Transatlantic Antifascisms Michael Seidman Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41778-5 — Transatlantic Antifascisms Michael Seidman Index More Information

Index

Abbott Laboratories, 145 and German prisoners of war, 143 Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 27 and interventionism, 136 absenteeism, 23, 56, 152 and Ku Klux Klan, 141 and Bevin, 209 and Southern racism, 142 and collective bargaining, 227 and World War II, 143 and drinking, 228 as victims, 135 and Dunkirk spirit, 210 discrimination against, 155, 230 and Friday pay, 210, 227 newspapers of, 141 and hunting season, 227 pastors of, 131 and lack of alarm clocks, 211 Again, 145 and physicians, 228 Agir,99 and UK miners, 211 Aid Spain committees, 35 and UK shop stewards, 210 airlift, 26 and US opinion, 228 Alain (Émile-August Chartier), 75 and weekend labor, 218 Albania, 107 and weekends, 228 Alcalá Zamora, Niceto, 13 and women, 211, 228 alcohol abuse, 24 at US Ford factories, 226 Alexander, A. V., 213 during German occupation of France, Alfonso XIII, 17 200 Algeria, 253 during Phoney War, 190 and de Gaulle, 174 in postwar France, 249 Algerian War, 253 in UK shipbuilding, 210 Algiers, 174 in United Kingdom, 210 Alliance démocratique, 80 in United States, 223 Alliance of Antifascist Intellectuals, 44 of French miners, 191, 248 Alphonsines, 17 reasons for, 210 Alsace, 146 absolutism, 9 Alsthom Abyssinia. See Ethiopia and Allied bombing of France, Academic Assistance Council, 88 204 Action Française, 31, 40, 98, 123 America First, 41, 148 and Leclerc, 123 as anti-Soviet, 154 as anti-Catholic, 100 American Artists’ Congress, 42 AEU (Amalgamated Engineering Union), American Communists. See CPUSA 217, 219 American Federation of Labor (AFL), afﬁrmative action, 28 157 Africa, 26 American Legion, 152 African-Americans, 7, 230 opposes anti-Semitism, 135 and “double victoryˮ, 221 American Revolution, 140 and anti-Semitism, 141 Americanophilia, 186 and competition for victimhood, 142 Americans. See United States and Ethiopia, 130, 131 Amery, Leo, 66

315

316 Index

anarchists, 19, 29, 38, 253 anti-work ideologies, 253 anarchosyndicalists, 23 appeasement, 37, 251 Andalusia, 10 in Spain, 48 Anglicans, 36, 64 Aragon, Louis, 75 Anglophilia Archbishop of Canterbury, 47 and Knox, 149 Argelès-sur-Mer, 50 and US rearmament, 151 Armistice Day, 193 in France, 124 Artists against War and Fascism, 157 in United States, 135, 154 Ascq (Nord), 203 in US South, 149 Asturias, 14, 17 Aniche, 191 Atelier, 206 Anschluss, 94, 99. See also Austria Atholl, Duchess of, 34, 47 accepted by Mussolini, 99 Atlantic, 130 and French Christian democrats, 99 Atlantic Charter, 162 and Italy, 94 and French Resistance, 172 anti-Comintern pact and self-determination, 162 and Roosevelt, 147 Atlantic Conference. See Atlantic Charter anti-Communism, 252 Atlantic Revolutions, 4, 10, 237 antifa movements, 254 features of, 238 antifascism, 1–6, 9, 26, 40, 42 Atlantic Wall, 50, 187, 189, 246 and 1960s, 253 Atlanticists, 101 and absenteeism, 228 atomic weaponry, 156, 233 and abstract art, 159 Attlee, Clement, 60, 106, 128, 249 and anti-Semitism, 135 and Free French, 176 and Christianity, 145 andLeagueofNations,90 and communism, 40 and nationalizations, 245 and denial of labor for Germany, 187 on Munich, 74, 96 and foreign scientists, 156 Aube, 100 and immigrants, 155 Auden, W. H., 34, 36 and paciﬁsm, 74 Australia, 62 and racism, 143 Austria, 48, 75 and regionalism, 143 Anschluss, 61, 68, 69, 94 and resistance to work, 82, 225, 231 Vienna pogrom, 94 and trade unions, 157 Axis, 2, 5, 25, 31, 32, 48 as broad coalition, 87 and Roosevelt, 148 as conservative, 1, 3 and slavery, 139, 151 as counterrevolutionary, 3, 5, 6 and Vichy subservience, 171 as ecumenical, 100 in war of attrition, 120, 121 as racist, 143 lack of cooperation within, 161 as revolutionary, 2 supposed vigor of, 79 collective and individual, 189 Azaña, Manuel, 12, 13, 15, 29 in US South, 141 of US government, 222 B’nai B’rith, 141 opportunistic nature of, 251 Badajoz, 16 resilience of, 254 Badoglio, Pietro, 170 Anti-Nazi League, 152 Bahamas, 151 anti-racism, 28, 125, 134 Bailby, Léon, 61, 78 anti-Semitism, 2, 7, 33, 59 Bailey, Josiah W., 142 and anti-Masonry, 173 Baldwin, Stanley, 32 and British opinion, 88 and Edward VIII, 84 and French Resistance, 122 and Hitler, 72 and paciﬁsm, 114 and slavery, 139 as secondary, 96 and Spanish Civil War, 32 in United States, 132 as prime minister, 69, 91 Anti-war Coordinating Committee, 91 on Versailles Treaty, 64

