeed to obstruct the maximum amount of human foot traffic. to make such far-reaching de- Nixon era to fill the need for in- too slow. cisions, Rep. Holt, on behalf of dependent scientific and Complaints of poor access Law of Cat Acceleration. A cat will accelerate at a constant rate, until he over 40 cosponsors from both technical advice to Congress. by members of the minority gets good and ready to stop. sides of the aisle, introduced a The institutional safeguards for party, partisanship in the selec- Law of Dinner Table Attendance. Cats must attend all meals when any- bipartisan bill [H.R. 2148] in bipartisan oversight incorpo- tion of topics, and analyses thing good is served. June to reestablish the Con- rated by OTA, along with two undermining political agendas Law of Rug Configuration. No rug may remain in its naturally flat state for gressional Office of Technology decades of results, brought a were also heard. Some criti- very long. Assessment, OTA. reputation for competent, non- cisms simply stemmed from a Law of Obedience Resistance. A cat’s resistance varies in proportion to a True, Congress certainly does partisan, technical analyses misconception of the role of human’s desire for her to do something. not lack sources of information. that was unmatched in govern- OTA, which was to anticipate A myriad of government entities, ment. Other nations rushed to pivotal topics prior to emer- First Law of Energy Conservation. Cats know that energy can neither be the National Academy of set up similar institutions, gence of pending legislation. created nor destroyed and will, therefore, use as little energy as possible. Science’s National Research which, ironically, still exist. Like all attempts to predict the Second Law of Energy Conservation. Cats also know that energy can only Council (NAS/NRC), lobbyists OTA fell victim to the Gingrich future, such a goal is difficult be stored by a lot of napping. and interest groups, expert wit- Congress’ zeal to make a show to achieve. Law of Refrigerator Observation. If a cat watches a refrigerator long nesses and advisors, including of reducing government by ax- Independent observers as- enough, someone will come along and take out something good to eat. physicists, think-tanks, etc. offer ing a few small sacrificial lambs. sert that, on the whole, OTA, Law of Electric Blanket Attraction. Turn on an electric blanket and a cat information and diverse compel- In addition, many felt it was under Jack Gibbons and its last will jump into bed at the speed of light. ling arguments. Congress’s OTA’s independence and cred- director, Roger Herdman, went problems are dealing with infor- ibility that were resented. OTA a long way to respond to Law of Random Comfort Seeking. A cat will always seek, and usually take mation overload, minimizing did enjoy support from most Congress’s real-time needs over, the most comfortable spot in any given room. political biases and percep- Democrats as well as many Re- while maintaining rigor and Law of Bag/Box Occupancy. All bags and boxes in a given room must tions thereof, and not knowing publicans, such as Reps. Weldon objectivity. contain a cat within the earliest possible nanosecond. what you don’t know. (PA), Hyde and Houghton and A revival of OTA, or the func- Law of Cat Embarrassment. A cat’s irritation rises in direct proportion to Why is OTA needed, given Senators Stevens, Bond, tional equivalent, to be her embarrassment times the amount of human laughter. other respected sources? The Grassley and Hatch. OTA sur- successful, will need the strong Law of Milk Consumption. A cat will drink his weight in milk, squared, NAS/NRC, government agency vived the conservative House, bipartisan support it used to just to show you he can. and other blue-ribbon panels but was narrowly killed in the have. It should incorporate certainly provide valuable per- Senate. The Conference Com- some new procedures that both Law of Furniture Replacement. A cat’s desire to scratch furniture is di- spectives. However, most such mittee sealed the demise by only speed up comprehensive stud- rectly proportional to the cost of the furniture. studies are undertaken and one vote. OTA was closed in ies as well as assure the best Law of Cat Landing. A cat will always land in the softest place possible; authored by panels drawn from 1995. guidance possible for pending often the mid-section of an unsuspecting, reclining human. actively involved experts with During its two decades of exist- legislative action. We think that Law of Fluid Displacement. A cat immersed in milk will displace her own various preexisting interests. ence, OTA produced widely-hailed, it is imperative to restore this volume, minus the amount of milk consumed. Resulting reports and recom- landmark reports on such diverse resource to Congress so that Law of Cat Disinterest. A cat’s interest level will vary in inverse propor- mendations tend to be topics as nuclear waste disposal, far-reaching decisions are tion to the amount of effort a human expends in trying to interest him. consensus-driven and are often alternative cancer treatments, ge- based more on fact than per- Law of Pill Rejection. Any pill given to a cat has the potential energy to less than crisp, accommodating netic engineering, infertility, ception. reach escape velocity. rather than contrasting varying space policy, costs of mitigating Barrett Ripin, former APS As- interest elements, and, on oc- the greenhouse effect, office au- sociate Executive Officer, has a Law of Cat Composition. A cat is composed of Matter + Anti-Matter + It casion, leave open questions of tomation, technology and the private consultancy, Research Ap- Doesn’t Matter. objectivity. handicapped. Interested readers plied, in Bethesda, MD. Anthony Editor’s Note: In the interest of promoting equality among animal species, As useful as current institu- can peruse the full set of OTA re- Fainberg was a former Senior APS News invites our readers to submit their own versions of the canine physics. tions are, many experts see an ports archived at: http:// Analyst at OTA and a former Submissions should be sent to Editor, APS News, One Physics Ellipse, College essential, if complementary, www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/ Chair of the APS Forum on Phys- Park, MD 20740; FAX: 301-209-0867; email: [email protected]. role for reports marked with ns20/pubs_f.html. Would the ics and Society.

