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Analogies in Physics Analysis of an Unplanned Epistemic Strategy

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Analogies in Physics Analysis of an Unplanned Epistemic Strategy . Analogies in Physics Analysis of an Unplanned Epistemic Strategy Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktors der Philosophie Dr. phil. Genehmigte Dissertation von Ing. grad. MA Gunnar Kreisel Erscheinungs- bzw. Druckjahr 2021 Referent: Prof. Dr. Mathias Frisch Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Torsten Wilholt Tag der Promotion: 26.10.2020 2 To my early died sister Uta 3 Acknowledgements I could quote only very few by name who have contributed to my work on this thesis, for discussing some of the developed ideas with me or comments on parts of my manuscript. These are in the first place my advisor Mathias Frisch and further Torsten Wilholt, who read critically individual chapters. Much more have contributed by some remarks or ideas mentioned in passing which I cannot assign to someone explicitly and therefore must be left unnamed. Also, other people not named here have supported my work in the one or other way. I think they know who were meant if they read this. A lot of thanks are due to Zoe Vercelli from the International Writing centre at Leibniz University Hannover improving my English at nearly the whole manuscript (some parts are leaved to me because of organisational changes at the writing centre). So, where the English is less correct Zoe could not have had a look on it. Of course, all errors and imprecisions remain in solely my responsibility. 4 Abstract This thesis investigates what tools are appropriate for answering the question how it is possible to develop such a complex theory in physics as the standard model of particle physics with only an access via electromagnetic interaction of otherwise unobservable objects and their interactions it was investigated what the tools are to do this. The answer is found in the usage of essentially two types of analogies. These two types are explanatory and predictive analogies. Explanatory analogies are needed to link observed new phenomena to accepted scientific theoretical models of well-known phenomena, predictive analogies to find in possible experiments further new phenomena not already observed. The possibilities of observation and the related conditions are the main reason to use analogies as well in the development of theories, as in the representation of experiments especially in high energy physics, because there we find only charged particles observable via electromagnetic interaction. Other neutral particles with no charge are concludable only by visualization of their assumed tracks filling the gaps between the tracks of charged and therefore in some way observable particles. Today this is only possible with the help of computers evaluating the huge amount of data delivered by extremely complex detectors using the electromagnetic interaction in different ways. This visualization is also a kind of analogy because in fact all the particles are not observable directly, only their electromagnetic interaction if it occurs. My investigation considered reasons for the following questions: Why in philosophy of science analogies were neglected during about one hundred years? How can analogies be characterized? And at last, as point of origination for my investigation where have analogies played an important role the development of high energy physics from the explanation of the constitution of the atomic core to the postulation of quarks, mainly in original publications? Important in this task is especially the consideration of the context which determines in some way the possible directions of development, however, no direction of development in general. The intention in my thesis was to shed some more light on the epistemological side of scientific work in physics and how analogies could help enabling this task. The method used was primarily text analysis of mostly original publications of leading physicists. Keywords: analogy, observation, epistemology, high energy physics 5 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Philosophy of Science and the Scientific Practices in Physics ....................................................... 15 2.1 Physicists and Philosophy of Science .................................................................................... 16 2.2 Philosophy of Science and Metaphysics ................................................................................ 19 2.3 Philosophy of Science and Theoretical Construction ............................................................ 25 2.4 Philosophy of Science and Models ........................................................................................ 30 2.5 Summary................................................................................................................................ 33 3 Analogies in Theoretical Practices ................................................................................................. 33 3.1 The Theory of the “Strong Interaction” and its Problems ..................................................... 35 3.2 How to Classify the New Detected Particles? ....................................................................... 39 3.3 Postulating Quarks by Analogy as Solution ........................................................................... 43 3.4 Summary................................................................................................................................ 49 4 The Role of Analogies .................................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Epistemological Model of Gaining Knowledge in High Energy Physics ................................. 50 4.2 Characterization of Analogies ............................................................................................... 53 4.2.1 On the Indispensability of Analogies in Science ............................................................ 53 4.2.2 Formal Aspects .............................................................................................................. 64 4.2.3 Observability .................................................................................................................. 70 4.3 From the Atomic Nucleus to Quarks ..................................................................................... 74 4.3.1 Heisenberg’s Theory of the Atomic Nucleus and Yukawa’s Theory of Force ................ 74 4.3.2 Theories on Strange Particles ........................................................................................ 82 4.3.3 The Way to Quarks ........................................................................................................ 90 4.4 Summary................................................................................................................................ 99 5 Experimental Practices and the Role of Limited Access .............................................................. 100 5.1 The Cloud Chamber and Electronic Counters ..................................................................... 101 5.2 The Predomination of Visual Techniques ............................................................................ 108 5.3 Visual Techniques with Electronic Counters ....................................................................... 112 5.4 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 121 6 On a Theory of Development in Modern Physics ........................................................................ 121 6.1 A Model of Development in Modern Physics ...................................................................... 122 6.1.1 Step One: Observation of Phenomena ........................................................................ 122 6.1.2 Step Two: Prior Association ......................................................................................... 122 6.1.3 Step Three: Explanatory Analogy ................................................................................ 124 6.1.4 Step Four: Extension of the Explanatory Analogy ....................................................... 125 6.1.5 Step Five: Predictive Analogy ...................................................................................... 126 6 6.1.6 Step Six: Experimental Confirmation ........................................................................... 127 6.1.7 Step Seven: Acceptance of the Theory ........................................................................ 128 6.2 Analogies and Observability ................................................................................................ 128 6.3 Analogies and Visualization ................................................................................................. 131 6.4 Analogies and History .......................................................................................................... 133 6.5 Analogies and Metaphysics ................................................................................................. 136 6.6 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 138 7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 140 8 References ..................................................................................................................................
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