DOCSLIB.ORG

Imperialism and Identity in British Colonial Naval Culture, 1930S to Decolonialisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Imperialism and Identity in British Colonial Naval Culture, 1930S to Decolonialisation Imperialism and identity in British colonial naval culture, 1930s to decolonialisation. SPENCE, Daniel O. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20391/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20391/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. tsnenieiu nanam university Learning and information Sen/ices Adsetts Centre, Citv Campus Sheffield S1 1WD 102 070 959 5 REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10701037 All rights reserved IN F O R M A T IO N T O A LL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10701037 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Imperialism and Identity in British Colonial Naval Culture, 1930s to Decolonisation Daniel Owen SpenGe A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2012 Abstract During the Second World War, around 8,000 men from fifteen colonial territories fought for the British Empire in locally-raised naval volunteer forces. Their relatively small size has meant that up to now they have remained merely a footnote within the wider historiography of the war. Yet, if examined beyond their ambiguous wartime contribution and placed within the broader context of imperial history, they provide an important new lens for analysing the dynamics of imperialism during the twilight of the British Empire. Through a comparative analysis of three case studies - the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and East Asia - and by reconciling the 'official' record in the 'metropole' with 'subaltern' sources located in those regions, this thesis examines for the first time the political, social and cultural impact of these forces. It explores how they emerged out of a climate of 'imperial overstretch' as bulwarks for the preservation of British 'prestige'; how imperial ideology and racial discourses of power influenced naval recruitment, strategy and management, affecting colonial conceptions of identity, indigenous belief systems and ethnic relations; and how naval service, during both war and peacetime, influenced motivations, imperial sentiment, group cohesion and force discipline. This thesis will also assess the evolution of these part-time colonial volunteer forces into professional sovereign navies within the context of decolonisation. It will investigate the extent to which British hegemonic influence was maintained within post-colonial relationships. Issues of nationalisation, its utilisation as a tool for 'nation-building', and the impact of nationalist ideology and social engineering upon service efficiency and esprit de corps will also be examined. In the process this thesis furthers developments within the 'new naval history', by reconceptualising our understanding of navies as not merely organisations for the physical projection and maintenance of political and economic influence, but as human and cultural institutions, in which power was expressed as much in the ideas and relations they cultivated, as the barrels of their guns. Contents List of Tables, Maps and Images iv List of Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements viii General Introduction 1 Imperial Overstretch and Colonial Naval Defence 18 Case Study One: The Caribbean Introduction 43 Origins 46 Part One: The Cayman Islands 59 Part Two: Trinidad 87 Conclusion 121 Case Study Two: Southeast Asia Introduction 124 Part One: Pre-1945 127 Part Two: Post-Second World War 156 Conclusion 210 Case Study Three: East Asia Introduction 215 Part One: Pre-1945 218 Part Two: Post-Second World War 281 Conclusion 330 General Conclusion 334 Bibliography 339 iii List of Tables, Maps and Images Table 1. Imperial Defence Expenditure, 1908-1910 22 Chart 1. Naval Expenditure as a percentage of total national expenditure, 1914-1922 30 Table 2. Colonial Naval Force Complements 37 Map 1. Location of Colonial Naval Forces 38 Map 2. The British West Indies 45 Table 3. TRNVR ratings per West Indian colony, April-June 1945 57 Image 1. The TRNVR on parade at its headquarters in Staubles Bay, Trinidad 1943 69 Image 2. TRNVR ratings under inspection 101 Image 3. TRNVR rating with flag officer 102 Image 4. TRNVR ratings under instruction 103 Image 5. TRNVR ratings under instruction 103 Table 4. Apportionment of colonial personnel and financial contributions to proposed Royal West Indian Navy 115 Map 3. British Malaya, c.1922 126 Image 6. Peter Fosten and the crew of P.3509 170 Image 7. P.3509 in Mersing, Malaya 172 Image 8. A Malayan motor tongkang searched on patrol, depicted by Peter Fosten 173 Image 9. The crew of P.3509 digging for opium on Pulau Tioman 175 Image 10. 