Index 317

Balkans, 127 as minister of labour, 128, 209, 213, 244 Baltics, 233, 234 Bidault, Georges, 75, 99, 247 Bank of England, 245 as journalist, 124 Bank of France, 247 Billotte, Pierre, 177 Baptists, 40 Bir Hakeim, 170, 176 Barcelona, 16, 18, 24, 25, 36, 42, 165 Bishop of Exeter, 89 bombing of, 41 Bishop of Manchester, 85 Barthou, Louis, 61 black marketeering, 182, 185 Basque country, 11, 17, 38, 39 as individualistic, 232 as antifascist, 146 Blackfriars,38 Bataille Socialiste,81 Blacks. See African-Americans Battle of Britain, 70, 117 Blériot, 183 and Allied air power, 172 Blitzstein, Marc, 47 and United States, 161 Bloch, Marc, 123 and war of attrition, 150 Blue Division, 166 as combative antifascism, 164 Blue Laws, 147 Battle of Cable Street, 86 Blum, Léon, 56, 102, 247 Battle of Stalingrad, 117, 165, 185, 214 and Chamberlain, 70 Battle of the Atlantic, 160 and Czechoslovakia, 73 Baudouin, Paul, 78 and forty-hour week, 81 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), and League of Nations, 63 86, 90 and national defense, 108 and de Gaulle, 122 and nationalizations, 247 as antifascist voice, 120 and nonintervention, 29, 31, 33, 39 as precedent for nationalizations, 245 and rearmament, 69 Beaverbrook, Lord, 208 and Roosevelt, 75 Belgium, 63, 119, 149 and Soviet Union, 72 and Nazi occupation, 146 as appeaser, 65 strikes in, 191 as paciﬁst, 59, 60, 72, 74 Belin, René, 196 as prime minister, 55, 68 Bell, Julian, 34 on fascism, 54 Belle Jardinière, 198 on Munich Agreement, 73 Benes, Edvard, 61 on Nazism as slavery, 139 Benton, Thomas Hart, 144–146 supports de Gaulle, 171 Berchtesgaden, 73 Blunt, Anthony, 44 Bergery, Gaston, 91 Boilermakers Union, 210 Berliet Bolívar, Simón, 140 nationalized, 246 Bolivarian Revolutions, 140 Berliet, Marius, 246 Bolsheviks, 21, 39, 99, 102. See also Bermuda, 151 Communism Bernal, J. D., 34, 89 and Masons, 173 Bernanos, Georges, 37, 38, 40, 101 Bonapartism, 52, 53 criticizes Catholics, 179 Bonnet, Georges, 80 on irreligion, 100 and franc, 161 Bessarabia, 112, 233 and Soviet Union, 110 Bessie, Alvah, 155 as anti-Communist, 111 Beuve-Méry, Hubert, 99 as appeaser, 114 Bevan, Aneurin, 85 Bonnevay, Laurent, 57 Beveridge Report, 244 Borah, William, 47 Beveridge, William, 89 Bordeaux, 179 and welfare state, 243 Boris, Georges, 101, 102, 171 Bevin, Ernest, 89, 92, 106, 128, 249 Borkenau, Franz, 43, 75 and conscription of women workers, 217 Boswell, Peyton, 158 and Free French, 176 Brasillach, Robert, 79, 100 as anti-Communist, 92, 237 Bréguet, 190

