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Malaysia, September 2006
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Malaysia, September 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: MALAYSIA September 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Malaysia. Short Form: Malaysia. Term for Citizen(s): Malaysian(s). Capital: Since 1999 Putrajaya (25 kilometers south of Kuala Lumpur) Click to Enlarge Image has been the administrative capital and seat of government. Parliament still meets in Kuala Lumpur, but most ministries are located in Putrajaya. Major Cities: Kuala Lumpur is the only city with a population greater than 1 million persons (1,305,792 according to the most recent census in 2000). Other major cities include Johor Bahru (642,944), Ipoh (536,832), and Klang (626,699). Independence: Peninsular Malaysia attained independence as the Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. Later, two states on the island of Borneo—Sabah and Sarawak—joined the federation to form Malaysia on September 16, 1963. Public Holidays: Many public holidays are observed only in particular states, and the dates of Hindu and Islamic holidays vary because they are based on lunar calendars. The following holidays are observed nationwide: Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date); Chinese New Year (movable set of three days in January and February); Muharram (Islamic New Year, movable date); Mouloud (Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday, movable date); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (movable date in May); Official Birthday of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (June 5); National Day (August 31); Deepavali (Diwali, movable set of five days in October and November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date); and Christmas Day (December 25). Flag: Fourteen alternating red and white horizontal stripes of equal width, representing equal membership in the Federation of Malaysia, which is composed of 13 states and the federal government. -
17Th Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1946—31st MARCH 1947 BASLE 16th June 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introductory Remarks 5 II. Transition from War to Peace Economy 9 Budget situation (p. 9), resources for productive investments (p. 9), subsidies (p. 10), nationalisations (p. 11), financial accounts (p. 11), foreign credits and foreign aid (p. 13)., em- ployment policy (p. 14), shortage of consumption goods (p. 15), wage increases (p. 15), price control (p. 16), wheat situation (p. I"]), meat, fat etc. (p. 18), industrial production (p. 20 ), coal , situation (p. 22), over-employment (p. 25) . III. Price Movements 28 Types of movement (p. 28), prices in Greece (p. 28), Hungary (p. 28), Roumania (p. 29), China (p. 29), Poland (p. 30), Italy (p. 30), France (p. 31), Finland (p. 32), Bulgaria (p. 32), Belgium (p. 32), Czechoslovakia (p. 32), Holland (p. 32), Turkey (p. 32), United States (p. 33), Great Britain (p. 35), Germany (p. 36), Austria (p. 37), wartime shortages (p. 38), general observations (p. 39) IV. Recovery of Foreign Trade .................. 41 Volume of world trade (p. 41), foreign trade in the United States (p. 42), in Canada (p. 45), Great Britain (p. 46), Denmark (p. 49), Norway (p. 49), Sweden (p. 5°), Finland (p. 50), Belgium (p. 51), Holland (p. 51), Switzerland (p. 52), Portugal (p. 52), France (p. 52), Italy (p. 54), Germany (p. 55), Poland (p. 5&), Czechoslovakia (p. 57), Austria (p. 58), Hungary (p. 58), Roumania (p. 59), Yugoslavia (p. 59), Bulgaria (p. 59), Greecç (p. 59); Turkey (p. 60), U.S.S.R. -
Historical Development of the Federalism System in Malaysia: Prior to Independence
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 75 2016 International Seminar on Education, Innovation and Economic Management (SEIEM 2016) Historical Development of the Federalism System in Malaysia: Prior to Independence Wan Kamal Mujani * Wan Hamdi Wan Sulaiman Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies Faculty of Islamic Studies The National University of Malaysia The National University of Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Malaysia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This article discusses the development of the Australia etc. According to the book Comparing Federal federalism system in Malaysia prior to independence. During its Systems in the 1990s, Bodin states that even though this administration in Malaya, the British introduced the residents system requires city-states to hand over territorial sovereignty system to facilitate administrative affairs there. Hence in 1895, to the central government, this does not mean that the the Treaty of Federation was made and the Federated Malay territories will lose their identities. Meanwhile, the book States was formed by the British. The introduction of this treaty Decline of the Nation-State asserts that this type of marks the beginning of a new chapter in the development of the administrative system became more influential when the federalism system in Malaya. One of the objectives of this United States of America, which became independent from research is to investigate the development of the federalism British influence in 1776, chose this system to govern the vast system in Malaysia prior to independence. This entire research country. -
Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(S): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol
Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(s): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Oct., 1972), pp. 486-502 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Comparative and International Education Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1186779 Accessed: 03-04-2016 19:55 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press, Comparative and International Education Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Education Review This content downloaded from 128.95.104.109 on Sun, 03 Apr 2016 19:55:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EDUCATIONAL PATTERNS IN COLONIAL MALAYA* CHARLES HIRSCHMAN BACKGROUND MOST "THIRD WORLD" NATIONS share a common past and a similar orientation to the future. Direct rule by the colonial powers of the West has given way to in- dependence only in the last decade or two. Independence has usually been ac- companied by a new emphasis on economic and social development to enhance the welfare of the people. However, the heritage of the past often constrains the future. The influence of the colonial experience upon a nation's economic, po- litical and social institutions continues long after formal independence, often to the detriment of the nation's professed social and economic objectives. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
Single-Party Rule in a Multiparty Age: Tanzania in Comparative Perspective
SINGLE-PARTY RULE IN A MULTIPARTY AGE: TANZANIA IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Richard L. Whitehead August, 2009 © by Richard L. Whitehead 2009 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Title: Single-Party Rule in a Multiparty Age: Tanzania in Comparative Perspective Candidate's Name: Richard L. Whitehead Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2009 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Richard Deeg As international pressure for multiparty reforms swept Africa during the early 1990s, long- time incumbent, such as UNIP in Zambia, KANU in Kenya, and the MCP in Malawi, were simultaneously challenged by widespread domestic demands for multiparty reforms. Only ten years later, after succumbing to reform demands, many long-time incumbents were out of office after holding competitive multiparty elections. My research seeks an explanation for why this pattern did not emerge in Tanzanian, where the domestic push for multiparty change was weak, and, despite the occurrence of three multiparty elections, the CCM continues to win with sizable election margins. As identified in research on semi-authoritarian rule, the post-reform pattern for incumbency maintenance in countries like Togo, Gabon, and Cameroon included strong doses of repression, manipulation and patronage as tactics for surviving in office under to multiparty elections. Comparatively speaking however, governance by the CCM did not fit the typical post-Cold-War semi-authoritarian pattern of governance either. In Tanzania, coercion and manipulation appears less rampant, while patronage, as a constant across nearly every African regime, cannot explain the overwhelming mass support the CCM continues to enjoy today. -
Singapore.Pdf
Singapore A History ofthe Lion City by Bjorn Schelander with illustrations by AnnHsu Published by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawai'i 1998 Partially funded by the -U.S. Department of Education Table of Contents PREFACE Chapter One: Early History of Singapore 1 From Temasek to Singapore 2 Early Archeological Evidence 3 The Rise of Malacca 5 The Raffles Years 9 Thomas Stamford Raffles 9 British, Dutch, and Malay Relations 12 Raffles and the Founding of Singapore 14 Farquhar's Administration of Singapore 17 The Return of Raffles 20 The Straits Settlements 22 Consolidation of British Interests in the Malay Peninsula 24 Profits, Piracy, and Pepper 25 Timeline of Important Events 28 Exercises 29 Chapter Two: The Colonial Era 35 Singapore Becomes a Crown Colony 36 Development ofTrade, Transportation, and Communication 