'Showing the flag' in Phuket, Thailand 176 Image 11. 'Showing the flag' in Phuket, Thailand, with visiting Buddhist monks 177 iv Image 12. 'Make and Mend' - The crew of P.3509 earn their 'hard-lying' money 179 Image 13. 'Makan' (food) - P.3509's crew at mealtime 180 Image 14. Malayan class under steering instruction 183 Image 15. The Royal Malayan Navy is transferred to the Federation of Malaya, inspected by the Governor of Singapore, Sir William Goode 200 Map 4. Hong Kong Territory 216 Map 5. Hong Kong's location in East Asia 217 Image 16. HMS Cornflower 236 Image 17. The original crest of HMS Cornflower and the HKRNVR version incorporating the Elliot family crest and motto 237 Image 18. The Hong Kong Naval Volunteer Force in the grounds of the naval college, 6 November 1934 238 Table 5. Sample of HKRNVR vessels and dud ammunition fired during hostilities, 8-19 December, 1941 268 Image 19. Admiral Chan Chak 273 Table 6. RHKDF Membership by 'Races' (including HKRNVR), 31 December 1956 313 Image 20. HMS Cardinham 325 v List of Abbreviations A/S Anti-Submarine AB Able Bodied C-in-C Commander-in-Chief/Commodore-in-Charge CCP Communist Party of China CID Committee of Imperial Defence CINA Cayman Islands National Archives CO Commanding Officer CRNVR Ceylon Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve GOC General Officer Commanding HKAAF Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force HKNVF Hong Kong Naval Volunteer Force HKPRO Hong Kong Public Records Office HKRNR Hong Kong Royal Naval Reserve HKRNVR Hong Kong Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve HKVDC Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps - The Volunteers' HMS His/Her Majesty's Ship(s) HQ Headquarters KD Kapal di-Raja (His Majesty's Ship) KMT Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China) LEP Locally Enlisted Personnel MFV Motor Fishing Vessel ML Motor Launch MNF Malayan Naval Force MRNVR Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve MTB Motor Torpedo Boat OPV Offshore Patrol Vessel PRC People's Republic of China NEP New Economic Policy OHC Oral History Centre OIC Officer-in-charge PO Petty Officer RHKDF Royal Hong Kong Defence Force RN Royal Navy RMN Royal Malayan Navy RNR Royal Naval Reserve RNVR Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve RWIN Royal West Indian Navy SSRNVR Straits Settlements Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve TLDM Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Navy) TNA The National Archives TNVF Trinidad Naval Volunteer Force TRNVR Trinidad Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve UMNO United Malays National Organisation WO Warrant Officer Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to a number of people without whom I simply would not have been able to produce this thesis: my supervisors Bruce Collins and Clare Midgley, who have selflessly devoted countless hours to impromptu meetings and the reading of numerous drafts, and to whom I will forever be indebted; Peter Cain and Ashley Jackson, for doing me the honour of being my examiners and for providing such inspiring academic examples to aspire to; my rapporteurs Barbara Bush and Roger Lloyd-Jones, who provided crucial feedback not only during the formative stages of this research, but also my earlier education and development as a historian; Mudzaffar Alfian Bin Mustafa, Datuk Hamid Ibrahim, Jerome Lee, Gaylord Kelshall, C. Charles Adams, Dale Banks, Indira Ramroop-Chadee, Dennis Olivier, Sean King, Mishka Chisholm, and Tricia Bodden, who have all been invaluable in facilitating my overseas research, and helping me access those crucial primary sources that make this thesis; similarly, I express my deep and heartfelt gratitude to my interviewees, Tan Sri Thanabalasingam, Karu Selvaratnam, Chitharanjan Kuttan (may he rest in peace), Reverend Neiville Tan, Peter Fosten, Jaswant Singh Gill, C.S. Nathan, William Harvey Ebanks, Thomas Ewart Ebanks, and Carley Ebanks, for their warmth, openness and generosity, and the inspiring stories they have so kindly shared; to academic colleagues Merv Lewis, Miles Larmer, Nir Arielli, Matthew Roberts, Robbie Aitken, Juanita Cox, and Bridget