Letters, from page 4 that will usually be biased in favor Feynman’s Large Numbers of a man. to consider the field as a viable career As a woman physicist who has suf- The recent flurry of activity so if one just writes out 9999… = H(10500), as only 500 charac- option. fered from unemployment and in APS News (April 2001; June the number would be about ters remained. Of course, I have some reservations about under-employment, I would like to say 2001) concerning large num- 101000). After debating with anyone who knew Feynman Georgi’s fourth criterion: “Ask your that if anyone is serious about welcom- bers was interesting and himself the merits of writing also knows that his fun came informants to list the best minori- ing women in physics, the first way to amusing. It reminded me of my 10999… or 1000999… , etc., he de- from showing us how to evalu- ties and women in the field, even if prove it is by hiring those women who graduate school days at scribed the hair raiser function ate H(4) and H(5) on a they do not rate them as highly as are now ready to enter the physics job CalTech, when Richard [H(N)], which is defined by blackboard without use of a the top men.” Nevertheless, this cri- market, and by promoting equitably Feynman was teaching senior/ H(1)=1, H(2)=22, H(3)=3x, where slide rule (handheld calculators terion might still be necessary, not experienced women physicists. With graduate mathematical physics x=33=27, and so on. H(4) would didn’t appear until after 1970). because women physicists aren’t as the cycle thus completed, the wheel of around 1964. be 4 to the (4 to the (4 to the 4)), In light of the above, I sug- good as the men, but because hir- change will be able to start turning. And He enjoyed describing a and evaluating H(5) leads to the gest that Feynman’s Hair Raiser ing committees are still mostly male. as a sign of this change the designation contest in which the object was realm of large numbers. Function takes precedence Every man will see a woman appli- “women in science” so often seen might to describe or define the larg- Feynman’s solution was to over Ottinger’s “Gufa” numbers cant through his cultural prejudice, one day evolve into “women scientists.” est number on a 3x5 card using define H(N) via H(1), H(2), and of Cockburn’s “Fuga” numbers. which, no matter how slight, will Luce Gauthier a standard typewriter (this H(3) on half the card, and then Lorin S. Vant Hull add up in a collective final decision Montréal, Québec, Canada means about 1000 characters, his large number was H(999...) Houston, Texas 6 August/September 2001 NEWS

Task Force to Physicists Honored with Innovation Awards Two APS members were among $100,000 Christopher Columbus the isotope californium 252, which nanometer-scale crystal, part sol- Study Prizes the recipients of the 2001 Discover Foundation Award for his develop- emits neutrons as it decays. When vent. When the liquid is applied to and Awards Magazine Innovation awards for ment of a timed neutron detector the neutrons collide with the nucleus a flexible base such as plastic, the their respective work in detection (TND) of plastic land mines, which of a hydrogen atom, they slow down solvent evaporates, leaving the crys- APS President George of land mines and a new technique elude conventional metal land mine as they return to the TND, triggering tal nanoparticles to form structures Trilling has appointed a task for printing inorganic chips. Physi- detectors. His inspiration came when a screen alert that a hydrogen capable of conducting electricity. force to review APS Prizes and cists were also honored for work he attended a seminar on land mines source—most likely a mine—has Thus far Jacobson and his team have Awards, and charged it with in the development of a combined at a nuclear technology conference been located. built simple transistors, and they the responsibility of looking optical and magnetic resonance in Crete, and learned that roughly Joseph Jacobson of MIT’s Me- believe logic chips could be at, among other things, the microscopy imaging technique, and 26,000 people die each year from dia Laboratory in Cambridge, achieved within four years. Their proliferation of such awards for a new propulsion method for accidentally triggering land mines, a MA, has focused his efforts on most exciting development to date spacecraft that transforms an third of them children. Craig’s TND faster, cheaper alternatives to the is the achievement of an operable and the criteria for establish- eight-inch magnet into a potent is essentially a souped-up current expensive, labor-intensive MEMS motor, but Jacobson fore- ing new ones. plasma power source. weedwhacker, with the ends and microfabrication process for com- sees a day when logic chips can be The task force will be Richard Craig, a physicist at Pa- motor lopped off and the addition puter chips. He has demonstrated embedded in such everyday items chaired by Myriam Sarachik, cific Northwest National Laboratory of sophisticated hardware. The heart a new technique using a as index cards, wallpaper and even Vice-President of the APS, and in Richland, WA, received this year’s of the system is a small amount of “nanotectic” liquid that is part wearable computers in clothing. has six other members drawn from a spectrum of APS divi- sions. It is the latest in a se- Marburger Nominated as OSTP Director quence of such bodies, the most recent of which was In June, President Bush an- policies with a large science compo- 1998. A tritium leak in is not