36 A Multi-Ethnic Society 40 Syonan: Singapore and World War II 50 Prelude to War 50 Japanese In vasion of the Malay Peninsula 52 Singapore under Japanese Administration 54 Timeline of Important Events 57 Exercises 58 Chapter Three: Independence 63 The Post WarYears 64 The Road to Independence 65 Lee Kuan Yew and the People's Action Party 66 Merger of Malaya and Singapore 68 An Independent Singapore 69 Economy 74 Government 77 International Relations 79 Security 81 Urban Development 82 Education 83 People 84 Looking to the Future 88 Timeline of Important Events 89 Exercises 90 KEY TO EXERCISES: 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 Preface What has allowed Singapore to become one of the most prosperous nations of Asia? In the years leading up to AD 2000, Singapore achieved a standard of living second only to Japan among the countries of Asia. -
The Politics of Union and Citizenship: the Evolution Of
THE POLITICS OF UNION AND CITIZENSHIP: THE EVOLUTION OF BRITISH CONSTITUTIONAL POLICY TOWARDS MALAYA AND SINGAPORE 1942 - 1948 A thesis submitted to The School of Oriental and African Studies in candidacy fo r the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department o f History by ALBERT LAU KHOONG HWA May 1986 [ Ll ProQuest Number: 11010658 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010658 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT World War II, by unleashing new forces, had precipitated a reappraisal of B ritis h policy towards Malaya; i t also afforded B ritis h planners an opportunity to rationalise the pre-war structures which had kept Malaya constitutionally disunited and racially divided. Isolated in their offices in Whitehall, Colonial Office officials devised the Malayan Union p o licy, embracing in a "union" a ll the Malay States and including, from the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca but excluding Singapore, which developed as a separate constitutional entity although the possibility of a future "fusion" with the proposed Malayan Union was not discounted; the new arrangements envisaged also the creation of a form o f "common citizenship" that would confer political rights to Malaya's non-Malay population. -
105 the Sultan, Parti Rakyat Brunei, and Internation
HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah, Vol. II, No. 2 (April 2019) THE SULTAN, PARTI RAKYAT BRUNEI, AND INTERNATIONAL INTEREST IN NORTH KALIMANTAN AFFAIR 1962-1963 Nour Muhammad Adriani1 1Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah, FPIPS, UPI [email protected] Abstract: The Brunei Revolution in 1962 despite of its small scale is an important event which lead to an international conflict occurred in the region in years next. As its international historical context, the issue about who is the most responsible to trigger it remain in debate. The Sultan of Brunei, Parti Rakyat Brunei and international powers were the player of its importance in the Cold War context. Through historical method uses primary sources of newspapers and published documents as well as recent findings, this paper will assess the question: who is the most likely party who triggered the event as well as contribute to its failure? From the perspective of historical chronology, the Sultan is likely the most responsible for the turmoil. His reluctance and unresponsive attitude; decision to seize the people’s democracy; and arrogance in Malaysia’s case, left all interested parties gaining momentum to pressure him to decide. The Brunei People Party (PRB) became one of the parties who tried to do it, with its often-neglected aspirations for national independence, supported by the people, sympathetic neighbors, and left-leaning nations at the time. This failed rebellion also resembles a symbol of relatively untouchable people of monarch which absent from historical critics regarding its powerful position in the modern politics. Keywords: Brunei Revolution, Sultan of Brunei, Parti Rakyat Brunei, historical method INTRODUCTION Who was most responsible for the revolt itself sparked some speculations. -
Pensions Act
