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Sociolinguistic Survey of Mpi in Thailand

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Sociolinguistic Survey of Mpi in Thailand Sociolinguistic Survey of Mpi in Thailand Ramzi W. Nahhas SIL International 2007 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2007-016, August 2007 Copyright © 2007 Ramzi W. Nahhas and SIL International All rights reserved 2 Abstract Ramzi W. Nahhas, PhD Survey Unit, Department of Linguistics School of Graduate Studies Payap University/SIL International Chiang Mai, Thailand Mpi is a language spoken mainly in only two villages in Thailand, and possibly in one location in China, as well. Currently, Mpi does not have vernacular literature, and may not have sufficient language vitality to warrant the development of such literature. Since there are only two Mpi villages in Thailand, and they are surrounded by Northern Thai communities, it is reasonable to be concerned about the vitality of the Mpi language. The purposes of this study were to assess the need for vernacular literature development among the Mpi of Northern Thailand and to determine which (if any) Mpi varieties should be developed. This assessment focused on language vitality and bilingualism in Northern Thai. Additionally, lexicostatistics were used to measure lexical similarity between Mpi varieties. Acknowledgments This research was conducted under the auspices of the Payap University Linguistics Department, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The research team consisted of the author, Jenvit Suknaphasawat (SIL International), and Noel Mann (Technical Director, Survey Unit, Payap University Linguistics Department, and SIL International). The fieldwork would not have been possible without the assistance of the residents of Ban Dong (in Phrae Province) and Ban Sakoen (in Nan Province). A number of individuals gave many hours to help the researchers learn about the Mpi people and about their village, and to introduce us to others in their village. Indeed, all the people of Ban Dong and Ban Sakoen were very friendly and helpful. It was a pleasure to spend time with them and learn about their language and culture. For the research team, Ramzi W. Nahhas, PhD October 2005 Summary Mpi ([m̩ ˧ pi˥˧], มป) is a language spoken in Thailand in two villages: Ban Dong (บานดง ม.4 และ ม.8, ต.สวนเขื่อน อ.เมือง จ.แพร) and Ban Sakoen (บานสะเกิน ม.1 ต.ยอด อ.สองแคว จ.นาน). In Ban Sakoen, they call the language [kɔ˥˧] (กอ). The Mpi came to Thailand from Sipsongpanna in China about 300 years ago. There may still be some Mpi speakers in Sipsongpanna, in Mengla. The Mpi language is only spoken. It does not have a writing system. Some have attempted to write Mpi using the Thai alphabet, but have not been satisfied with the results. Since there is no writing system, Mpi does not have any vernacular literature. However, Mpi may not have sufficient language vitality to warrant the development of such literature. 3 Since there are only two Mpi villages in Thailand, and they are surrounded by Northern Thai communities, it is reasonable to be concerned about the vitality of the Mpi language. In many ways, the Mpi are very similar culturally to the Northern Thai, and they speak Northern and Central Thai with outsiders. While Mpi is still used in Ban Dong, there are many children there who do not speak it. In Ban Sakoen, the language shift from Mpi to Northern Thai is more advanced, with Mpi proficiency limited to some older people. This language survey investigated factors related to language vitality (language use, language attitudes, and ethnolinguistic identity) as well as self-reported bilingual proficiency in order to assess the need for vernacular literature in the Mpi language. Additionally, words were compared between the two villages to assess how similar or different their vocabularies are. The conclusions of the report are as follows: • Because many children in Ban Dong seem to have only a passive understanding of Mpi, it seems likely that, if nothing changes, Mpi might not be spoken in Ban Dong in the future. • Because only a few people in Ban Sakoen have the ability to speak Mpi proficiently, Mpi might not be spoken in Ban Sakoen in the future. • Mpi people have no negative feelings toward Northern Thai people and culture. Thus, they would have no problem accepting literature written in Northern Thai if it were available. • Mpi people in Thailand can speak Northern and Central Thai proficiently. • Based on the comparison of words between villages, and on the reports of Mpi people, the Mpi varieties spoken in Ban Dong and Ban Sakoen are different varieties of the same language, differing only in some vocabulary and a few systematic pronunciation differences. Based on these conclusions, from a practical point of view, there may not be a need to develop a writing system for Mpi. They have adequate access to literature in Central and Northern Thai. However, the Mpi people themselves have expressed a desire to preserve their language. Development of a writing system for Mpi might increase pride in the language and provide a motivation for people to use Mpi more. Mpi people could then write down Mpi stories, history, and culture in their own language. Also, future generations would then know how to accurately pronounce Mpi words. 