318 Index

Breton, André, 75 and Nazism, 94 Britain. See United Kingdom and Pétain, 179 British Broadcasting Corporation. See and revolutionary antifascism, 29 BBC and Spanish Republic, 12, 15, 34–36, British Communists. See CPGB 39, 40, 251 British Union of Fascists. See BUF and STO, 188 Brittain, Vera, 62, 89 anti-British, 136 Brittany, 146 as fascists, 85 Brooks, Van Wyck, 133 tolerance of during Liberation of Brossolette, Pierre, 99 France, 239 Broz. See Tito, Josip Broz Caudillo. See Franco, Francisco Brulé, Michel, 190 Caudron, 190 Buenos Aires, 42 CEDA (Confederación Española de BUF (British Union of Fascists), 65, 84, Derechas Autónomas), 13, 51 85 Cela, Camilo José, 42 government restrictions on, 86 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 78 Bulgaria Century Group, 136, 137 and Soviet Union, 235 Century of the Common Man, 139 Buré, Émile, 101–103 Cervantes, Miguel de, 42 Burgundy, 180 CFLN (Comité français de libération Byron, Lord, 42 nationale) and centralization, 239 Cadogan, Alexander, 32 and CNR, 175 Cagney, James, 47 and Socialists, 175 Cahiers du Témoignage chrétien, 123 and Soviet Union, 175 Caillaux, Joseph, 79 as pluralist, 175 as appeaser, 80 CGT (Confédération générale du travail), Calas, Nicolas, 159 57, 202 Caledon Shipbuilding and Engineering and nationalizations, 246 Company, 214 and political strikes, 202 Calvo Sotelo, José, 17 and workweek, 248 Cameroon, 124 during occupation, 196, 201 Campbell, Roy, 32 recruiting by, 249 Camus, Albert, 42 CGTU (Confédération générale du travail as journalist, 124 unitaire), 55 on nationalizations, 246 Chad, 124 Canada, 62, 106, 120 Chambelland, Maurice, 76 and appeasement, 106 Chamberlain, Austen, 89, 94 Canard enchaîné, 61, 63 Chamberlain, Neville, 68, 72 Capra, 190 and Czechoslovakia, 81, 101 Carbone Lorraine, 200 and Ethiopia, 131 Cárdenas, Juan Francisco de, 242 and Franco, 108 Carlists, 17 and Hitler, 72 Cartoucherie, 183 and Labour, 91, 114 Casablanca Conference, 167 and Mussolini, 72 Cash-and-Carry, 149, 150 and pound, 161 Catalonia, 11, 14, 16, 17 and Soviet Union, 60, 72, 107 as antifascist, 146 as “realistˮ, 169 Catholic World, 37, 38 as anti-Communist, 68 and anti-Semitism, 135 as anti-Semitic, 72, 110 Catholics, 7, 37, 47, 48 as appeaser, 64, 65, 68 and de Gaulle, 122 as paciﬁst, 74, 97 and Free French, 125 as reluctant antifascist, 113 and Jewish deportations, 127 on rearmament, 69 and Masonry, 173 rejects transatlantic alliance, 68