MINISTRY OF THELAWS ATTORNEY OF TRINIDAD GENERAL AND AND LEGAL TOBAGO AFFAIRS www.legalaffairs.gov.tt PENSIONS ACT CHAPTER 23:52 Act 16 of 1934 Amended by 21 of 1938 38 of 1973 16 of 1940 32 of 1974 33 of 1943 44 of 1976 8 of 1944 22 of 1977 55 of 1946 *14 of 1980 17 of 1950 98/1981 28 of 1950 *9 of 1987 10 of 1952 *19 of 1989 1 of 1953 *5 of 1994 1 of 1954 5 of 1955 *4 of 1995 20 of 1955 20 of 1997 39 of 1955 *21 of 2005 43 of 1956 *17 of 2007 14 of 1958 13 of 2008 37 of 1961 20 of 2008 16 of 1962 *1 of 2009 9 of 1968 *13 of 2010 37 of 1968 *2 of 2015 *See Note on Amendment Acts on page 2 Current Authorised Pages Pages Authorised (inclusive) by L.R.O. 1–2 .. 3–16 .. 17–20 .. 21–52 .. UNOFFICIAL VERSION L.R.O. UPDATED TO 31ST DECEMBER 2016 MINISTRY OF THE ATTORNEY GENERALLAWS OF AND TRINIDAD LEGAL AFFAIRS AND TOBAGOwww.legalaffairs.gov.tt 2 Chap. 23:52 Pensions Index of Subsidiary Legislation Page Pensions Regulations (16 of 1934 Second Schedule) … … … 36 Pensions (Approved Post) Order (GN 139/1976) … … … 52 Note on Subsidiary Legislation Notifications made under sections 2 and 3 in respect of “pensionable offices” and “pensionable services” have been omitted, as they are numerous and frequent and of limited interest to the general public. For reference to these Notifications—See the Current Edition of the Consolidated Index of Acts and Subsidiary Legislation. -
Print This Article
Journal of EconomicsBibliography www.kspjournals.org Volume 5 June 2018 Issue 2 Feasibility study on the implementation of a Unified Currency in the Gulf Cooperation Council By Faris Mazen OMAIRa† Abstract. The paper discusses the feasibility of a unified currency among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and suggests policies to be used should it be implemented. Several other currency unions are examined as inspiration for policies and strategies to apply to the GCC’s prospective currency union. Keywords. Gulf Cooperation Council, Central bank, Currency board, Currency union, Monetary union. JEL. E52, E58. 1. Introduction he Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is an alliance between six Middle Eastern membernations: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United T Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. The council was established in May 1981 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia with the goals of political and economic unification. A “Supreme Council” is the joint decision-making tool of the GCC and is made up of heads of state from the respective member states. An appointed president oversees the council. The presidency rotates annually among the six heads of state.i Since inception, the GCC has held the goal of creating a unified currency. The Council sees widespread opportunity for mutual benefit across membernations. A unified currency would see the abolition of exchange rates between national currencies, breaking down a barrier to trade between the countries and expanding trade opportunities. This would make the members of the GCC more competitive, in addition to effectively unifying markets across the six nations. A unification of markets would also result in a unification of monetary and economic policy that would strengthen ties between member states and ultimately assist in reaching the wider political goals of the council.ii As the next section outlines in detail, the GCC has failed to implement a currency union so far. -
Biographical Notes
Biographical Notes Acheson, Dean G. (1893-1971). Lawyer; private secretary to L. D. Brandeis; associate justice US Supreme Court 1919-21; Und er Secretary of Treasury May-November 1933; Assistant Secretary of State 1941; Under-Secretary of State 1945-7; Secretary of State 1949-53. Amery, Leopold S. (1873-1955). MP (Unionist) 1911-45; Assistant Secretary War Cabinet and Imperial War Cabinet 1917; on staff of War Council, Versailles, and personal staff of Secretary of State for War 1917-18; Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the Colonies 1919-21; Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to Admiralty 1921-2; First Lord of Admiralty 1922-4; Secretary of State for the Colonies 1924-9; Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 1925-9; Secretary of State for India and Burma 1940-5. Anderson, John (1882-1958). KCB 1919, 1st Viscount Waverley 1952. Entered Colonial Office 1905; secretary to Northem Nigeria Lands Committee 1909; secretary to West African Currency Committee 1911; Permanent Under-Secretary of State Horne Office 1922-32; Governor of Bengal 1932-7; MP (Nationalist, Scottish Universities) 1938-50; Lord Privy Seal 1938-9; Horne Secretary and Minister of Horne Security 1939-40; Lord Presi dent of the Counci11940-3; Chancellor of the Exchequer 1943-5; Chairman Port of London Authority 1946-58. Attlee, Clement R. (1883-1967). 1st Earl Attlee 1955; MP (Lab.) 1922-55; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of Oppo sition 1922-4; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War 1924; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster 1930-1; Postmaster Gen eral 1931; member Indian Statutory Commission 1927; Deputy Leader Labour Party in House of Commons 1931-5; Leader öf Opposition 1935-40; Lord Privy Seal 1940-2; Secretary of State Dominion Affairs 1942-3; Lord President of the CounciI1943-5; Deputy Prime Minister 1942-5; Prime Minister 1945-51; Minister of Defence 1945-6; Leader of Opposition 1951-5.