4 Contents Abstract Acknowledgments Summary List of Tables List of Figures 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography 1.2 Peoples 1.3 History 1.3.1 Based on Previous Research 1.3.2 Based on This Survey 1.4 Previous Linguistic Research 1.5 Previous Sociolinguistic Research 1.5.1 Intelligibility with Bisoid Languages 1.5.2 Grammar Questionnaire 1.5.3 Sociolinguistic Questionnaire 2 Purposes, Goals, and Research Questions 3 Methodology 3.1 Timeline 3.2 Sample Selection 3.2.1 Questionnaire Subject Selection 3.2.2 Wordlist Consultant Selection 3.3 Instruments 3.3.1 Sociolinguistic Questionnaires 3.3.2 Wordlist 3.3.3 Observation and Informal Interview 3.4 Analysis 3.4.1 Summary of Sociolinguistic Data 3.4.2 Wordlist Comparison 3.4.3 Criteria for Answering Research Questions 4 Results 4.1 Summary of Individual SLQ Results 4.2 Summary of Village Leader SLQ Results 4.3 Summary of Wordlist Comparison 4.4 Towards Answers to the Research Questions 4.4.1 Language Vitality 4.4.2 Attitude toward Northern Thai 4.4.3 Northern Thai Proficiency 4.4.4 Intelligibility between Mpi Varieties 4.4.5 Reported Groupings of Mpi Varieties 5 Conclusions 5.1 Need for Vernacular Literature 5.2 Relationship between Mpi Varieties 6 Recommendations Appendix A Generalizing from the Sample to the Population of Mpi in Thailand 5 Appendix B Individual Sociolinguistic Questionnaire – Thailand Appendix C Village Leader Sociolinguistic Questionnaire – Thailand Appendix D Sociolinguistic Data Appendix E Summary of Individual Sociolinguistic Questionnaire Results E.1 Background Information E.2 Inventory of Languages Spoken E.3 Domains of Language Use E.4 Other Mpi Villages E.5 Dialect Perceptions E.6 Comparison of Villages – Where is Mpi spoken the best? E.7 Comparison of Villages – Which village has higher status? E.8 Stopped Speaking Mpi E.9 Inventory of Children’s Languages E.10 Language of Play E.11 Mpi in 20 Years E.12 Feelings about Language Decline E.13 Children’s Speech Quality E.14 Marriage with Non-Mpi Speakers E.15 Cultural Differences E.16 Ethnolinguistic Identity E.17 Feelings about Literacy E.18 Reported Bilingualism Appendix F Mpi Phones Appendix G Wordlist Comparison Criteria Appendix H Wordlist References 6 List of Tables Table 1 - Mpi (Ban Dong) - Akha Wordlist ............................................................................16 Table 2 - Sample Size by Location, Gender, and Age.............................................................20 Table 3 - Summary of Language Vitality Criteria...................................................................23 Table 4 - Summary of Village Leader SLQ Answers..............................................................25 Table 5 - Regular Sound Correspondences Observed .............................................................26 Table 6 - Summary of Indicators of Language Vitality...........................................................32 Table 7 - Self-Reported Bilingualism - Northern Thai............................................................61 Table 8 - Self-Reported Bilingualism - Central Thai...............................................................61 Table 9 - Self-Reported Mpi Proficiency.................................................................................62 Table 10 - Occupation by Location, Gender, and Age ............................................................67 Table 11 - Educational Attainment by Location, Gender, and Age.........................................67 Table 12 - Language Names by Location................................................................................68 Table 13 - People Group Names by Location..........................................................................69 Table 14 - Languages Spoken by Location..............................................................................69 Table 15 - Languages Spoken by Domain and Location [Ban Dong only].............................70 Table 16 - Inventory of Children’s Languages [Ban Dong only]............................................74 Table 17 - Language of Play [Ban Dong only]........................................................................74 Table 18 - Mpi in 20 Years [Ban Dong only]..........................................................................75 Table 19 - Self-Reported Bilingual Proficiency [Ban Dong only] ..........................................79 Table 20 - Mpi Consonants......................................................................................................80
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