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malaysia, September 2006
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Malaysia, September 2006 COUNTRY PROFILE: MALAYSIA September 2006 COUNTRY Formal Name: Malaysia. Short Form: Malaysia. Term for Citizen(s): Malaysian(s). Capital: Since 1999 Putrajaya (25 kilometers south of Kuala Lumpur) Click to Enlarge Image has been the administrative capital and seat of government. Parliament still meets in Kuala Lumpur, but most ministries are located in Putrajaya. Major Cities: Kuala Lumpur is the only city with a population greater than 1 million persons (1,305,792 according to the most recent census in 2000). Other major cities include Johor Bahru (642,944), Ipoh (536,832), and Klang (626,699). Independence: Peninsular Malaysia attained independence as the Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. Later, two states on the island of Borneo—Sabah and Sarawak—joined the federation to form Malaysia on September 16, 1963. Public Holidays: Many public holidays are observed only in particular states, and the dates of Hindu and Islamic holidays vary because they are based on lunar calendars. The following holidays are observed nationwide: Hari Raya Haji (Feast of the Sacrifice, movable date); Chinese New Year (movable set of three days in January and February); Muharram (Islamic New Year, movable date); Mouloud (Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday, movable date); Labour Day (May 1); Vesak Day (movable date in May); Official Birthday of His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (June 5); National Day (August 31); Deepavali (Diwali, movable set of five days in October and November); Hari Raya Puasa (end of Ramadan, movable date); and Christmas Day (December 25). Flag: Fourteen alternating red and white horizontal stripes of equal width, representing equal membership in the Federation of Malaysia, which is composed of 13 states and the federal government.
    [Show full text]
  • Burma Project G 080901
    Burma / Myanmar Bibliographical Project Siegfried M. Schwertner Bibliographical description GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 3. Schlüssel. − 2004. VII, 211 S. G., R. D: B-SBB(1 B 72836-1-3 Haus 2) Overland communication with Western China : a brief US: YU(SML PL3933 G37 1998+ statement of how the matter stands at present / by R. G. With a map. – Liverpool: Webb, Hunt & Ridings, [1872]. 8 p. ditto. 4. überarb. Aufl. − ibd. − (Süostasien Arbeitsmateria- GB: BL(10057 dd 4) BL-APAC(Tr 606)* lien [Working papers], ISSN 1619-3377 ; [11]) 1. Sprachlehrbuch − 2003. XIV, 233 S., Illus., Index. − (... ; G.H.Q.(I) [11,1]) ‘India / General Headquarters India / Inter Services Public Relations Directorate Tradition and modernity in Myanmar Gabaude, Louis Gaffey, Paul Les Karen : répertoire des sources en langues occidentales Where are the children of Burma? / Paul Gaffey. – Armidale, disponibles dans les bibliothèques de l'EFEO de Paris et de [N.S.W.]: Centre for Peace Studies, Univ. of New England, Chiang Mai 1997. [30] p. – (Discussion paper / Centre for Peace Studies, Univ. of New England, 1324-3764 ; 10) Gabbett , E. ISBN 1863894284 Report on court-houses and offices in Burma US: NIU(SEA HQ792.B93 G344 1997) Gabbett , Michael Gage , Andrew Thomas <1871-1945> The bastards of Burma : Merrill's Maurauders [sic] and the A botanical tour in the South Lushai hills / by A. T. Gage. – Mars Task Force revisited / by Michael Gabbett. – Albu- Calcutta : Govt. Print., (for P. and A.), 1901. p. 331-369, querque, N.M.: M. Gabbett, c1989. XIV, 143 p., maps. map. – (Records of the Botanical Survey of India ; 1.13) US: CU(Kroch Library Asia D 767.6 .G33z 1989) GB: BL-APAC(IOR/V/25/450/1)* OAU(Alden SE Asia D767.6 .G32 1989x) US: LC(QK358.A4 v.1, no.13) Ref.: OCLC25299095 The vegetation of the District of Minbu in Upper Burma / by Gabrielli, Giuseppe Paolo A.