Index 319

Chaplin, Charlie, 138 as cosmopolitan, 161 Châteaubriant massacre, 200 as counterrevolutionary antifascist, 51, Chaudronnerie Général, 193 90, 170, 252 Chausson, 194 as early antifascist, 90 Chautemps, Camille, 63, 68 as imperialist, 162 Chaves Nogales, Manuel, 21 as internationalist, 160 Chenard et Walcker, 193 as Mason, 173 Chicago Tribune, 36, 130, 153 as prime minister, 71, 114 China, 9, 41 as radio personality, 243 Christ, 140 excluded from cabinet, 107 Christian Century, 37, 131 excluded from government, 106 Christian democracy, 11, 104, 179 Iron Curtain speech of, 235 Christian democrats, 39, 75, 100 on Hitler, 97 and education, 239 on Nazism, 169 and French purges, 240 on rearmament, 69 and French Resistance, 172 on Rhineland, 63 and Guernica, 40 post-Munich speech of, 96 and Spanish Civil War, 39 uses UK bankruptcy, 161 and Spanish refugees, 50 vetoes equal pay for women, 217 and welfare state, 236 Citrine, Walter, 36, 92, 106 as anti-Communists, 237 Citroën, 193, 205 as appeasers, 100 Clark, Kenneth, 89 as minority, 40 Clemenceau, Georges, 61, 101–103, in France, 247 180 in Spain, 15 closed-shop rules, 216 Christian realists, 137 CNT (Confederación Nacional del Christian Scientists, 40 Trabajo), 13, 15, 23, 25 Christianity coal shortages, 196 as alternative to fascism and Colectividad Campesina Adelante, 24 communism, 95 collective bargaining, 227, 244 as anti-totalitarian, 95 Columbus Day, 20 Christianity and Crisis, 137 Combat, 122, 124, 172 church. See Catholics and Free French, 124 Churchill, Winston, 3, 167 and Marseilles police, 172 and Allied bombing of France, 206 as anti-Marxist, 172 and Christianity, 235 Comintern, 22, 28, 53, 113, 135 and Clemenceau, 180 and French national front, 126 and Darlan deal, 169 and Phoney War, 189 and de Gaulle, 8 and Socialist parties, 237 and electoral defeat of 1945, 243 as subversive, 79 and Ethiopia, 94 dissolved, 165 and France, 64, 180 Comité d’études économiques et and Franco regime, 241 syndicales, 196 and French navy, 119, 136 Comité d’Information ouvrière et sociale, and guerrilla warfare, 118 183, 184 and Jews, 274n63 Comité des forges, 108 and League of Nations, 90 Comité français de libération nationale. and North Africa, 233 See CFLN and purges, 241 comités sociaux d’entreprise, 194, 198, and Soviet Union, 90, 101, 110, 150, 199 164 commissaires régionaux, 240 and Spanish Civil War, 33, 34 Commission d’Action Militaire, 177 and strikes, 213 Committee for Impartial Civilian Relief in and UK industry, 161 Spain, 41 as Atlanticist, 68 Commonweal,37

320 Index

Communism and Catholics, 179 and revolutionary antifascism, 29 and Darlan deal, 169 and workers’ revolts, 249 and fall of France, 119 as pagan, 137 and French Popular Front, 83 as result of war, 64 and individualism, 158 Communist Party of Great Britain. See and Soviet Union, 112 CPGB and strikebreaking, 222 Compteurs de Montrouge, 194 and wage labor, 251 Condor Legion, 26, 39 as defender of conservative republics, Confederación Española del Derechas 107 Autónomas. See CEDA in Western Europe, 233 Confederación Nacional del Trabajo. See of United States, 233 CNT provides postwar legitimacy, 253 Confederacy, 141 CPGB (Communist Party of Great Confédération du patronat, 108 Britain), 33, 35, 85 Confédération générale du travail. See and Churchill, 208 CGT and factory agitation, 129 Confucius, 140 and Labour Party, 128, 208, 244 Congress of Industrial Organizations, 37 and strikes, 128, 207 Connecticut, 146 as anti-conscription, 107 Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), as antiwar, 128 175 as paciﬁst, 125, 128, 207 conservative antifascism, 2–5, 63, 121 as Stakhanovites, 207 and fall of France, 150 as workers’ tribune, 207 and global business, 120 ﬁghting fascists, 85 and Jews, 135 membership of, 91 and Soviet Union, 111, 116 rejected as coalition partner, 92 and Spain, 251 tolerated by government, 207 and Vichy regime, 174, 183 CPUSA (Communist Party USA) in United Kingdom, 90, 120 and invasion of Soviet Union, 222 Conservative Party, 34 and strikes, 224 and Munich, 97 Crédit Lyonnais, 247 and nationalizations, 245 Crémieux Brilhac, Jean-Louis, 69 and Soviet Union, 90 Crémieux, Benjamin, 98 Constituent Assembly Crete, 166 and CFLN, 175 Cristallerie de Courbevoie, 194 Construction Mécanique (Amiot), 183 Croce, Benedetto, 87 Cooper, Duff, 66, 97 Croft, Henry Page, 66 and Free French, 176 Croix, 39, 77 Cooper, Gary, 43 Croix-de-Feu, 57, 78, 124 Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Cross of Lorraine, 122 153 Crozier, W. P., 64 Cornford, John, 34 cryptanalysis, 156 Corsica, 31 Cuenca, 15 and Free French, 177 cultural revolution of the 1960s, 253 as model for Liberation, 177 Curry, John Steuart, 144 Cosmopolitan,37 curse of Ham, 142 Cot, Pierre, 122 Curtiss-Wright, 226 Coughlin, Charles E., 37, 147 Czechoslovakia, 6, 8, 49, 62, 64, 68, 71, Counter-Reformation, 9 252 counterrevolution, 3, 4 and Churchill, 235 counterrevolutionary antifascism, 29, 42. and French right, 79 See also conservative antifascism and self-determination, 99 and artists, 144 and Soviet Union, 235 and Atlantic Charter, 162 as French ally, 72