expected until chaired by Mildred nounced his intention to nominate nent, such as global climate change, its High Flux Beam September. In discuss- Dresselhaus in 1997-1998. John H. Marburger to become the stem cell research, and national mis- Reactor attracted ing the announcement, Another element of the new Director of the Office of Sci- sile defense are being formulated considerable media at- Floyd Kvamme, the co- charge deals with the relation- ence and Technology Policy. without the input of a science advi- tention, resulting in a chair of the President’s Marburger is currently the Direc- sor. Senior level S&T appointments call to close the reactor Council of Advisers on ship between the Society, tor of the Brookhaven National also await the guidance of this advisor. by local groups, a Science and Technol- which oversees and approves Laboratory and President of Marburger has a PhD in Applied senator and a represen- ogy (PCAST), said that the awards, and the individual Brookhaven Science Associates. Physics from Stanford University, tative. At a late 1997 Bush was “looking for units that are involved in the The nomination has drawn praise, and a BA in Physics from Princeton press conference, as in- somebody with broad selection process. The task including positive words from the University. Before coming to coming director, John H. Marburger experience and an ap- force is asked to find “the ap- previous OSTP Director, Neal Lane. Brookhaven, he was President of the Marburger remarked that the labo- preciation of practical science propriate balance between President Bush’s lack of a science State University of New York at ratory failed to communicate issues.” Marburger describes himself the role of the unit involved in adviser has been a growing source Stony Brook. Marburger also served adequately with the local commu- as a lifelong Democrat. In an inter- that prize or award and the of concern within the S&T commu- as the chairman of Universities Re- nity. The Secretary of Energy closed view with the New York Times, Society’s responsibility to en- nity. There is speculation that the search Association, which runs HFBR in 1999. Marburger has been Marburger declared, “If there’s any sure adequate uniformity in Administration’s FY 2002 budget Fermilab, from 1988-1994. praised for the way in which he re- subject that should be bipartisan, the selection process.” request for R&D might have been Brookhaven National Labora- established communication with the it’s science.” The complete charge to higher had there been a science ad- tory was much in the news when lab’s neighbors. —Richard M. Jones, AIP Public the task force and the list of visor. There is also concern that Marburger became its director in The Senate nomination hearing Information members can be found on the web at http://www.aps.org/ praw/taskforce/index.html. PROLA, from page 1 for an electronic library initiative, Members of APS who wish to and a Los Alamos National Lab Physical Review Comes Home to Cornell communicate with the task time, to browse idly or with pur- group was converting Physical Re- force are invited to send their pose. view legacy typesetting data into a Building on an effort to ensure uninterrupted and enduring comments by e-mail to any of Non-subscribers can view the searchable archive. Then the World access to its journals, the APS has entered into an agreement the task force members. The abstracts and tables of contents, Wide Web appeared on the scene with Cornell University Library, in which the Library will main- task force will begin meeting and can purchase individual ar- and the result was a cooperative tain a mirror copy of APS journal archives. The mirror will be this summer and is expected ticles they want to see. APS-NRL-LANL agreement in accessible to anyone on the Internet in accordance with the to have its report ready some- The PROLA project took shape which the NRL images were deliv- APS’s pricing policies. time next spring. in the early and mid-1990s, when ered to the Los Alamos PROLA “Last year the APS took an important first step by agree- The web site also contains the Naval Research Lab was en- group and integrated into a search ing to archive our content with the Library of Congress. This a link to the Dresselhaus re- gaged in a cooperative research and engine for delivery via the Web. agreement with Cornell represents another major step for- PROLA moved to the APS Editorial port of 1998. development agreement with APS ward in making concrete our commitment to round the clock to scan images of Physical Review Office in 1998, under the direction electronic access to this archive via the Physical Review of Mark Doyle, a young physicist who came to APS in 1996 from Online Archive (PROLA). We expect to take further steps in LANL, where he had worked with the future to improve international access while continuing Ramavataram Fellow Completes Paul Ginsparg on the pre-print to work with the library community to secure the archive’s archive. Doyle added many new long term future,” says APS Journals Product Development Year in US features and considerable sophis- Manager Mark Doyle. Mahantappa Jogad, a professor of physics at the tication to PROLA, which he The visible mirror at Cornell consists of the newly com- Sharanabasaveshwar College of Science in Gulbarga, Karnataka, launched online at the end of 1998, pleted PROLA, comprised of back issues from 1893-1997 of India, recently completed his tenure as the 2000 recipient of the with Physical Review