    [Show full text]
  • 17Th Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
    BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1946—31st MARCH 1947 BASLE 16th June 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introductory Remarks 5 II. Transition from War to Peace Economy 9 Budget situation (p. 9), resources for productive investments (p. 9), subsidies (p. 10), nationalisations (p. 11), financial accounts (p. 11), foreign credits and foreign aid (p. 13)., em- ployment policy (p. 14), shortage of consumption goods (p. 15), wage increases (p. 15), price control (p. 16), wheat situation (p. I"]), meat, fat etc. (p. 18), industrial production (p. 20 ), coal , situation (p. 22), over-employment (p. 25) . III. Price Movements 28 Types of movement (p. 28), prices in Greece (p. 28), Hungary (p. 28), Roumania (p. 29), China (p. 29), Poland (p. 30), Italy (p. 30), France (p. 31), Finland (p. 32), Bulgaria (p. 32), Belgium (p. 32), Czechoslovakia (p. 32), Holland (p. 32), Turkey (p. 32), United States (p. 33), Great Britain (p. 35), Germany (p. 36), Austria (p. 37), wartime shortages (p. 38), general observations (p. 39) IV. Recovery of Foreign Trade .................. 41 Volume of world trade (p. 41), foreign trade in the United States (p. 42), in Canada (p. 45), Great Britain (p. 46), Denmark (p. 49), Norway (p. 49), Sweden (p. 5°), Finland (p. 50), Belgium (p. 51), Holland (p. 51), Switzerland (p. 52), Portugal (p. 52), France (p. 52), Italy (p. 54), Germany (p. 55), Poland (p. 5&), Czechoslovakia (p. 57), Austria (p. 58), Hungary (p. 58), Roumania (p. 59), Yugoslavia (p. 59), Bulgaria (p. 59), Greecç (p. 59); Turkey (p. 60), U.S.S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Hong Kong
    Modern Hong Kong Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History Modern Hong Kong Steve Tsang Subject: China, Hong Kong, Macao, and/or Taiwan Online Publication Date: Feb 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.280 Abstract and Keywords Hong Kong entered its modern era when it became a British overseas territory in 1841. In its early years as a Crown Colony, it suffered from corruption and racial segregation but grew rapidly as a free port that supported trade with China. It took about two decades before Hong Kong established a genuinely independent judiciary and introduced the Cadet Scheme to select and train senior officials, which dramatically improved the quality of governance. Until the Pacific War (1941–1945), the colonial government focused its attention and resources on the small expatriate community and largely left the overwhelming majority of the population, the Chinese community, to manage themselves, through voluntary organizations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. The 1940s was a watershed decade in Hong Kong’s history. The fall of Hong Kong and other European colonies to the Japanese at the start of the Pacific War shattered the myth of the superiority of white men and the invincibility of the British Empire. When the war ended the British realized that they could not restore the status quo ante. They thus put an end to racial segregation, removed the glass ceiling that prevented a Chinese person from becoming a Cadet or Administrative Officer or rising to become the Senior Member of the Legislative or the Executive Council, and looked into the possibility of introducing municipal self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • 13Th July, 1916
    HONG KONG LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 25 13TH JULY, 1916. PRESENT:― THE COLONIAL TREASURER seconded, and this was agreed to. HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR SIR FRANCIS HENRY MAY, K.C.M.G. THE COLONIAL SECRETARY, by command of H.E. the Governor, laid on the table report of HIS EXCELLENCY MAJOR-GENERAL F. VENTRIS proceedings of Finance Committee, No. 4, and (General Officer Commanding Troops in China). moved that it be adopted. HON. MR. CLAUD SEVERN (Colonial Secretary). THE COLONIAL TREASURER seconded, and this was agreed to. HON. MR. J. H. KEMP (Attorney-General). HON. MR. E. D. C. WOLFE (Colonial Treasurer). Hon. Mr. Pollock and the Government Civil Hospital Nursing Staff HON. MR. E. R. HALLIFAX (Secretary for Chinese Affairs). HON. MR. POLLOCK asked the following HON. MR. W. CHATHAM, C.M.G. (Director of questions:― Public Works). HON. MR. C. MCI. MESSER (Captain (1.)―With reference to the statement, made in Superintendent of Police). answer to my questions concerning the Government Nursing Staff, at the last meeting of the Legislative HON. MR. WEI YUK, C.M.G. Council, to the following effect: "In a further HON. MR. H. E. POLLOCK, K.C. telegram, dated the 8th January, Mr. Bonar Law stated that the Colonial Nursing Association were HON. MR. E. SHELLIM. unable to say when they would be in a position to HON. MR. D. LANDALE. recommend candidates," is it not the fact that (1.)― The Colonial Nursing Association have recently sent HON. MR. LAU CHU PAK. out a Matron and a Sister to the Staff of the Peak HON.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the United Nations Conference To