Index 321

as Masonic, 78, 79 and Soviet Union, 103, 179 as unviable state, 76 and Spain, 51, 242 German invasion of, 98, 105 and Third Republic, 125, 174 Lidice, 168 and traditionalist right, 122 and US media, 171 d’Astier de la Vigerie, Emmanuel, 122, and US troops, 178 123, 177 and Vichy regime, 180 and PCF, 172, 173 as black, 124 on Nazism, 125 as coalition builder, 252 d’Ormesson, Waldimir, 77 as counterrevolutionary, 121, 176 Daily News, 149 as imperialist, 4, 122 Daily Telegraph,72 as internationalist, 121 Daily Worker, 129 as reactionary, 117 Daladier, Édouard, 69, 80, 109 calls Pétain traitor, 122 and forty-hour week, 81, 82 enlarges coalition, 124 and PCF, 115 on Nazism, 125 and Soviet Union, 110 rejects paciﬁsm, 121 and war preparations, 108 suspected of fascist tendencies, 122 as anti-Communist, 111 de Jouvenel, Bertrand, 79 as prime minister, 76, 80 de Monzie, Anatole, 114 as veteran, 78 de Wendel, François, 102 Dallas News,36 Déat,Marcel,91 Dalton, Hugh, 89, 106 Debord, Guy, 253 Danzig, 108 Delbos, Yvon, 68, 72 Darlan, François, 119, 169 Delmas, André, 78 and Allied opinion, 170 DeLorenzo, Thomas, 221 and North Africa, 169 Democracy versus Dictatorship,92 as Pétain supporter, 169 Denmark, 119, 149 Daughters of the American Revolution, Depêche de Toulouse,77 137 Déroulède, Paul, 54 Davis, Stuart, 157, 158 Des Moines, Iowa, 154 Dawes Plan, 132 Destroyer for Bases Deal, 151 Dawson, Christopher, 100 Detroit, 221 Dawson, Geoffrey, 89 and military service, 222 Day, Dorothy, 39 and workers’ commute, 227 DDR, 8. See also East Germany race riot in, 230 de Gaulle, Charles, 3, 7, 50, 103, strikes in, 223 167 Deutsch, Bernard S., 132 and Algeria, 253 Dewey, Thomas, 152 and Allied opinion, 170, 171, 175 and de Gaulle, 181 and analysis of French defeat, 175 Dictatorship and the Trade Union Movement, and analysis of World War II, 121 92 and armistice, 123 dilution, 57, 216 and British opinion, 179 Dimitrov, Georgi, 113 and Clemenceau, 180 divine service, 162, 163 and French Empire, 117 Dobb, Maurice, 93 and guerrilla warfare, 118 Dodd, William, 38 and mobility, 74, 103 dollar-a-year men, 151, 156 and Munich, 104 Dominions, 62, 97 and nationalizations, 247 and Czechoslovakia, 106 and Paris Commune, 178, 180 Dorgères, Henry, 78 and PCF, 174, 240, 248 Doriot, Jacques, 79, 109 and purge, 180, 181, 241 dos Passos, John, 47 and Rhineland, 101 Dourges, 190, 191 and Roosevelt, 170 Dreiser, Theodore, 42, 47