from 1985 to the following journals: Physical Review Series I and II, Physi- APS Ramavataram Fellowship. A distinguished scholar and award- 1996. cal Review A-E, Physical Review Letters, and Reviews of winning teacher with 22 years of experience in India, Jogad’s area of APS contracted with APEX Modern Physics. The new mirror will also serve as a backup to ePublishing Data Services to rekey scientific expertise is thin films, polymers, and glass and glass-ce- current content in the event that the APS’s primary servers the front matter and references for ramics. are not available. The Ramavataram Fund was established in 1983 through dona- the rest of the archive and to scan “This is a particularly appropriate partnership for Cornell tions from family and friends of K. Ramavataram, an Indian-born in the pages. Progress back into the University Library because Physical Review was established teacher and researcher in nuclear and molecular physics. The fund’s archive was slow at first because of aim is to improve undergraduate physics teaching in India by allow- the amount of material involved, at Cornell University in 1893,” commented Carl A. Kroch Uni- ing Indian physics teachers to visit institutions in North America, to but picked up speed rapidly, reach- versity Librarian Sarah Thomas. “I am delighted to welcome observe and study teaching methods. K. Ramavataram was a pro- ing completion in May of this year. Physical Review back to Cornell in its electronic form. Through fessor of physics at l ’Université Laval in Québec at the time of his Enhancements expected by the end this agreement, Cornell University Library and the APS will be death in 1977. The fund provides about $5K of stipends to each of the year include rescanning of the working together to archive and to provide access to PROLA, recipient, with the host institution in the US and other grants pro- 1985-1996 material to a higher stan- the primary record of research in the physical sciences.” viding other financial support as needed. dard, and a Physical Review search Jogad, who received a Fulbright Fellowship for the same aca- engine that will include PROLA and demic year, split his tenure between three institutions in the US: current content. Feedback and sug- PROLA mirror at Cornell Univer- and to [Journal Information Sys- Michigan State University, the University of Nebraska, and the Uni- gestions for enhancements are sity (see above side-bar). tems Director] Bob Kelly, who versity of Missouri. While here, he conducted experiments on fusion invited as more researchers make APS officers and staff at the Edi- conceived of and pushed the heat and melting points of solids, as well as dielectric studies of use of the archive and encounter torial Office take great satisfaction project forward, and above all to glass-ceramics and polymers, presenting a paper on glass-ceramics occasional problems in scanning and pride in the completion of [Products and Services Manager] at the 2001 APS March Meeting in Seattle and submitting two pa- quality or links. APS members are PROLA and the warm reception it Mark Doyle who took over as the pers for journal publication. Jogad also learned new teaching invited to browse PROLA and get has had in the research and library project manager and made PROLA methods using a computer interface to take back with him to India. subscription information by going communities. “I give much credit happen,” said Marty Blume, APS to http://prola.aps.org/, or the new to my predecessor Ben Bederson Editor- in-Chief. NEWS August/September 2001 7 ANNOUNCEMENTS

PROPOSED AMENDMENT, APS BYLAWS National Academy of Sciences

Regarding How Units Vote on Bylaw Amendments The National Academy of Sciences is accepting nominations CALL FOR NOMINATIONS First Vote Approved by Council April 27, 2001 for the Arctowski Medal, a prize of $20,000 and a $60,000 All nominations will be award to an institution of the recipient‘s choice to further accepted through The APS Constitution and Bylaws Committee has reviewed the research in solar physics and solar-terrestrial relationships. The process of unit bylaws amendments. It has determined that several award is presented every three years for outstanding August 31, 2001 units allow voting on proposed bylaw amendments at their annual contributions to the study of solar physics and solar-terrestrial meeting. The committee feels that this practice is unfair for those relationships. For more information members who cannot attend an annual meeting and recommends The National Academy of Sciences is accepting nominations contact: the following changes in the APS Bylaws on this matter. To for the Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship, a prize of $20,000 National Academy of Sciences comment on this, please contact Ken Cole by e-mail awarded every three years for new contributions to the physics Awards Program; Rm NAS 185 ([email protected]), or by mail (One Physics Ellipse; College Park, MD of the earth. In addition, the recipient will deliver (a series of) 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW 20740). lectures at an institution other than his or her own. Washington, DC 20418 BYLAWS CHANGE The National Academy of Sciences is accepting nominations Phone: (202) 334-1602 for the Robertson Memorial Lecture, a $10,000 prize Fax: (202) 334-1682 ARTICLE VIII – DIVISION, TOPICAL GROUP, presented every three years; the 2002 field is low-temperature e-mail: [email protected] FORUM AND SECTION CONCERNS physics. In addition, the