    A/CONF.230/14 Report of the United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development United Nations Headquarters 5-9 June 2017 United Nations New York, 2017 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. [15 June 2017] Contents Chapter Page I. Resolutions adopted by the Conference ............................................. 5 II. Organization of work and other organizational matters ................................ 11 A. Date and venue of the Conference ............................................. 11 B. Attendance ................................................................ 11 C. Opening of the Conference................................................... 12 D. Election of the two Presidents and other officers of the Conference ................. 13 E. Adoption of the rules of procedure ............................................ 13 F. Adoption of the agenda of the Conference ...................................... 13 G. Organization of work, including the establishment of subsidiary bodies, and other organizational matters ....................................................... 14 H. Credentials of representatives to the Conference ................................. 14 I. Documentation ............................................................ 14 III. General debate ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychogeophysics of Bangka Island: on Tin, Mining, and Materiality
    Transformations issue 33 (2020) The Psychogeophysics of Bangka Island: On www.transformationsjournal.org Tin, Mining, and Materiality ISSN 1444-3775 AUTHOR BIO Riar Rizaldi Riar Rizaldi works as an artist and researcher. Born in Indonesia and ABSTRACT currently based in Hong Kong, his main focus is on the relationship between capital and In 2018, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), technology, extractivism, and commissioned by the mining corporation Rio Tinto, released the list of metals theory-fiction. Through his they expected to be most impacted, in terms of increased demand, by works, he questions the notion of upcoming technologies. Tin ranked highest as the most impacted. Almost one- (a)temporality, image politics, third of global tin supply is extracted from two islands in the western materiality, media archaeology archipelago of Indonesia, Bangka and Belitung. In this paper, I focus on and unanticipated consequences fieldwork undertaken in Bangka Island and re-examine the materiality of tin of technologies. He is also and its complex entanglement with humans through psychogeophysics. This actively composing and involves bringing a creative approach to the practice of the geophysical survey performing sonic-fiction using as a method and solo dérive. The practice of psychogeophysics seeks to the methods of field recording provide an analysis of an island that has been actively mined and geo- and foley through programming language. Riar has also curated transformed for millennia. I begin by exploring the history of tin on Bangka ARKIPEL Jakarta International island, then focus on the construction of tin’s value and the dynamic Documentary & Experimental relationship between humans, nature, and labour as conceived among different Film Festival — Penal Colony groups of people and issues; an entanglement between small-scale (2017) and Internet of unconventional miners, mining company PT.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangka Belitung Islands: Great Potencies of Massive Environmental Impacts
    125 E3S W eb of C onferences , 09008 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912509008 ICENIS 2019 Bangka Belitung Islands: Great Potencies of Massive Environmental Impacts Hartuti Purnaweni1,2,*, Kismartini1,2, Bulan Prabawani,3, Ali Roziqin4 1Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro Indonesia 2Master and Doctorate Program of Environmental Science, School of Post Graduate, Undip, Indonesia. 