recipient is invited to lecture on his or http://national-academies.org/ 3. Revision of Division, Topical Group, Forum, or Section Bylaws. A her work and its possible international implications. nas/awards Division, Topical Group, Forum, or Section shall submit proposals for the revision of its Bylaws to the Council for its approval, subject to review by the Committee on Constitution and Bylaws. FOLLOWING COUNCIL APPROVAL, COPIES OF THE PROPOSED BYLAWS VOTE • VOTE • VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE REVISIONS SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED TO ALL MEMBERS OF • VOTE•There VOTE• isVOTE• still VOTE• time VOTE•to vote VOTE• in theVOTE• APS VOTE• THE DIVISION, TOPICAL GROUP, FORUM OR SECTION WHO THEN SHALL VOTE ON THE PROPOSED REVISIONS BY PAPER VOTE• VOTE•Election VOTE• VoteVOTE• by VOTE• September VOTE• VOTE• 1, 2001VOTE• at VOTE AND/OR ELECTRONIC BALLOT, AS THE EXECUTIVE • VOTE•http://www.gosbs.com/apselection VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• COMMITTEE SHALL DESIGNATE. VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE• VOTE New Programs Push Business Education for Scientists by Richard M. Todaro A plan by the University of it appears that a decent number with several distinct jointly teach each course in order The University of Maryland, Florida to introduce a new Mas- of scientists and engineers, areas of expertise.” to help students navigate in both College Park is another school ter of Business Administration mainly in industry but also a few Just this past fall, Case Western worlds. that offers students either the (MBA) geared specifically toward in academe, feel that they need a Reserve University in Cleveland in- “The goal is to produce engi- option of an MS degree or an scientists and engineers is the lat- business education in order to augurated a new degree called a neers who have an understanding MBA degree with a specialized est example of an ongoing effort further their careers, presumably Masters of Science in Physics - of the relationship between engi- concentration in an area of in- by academic institutions to ex- in management of larger labora- Entrepreneurship Track. The de- neering and business and who terest to people with science or pand the scope of their business tories or because they are moving gree is part of the Physics have a much better capability of engineering backgrounds. education programs. into positions such as Chief Sci- Entrepreneurship Program. being involved in a company. I Erik Gordon said Florida’s new The move by the University of entist or Chief Technical Officer Run by the physics department think the marriage between sci- program will focus on scientists Florida brings it into line with at large or start-up companies.” in collaboration with the business ence and entrepreneurship is a and engineers who want to work other universities that have insti- Other schools around the school, the program was created perfect one,” Hisrich said. in businesses “driven by science tuted Masters degree-level country have instituted or are in- as the result of surveys of alumni Brian Schwartz, a vice presi- or technology” rather than programs in business education stituting masters-level business that found there was a need for dent for research and a professor “trivial marketing tricks or finan- for scientists and engineers, and programs for scientists and engi- such a program. of physics at the City University cial wizardry that fill many MBA it reflects a growing sense that neers. Besides MBA degrees, “[In 1993-94] we began sur- of New York, said the new Uni- programs.” such training is necessary in which are intended for those with veying our alumni and found that versity of Florida program and He said the program’s curricu- today’s high-tech economy. at least a few years of real-world many had become entrepre- the Case Western programs al- lum is being modified to The University of Florida’s new experience, many business neurs,” said program director ready underway represent “a incorporate topics such as intel- executive MBA degree program schools offer Masters of Science Cyrus Taylor. “The feedback we continuation of ideas that are in lectual property management is intended specifically for scien- (MS) degrees, for students who got from alumni was that they felt the wind.” and innovation, while the core tists and engineers who “feel want to learn business graduate their physics background and Under a National Science Foun- MBA courses are being directed they need a business degree in or- school basics even though they thinking as a physicist had been dation grant, Schwartz developed “to include applications relevant der to further their careers” in may lack job experience. extremely important…but there three career-related courses for to science or technology-driven research laboratories or private Cornell University instituted were many lessons they had to doctoral science students. operations.” industry, according to Erik Gor- its “Twelve-Month Option MBA” learn in the school of hard “These courses were designed “Of course, they (students) don, Director of MBA Programs in 1995, aimed specifically at sci- knocks.” to help such students enhance will get the core marketing, fi- in the University of Florida’s entists and engineers. The In addition, the department skills they ordinarily don’t get in nance, etc., if only to know how Warrington College of Business. program was created following a brought in physicists-turned- graduate school, such as resume- to defend against it.” The program, which will take comprehensive survey of 500 of entrepreneurs as guest speakers writing, communication skills for Although specific numbers 20 months to finish, is referred the Forbes 1000 companies by and sought out their advice. a non-scientist audience, and of slots for particular disci- to as an executive, as opposed to the university’s Johnson Gradu- The business school part of business and economic skills of plines have not been allocated, a standard, MBA because it is ate School of Management. the program is overseen by Rob- how the world of high technol- Gordon said his office is ex- geared toward people who are In the survey, two-thirds of the ert Hisrich, chair of the Division ogy operates,” Schwartz said. pecting scientists in physics, otherwise employed full-time and senior managers polled agreed that of Entrepreneurship in the He said that physics graduate chemistry, and biology, and en- hence can only commit a few a “cultural divide exists between Weatherhead School of Manage- students should take at least some gineers in electrical and days a month to participating in employees with technical training ment at Case Western. business courses and have two ca- chemical engineering to take the class. (such as those in research and de- Hisrich said there are plans to reer paths in mind – an ideal one part in the program. Others Gordon said significant num- velopment positions) and those recreate versions of the Physics and a more practical one. expected include individuals in bers of scientists and engineers without (such as those typically Entrepreneurship Program in the “My advice to many physics material science and the medi- are finding that they need a busi- found in sales and marketing posi- chemistry, biology, and math- graduate students who are inter- cal device industry. ness education to compete. tions) and that this cultural divide ematics departments, among ested in business [is] to take a “We expect it to be one of our “The genesis of the new pro- is a significant problem.” others. Each will offer its own MS course or two in the school of most interesting programs. We gram is that I and our MBA Alan G. Merten, former dean degree. business, or even audit a course are already getting inquiries not Programs have strong ties to sev- of the Johnson School, stated at In addition, Hisrich oversees the or two,” Schwartz said. “I tell stu- only from the U.S. but also from eral of the science departments the time, “Professionals who Technology Entrepreneurship pro- dents to have two career paths in Asia and Europe,” Gordon said. and to the engineering school at combine scientific or other tech- gram, which is run jointly with the parallel simultaneously. One is “The program will meet one week- UF (University of Florida),” Gor- nical knowledge with business university’s engineering school and their fantasy, and the second is end per month, so it would be a don stated. training could become the so- offers yet another MS degree. In one that they are interested in long flight from Tokyo but I “For better or worse (and I called ‘gold-collar’ workers, a this program, an engineering pro- and that offers perhaps better would not be surprised if we have have mixed feelings about this), new generation of business elite fessor and a business professor employment opportunities.” someone from Japan.” 8 August/September 2001 NEWS THE BACK PAGE The View of Physics From High School By T. K. Rogers I tell my high school physics stu- first and foremost supervisors of stu- gineering, computer science or ness boom, the long-term need for dents, if they become overexcited dents. While this may be necessary, medicine, involving mostly mun- technical employees is undeniably watching televised football, to work it’s generally not a source of fulfill- dane physics-based technology. We increasing. Recent blackouts in Cali- physics problems for relaxation. I’m ment for physics-trained people. need to devote more effort toward fornia made Americans painfully kidding of course. In reality, I con- Since physics is usually not a required making mundane physics exciting. aware of a developing energy short- sider physics far more exciting than course and doesn’t appeal to typical High school physics needs to be age. Whether addressed by building football. Yes, I am a nerd but I do students, over three times as many seen as a key to a well-paid profes- power plants, drilling for more oil, greatly admire football’s support sys- students take biology as physics in sion, attainable by any reasonably conserving resources, or creating tem. It begins in preschool, has ample high school. Budgets are set on a per- bright individual. alternatives to fossil fuel, energy so- resources, and involves thousands student basis. Small enrollments give A paradigm shift in physics train- lutions are going to require a of enthusiastic paid and volunteer physics teachers smaller equipment ing will require legislation. The massive number of new engineers workers. It teaches teamwork, but budgets even though their equip- legislation should address high and computer professionals. We ultimately it insures a quality supply ment costs can actually be higher. In school teacher qualifications by also stand at the threshold of a de- of about 1500 professional NFL play- general, K-12 teaching is a one-size- overhauling critical needs pro- veloping biotechnology industry. ers to entertain us. It’s a model of fits -all world which isn’t particularly