3Business Administration Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Undip, Indonesia 4Government Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah, Malang Abstract. Mining is a very crucial activity of human being and is practiced everywhere in the world, including in Bangka Belitung Province which is rich in tin, making tin is the leading commodity in this area. This study aimed at analyzing the Bangka Belitung profile, tin mining activities in this area and its impact on an environmental conditions in Bangka Belitung Islands. The study applied a descriptive-qualitative method, using data from library study and previous researches dealing with the research topic, as well as data from field observation. It concluded that tin mining has been done since the Dutch era in Bangka Belitung, and is more active today. Therefore, it is concluded that massive environmental degradation will occur should the mining practices are not stopped. The study It is recommended that the government has to strengthen its policy in the form of local regulation on the tin mining activities for erecting a better public administration practices. Keywords: tin; mining; environmental degradation; local regulation. bauxite, tin, bronze, gold, silver, asphalt, phosphor, and phosphate. Mining activities in an area has both positive 1 Introduction and negative impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(S): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol
    Educational Patterns in Colonial Malaya Author(s): Charles Hirschman Source: Comparative Education Review, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Oct., 1972), pp. 486-502 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Comparative and International Education Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1186779 Accessed: 03-04-2016 19:55 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press, Comparative and International Education Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Education Review This content downloaded from 128.95.104.109 on Sun, 03 Apr 2016 19:55:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EDUCATIONAL PATTERNS IN COLONIAL MALAYA* CHARLES HIRSCHMAN BACKGROUND MOST "THIRD WORLD" NATIONS share a common past and a similar orientation to the future. Direct rule by the colonial powers of the West has given way to in- dependence only in the last decade or two. Independence has usually been ac- companied by a new emphasis on economic and social development to enhance the welfare of the people. However, the heritage of the past often constrains the future. The influence of the colonial experience upon a nation's economic, po- litical and social institutions continues long after formal independence, often to the detriment of the nation's professed social and economic objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Axis and Allied Maritime Operations Around Southern Africa, 1939-1945
    THE AXIS AND ALLIED MARITIME OPERATIONS AROUND SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1939-1945 Evert Philippus Kleynhans Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Military Science (Military History) in the Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof I.J. van der Waag Co-supervisor: Dr E.K. Fedorowich December 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: December 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The majority of academic and popular studies on the South African participation in the Second World War historically focus on the military operations of the Union Defence Force in East Africa, North Africa, Madagascar and Italy. Recently, there has been a renewed drive to study the South African participation from a more general war and society approach. The South African home front during the war, and in particular the Axis and Allied maritime war waged off the southern African coast, has, however, received scant historical attention from professional and amateur historians alike. The historical interrelated aspects of maritime insecurity evident in southern Africa during the war are largely cast aside by contemporary academics engaging with issues of maritime strategy and insecurity in southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 MARCHISIO, GIULIO How to cite: MARCHISIO, GIULIO (2012) Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7323/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Battleships and Dividends: The Rise of Private Armaments Firms in Great Britain and Italy, c. 1860-1914 Giulio Marchisio This thesis analyses the rise of private armaments firms in Great Britain and in Italy from mid-19th century to the outbreak of the First World War, with a focus on naval armaments and military shipbuilding. During this period, the armaments industry underwent a radical transformation, moving from being based on public-owned arsenals and yards to being based on private firms – the system of military procurement prevalent today.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University.
    [Show full text]