grams to bolster economically This will increase the number of success. inviting to physics-trained people. strategic classes like physics. These biological/medical scientists re- T. K. Rogers By contrast, our physics training programs should close some of the quired to develop and manufacture of the bright spots. Its founder Dean system barely functions, doesn’t be- “...our physics training salary gap between industry and new products. A similar thing hap- Kamen used sporting events like (sur- gin until middle school, receives strategic teaching jobs. The legisla- pened in the drug, petroleum, and system barely prise, surprise) football as a model modest resources, involves a rela- tion should limit the number of chemical industries that caused an for the competition. In it, teams su- tively small number of paid workers functions, doesn’t different subjects strategic teach- increase in jobs for biological/medi- pervised by volunteers from industry who are sometimes unenthusiastic, begin until middle ers can be assigned in order to cal scientists, geologists, and are given six weeks to produce a ro- and has no emphasis on teamwork. school, receives prevent them from dissipating their chemists respectively. However, for bot out of two trunks full of Nevertheless, our physics system modest resources..., efforts. It should protect strategic every new science job there was on unrelated parts such as wheelchair plays a major role in maintaining our classes like AP Physics from can- average one job created for an en- and has no emphasis wheels and electric drill motors. The supply of about 18,000 physicists cellation. The legislation should also gineer and half a job created for a robots then compete against other and 1.8 million engineers (who on teamwork.” provide economic incentives for computer professional. The day robots in a game which is kept se- should be viewed as applied physi- lower grade teachers to improve could come when even foreign cret until the robot building begins. cists) and is a prerequisite for our Remedies for our physics train- their physics competency in order workers cannot satisfy America’s Like football, there are numerous supply of about 600,000 physicians ing system often focus on the lack of to improve the physics training in- need for high-tech professionals. ways for students to participate. I’ve and about 1.9 million computer pro- qualified teachers and encourage frastructure. While computer science majors seen teams show up at competitions fessionals. Our system’s ultimate physicists and engineers to become AP Calculus exemplifies how to may not seem closely related to en- with everything from bagpipes to purpose is no less than insuring the teachers as a second career. Most set up an infrastructure for a rigor- gineering majors, it’s important to marching bands. The national com- technological leadership our stan- states already have programs to ad- ous class. It has successfully moved consider the two together because petition is held at Disney World and dard of living is based on. Yet, it not dress areas with teacher shortages. a college level class into high school they attract students from a com- is three days of nonstop action. This only lacks football’s cultural stand- These give new teachers on-the-job partly by moving a high school mon pool of qualified individuals. year it had 20,000 participants, hav- ing, but doesn’t even produce training without compelling them to class (Algebra I) into middle school. Marketability often determines ing grown from about 15,000 the enough professionals for high- acquire education degrees. Unfor- The training and selection process which path a student will take. I’ve previous year and, yes, it does teach growth areas such as computer tunately, the programs don’t address begins in early grades with capable frequently seen students struggle teamwork and sportsmanship. engineering. many of the problems facing phys- students accelerated toward AP with deciding between engineering Competitions are most effective In high school the discrepancy ics teachers due to low physics class Calculus. As a result, AP Calculus and computer science during their when integrated into classroom ac- between physics and football is enrollments. Physics teachers fre- has the highest number of partici- senior year in high school. Even af- tivities and school cultures. The sharply defined. Football rules. One quently end up teaching more pants for all scientific or technical ter graduation from college, first high school robotics team pep doesn’t even need football skill to non-physics than physics classes. AP subjects: 171,418 students took engineering majors sometimes rally I attended was a disaster in bask in its glow. Virtually everyone Other classes can be anything from an AP Calculus exam in 2000, com- switch and become computer the conventional sense. The robot participates. There’s the cheerlead- low-level physical science to study pared to 15,634 who took the professionals. was supposed to dramatically ers, band, and booster club, not to skills. Rigorous classes like AP Phys- calculus-based AP Physics Mechan- Without legislation, high school break through a cloud of smoke as mention the fans. By comparison, the ics are often canceled, which ics exam and 30,967 who took the physics reform won’t occur. I once it drove around demonstrating its physics program often consists of a prevents teachers from gaining the algebra based AP Physics exam interviewed for a physics teaching capabilities while cheerleaders single class limited to a few nerds. experience needed to polish their (College Board: http:// job with a principal who had just jumped and shouted. The kid run- Frequently, the class is taught by a physics teaching competencies. Fi- www.collegeboard.org/ap/ cancelled her school’s AP Physics ning the smoke machine got carried person with marginal qualifications. nally, rigor is frequently reduced in subjects.html). class. She remarked that students away. The robot was barely visible. According to a 1997 survey con- order to maintain enrollments by at- Physics training changes would could get what they needed from Many of the robot’s functions failed ducted by the American Institute of tracting students with marginal carry a price tag, but there are com- other subjects such as AP Calculus to work and the cheerleaders stood Physics, only 22% of individuals physics backgrounds. pelling economic incentives. and AP Statistics. I produced charts in silence. Yet, it generated incred- teaching physics were physics ma- The root problem with our K-12 According to remarks made by Sena- and graphs from my brief case while ible amounts of interest. jors. An additional 17.6% were math physics training system is that it’s of- tor Orrin Hatch to the Senate explaining that physics was a vitally Physics training may never or engineering majors, leaving a bal- ten treated as a single course for a Judiciary Committee on March 9, important subject with a distinctly reach football’s status, but we could ance of 60.4% with marginal handful of high school students in- 2000, “... a shortage of high-tech different emphasis from calculus do better. Those of us with physics backgrounds. This would be scan- stead of a comprehensive system professionals is currently costing the and was mostly unrelated to statis- or engineering backgrounds need dalous in any other area of study. intertwined with our culture. Early U.S. economy $105 billion a year tics. Not only did I fail to get the job to not just seek legislative solutions The marginal qualifications of physics training is often weak. To (http://www.senate.gov/~judiciary/ but I failed to influence her. One of but also find ways of making phys- physics teachers are no surprise. make matters worse, there are few 3920ogh1.htm).” Business leaders the more progressive principals I ics activities entertaining and Bachelor’s degree physics majors can best-selling books and ETV pro- have repeatedly solicited legislation know has told me he knows noth- accessible to the average person. get 40% higher salaries, and engi- grams dedicated to presenting basic to expand the number of temporary ing about physics and doesn’t want We need to make being a physics neering majors 70% to 80% higher concepts. It’s no wonder physics permits which allow foreign nation- to learn. Although he says it in a nerd look desirable. Our future starting salaries, than teachers. By seems incomprehensible to many als to fill billions of dollars worth of good-natured way, it’s clear he physics training system will benefit contrast, an industry-bound students. They often receive little technical jobs. These jobs are mostly doesn’t consider physics a basic el- greatly if we can raise its standing bachelor’s degree chemistry or biol- physics input until high school and in computer-related areas but often ement of education. The in our culture. ogy major gains only a 10% starting then are asked to absorb it all at once. require some level of physics back- administrators who allocate re- T. K. Rogers has a Bachelor’s Degree in salary premium over teachers (Oc- Fixing physics training will re- ground. The jobs are not filled by sources for physics classes simply Mechanical Engineering from Arizona cupational Outlook Handbook, Bureau quire a paradigm shift. Physics Americans because qualified Ameri- aren’t willing to make the sacrifices State University and a Master of Business of Labor Statistics, http:// training needs to begin in kinder- cans aren’t available. An improved needed for a quality physics pro- Administration Degree from Clemson Uni- stats.bls.gov/oco/oco1002.htm). garten using toys for teaching K-12 physics training system would gram. It will take both additional versity. He practiced engineering in Second grade, PE, and AP Physics elementary concepts such as force, more than pay for itself by helping resources and outside influence to industry for about 18 years before becom- ing a teacher in 1993. He currently teaches teachers with the same years of ex- inertia, and momentum. We also reduce dependence on foreign tech- alter this situation. physics, statistics, and computer science at perience get the same salary even need to face the fact that the end- nical workers. Legislation alone can’t raise the Southside High School in Greenville SC. though the rigor of their training and point of physics training may not be While Senator Hatch’s state- cultural status of physics. However, He and his sons maintain a web page industry marketability differs greatly. a career in cutting-edge research, ments about high-tech professional there’s light on the horizon and the devoted to promoting physics, technology In K-12 all teachers are considered but more likely a profession in en- shortages were made during a busi- FIRST robotics competition is one and lifelong learning at intuitor.com.

APS News welcomes and encourages letters and submissions from its members responding to these and other issues. Responses may be sent to: [email protected].