322 Index

Dreyfus affair, 52, 53 fake illnesses, 56. See also resistance to Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre, 79 work drôle de guerre. See Phoney War Falange, 15, 16, 19, 35 DuBois,W.E.B.,141 and United States, 242 Dubinsky, David, 26 Falangists, 17, 42 Duclos, Jacques, 245, 248 fall of France, 70, 117 Duke of Alba, 33 and anarchy, 118 Dulles, John Foster, 41, 234 and conservative antifascism, 150 Dumoulin, Georges, 195 and counterrevolutionary antifascism, Dunkirk, 128, 150, 210, 221 119 Dutch colonial empire, 237 and Italy, 5, 110, 149 and Japan, 149 East Germany, 25. See also DDR and Niebuhr, 137 Eastern Europe, 2, 8, 11, 63 and Thomas Hart Benton, 144 and Spanish Republic, 252 and United States, 119, 151, 153, 221 Éboué, Félix, 124 as global earthquake, 119 Écho de Paris, 30, 78 historiography of, 176 Économie nouvelle,59 Farman, 193 Economist, 176 fascism, 1, 25, 40, 137 Eden, Anthony, 33, 68 and belief in Jewish conspiracy, 160 and Free French, 176 and Christianity, 40 and Soviet Union, 110 and private property, 162 and Spain, 242 and supposed resurrection by West, 235 resigns, 68 and United States, 131 Edward VIII, 66, 84 and work discipline, 249 Egypt, 214 as capitalism, 236 Einstein, Albert, 21, 47, 88 as exclusivist, 155 Eisenhower, Dwight, 41, 143, 171 as gloriﬁcation of labor, 138 and Allied bombing of France, 206 as pagan, 137 and de Gaulle, 176, 178 as reactionary, 53 and Free French, 178 as rigorous control, 221 Eisenhower, Milton, 143 as slavery, 133 El Alamein, 243 in historiography, 252 Elegies to the Spanish Republic, 159 misinterpreted by left and right, 58 Elegy to the Spanish Republic, 159 restricts meritocracy, 155 Enlightenment, 4, 10, 125, 139, 247 underestimates antifascism, 160 Episcopalians, 40 Faure, Paul, 60, 63, 75 Erikson, Erik, 168 and Blum, 72 Esprit,75 as anti-Semitic, 75 Essential Work Order 1302, 152 defends forty-hour week, 81 Estonia, 112 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), Ethiopia, 6, 9, 21, 48, 75, 94 146, 147 and Badoglio, 170 Federal Shipbuilding Company, 229 and French left, 101 Fédération républicaine, 78, 102 and imperialism, 253 ﬁfth column, 147 and Roosevelt, 161 Figaro, 39, 77 and United Kingdom, 94 Fight for Freedom, 142 and US opinion, 130 Fighting French, 171, 177. See also Free Italian invasion of, 95 French Europe First, 163, 233 and Jews, 175 Europe Nouvelle, 98, 99 and labor for Germany, 186 Exterminate, 146 and Liberation of Paris, 178 Extremadura, 10, 44 and United States, 171, 176 Finland, 18, 115, 158 Fabian Socialists, 93 and Soviet Union, 233 FAI (Federación Anarquista Ibérica), 17 as conservative republic, 116

Index 323

Fish, Hamilton, 153 and veterans, 77, 108 Flanders, 146 and war preparations, 108 Flandin, Pierre-Étienne, 61, 64, 79, 91, anticlericalism in, 52 103 antifascism in, 55 and Allied protectors, 174 as British ally, 64 and empire, 148 as place of exile, 21 and rearmament, 80 corruption in, 54 as appeaser, 113 economic development of, 52 as opportunist, 185 empire of, 31 Florida, 222 employers in, 58 Flynn, Errol, 47 extreme right in, 57 FNTT (Federación Nacional de los family allowances in, 244 Trabajadores de la Tierra), 16 fear of domestic fascism in, 54 Focus in Defence of Freedom and Peace, female suffrage in, 239 91 Fifth Republic of, 134 For Intellectual Liberty, 89 food shortages in, 186 For Whom the Bell Tolls,43 forty-hour week in, 57, 58, 196 Forces françaises de l’intérieur (FFI), Fourth Republic of, 237 178 Free Zone occupied by Germans, 169 Ford general strike of 1934, 55 and Allied bombing of France, 204 German occupation of, 6, 44, 126, 184, and indiscipline in US factories, 223 189 and slowdowns, 231 inﬂation in, 247 and strikes during German occupation land reform in, 247 of France, 199 nationalizations in, 60, 244 and supervisory personnel, 226 navy of, 118 and US productive power, 220 overestimates Germany, 62, 73 and US strikes, 221 paciﬁsm in, 60, 62, 78 and wildcats in US factories, 224, 226, paid vacations in, 55 227 patriotic workers of, 109 Ford, Henry Popular Front of, 54–56, 63, 66, 82, and Italy, 130 232 as anti-Semitic, 148 Prague and public opinion in, 108 Forster, E. M., 34, 47, 89, 90 prisoners of war of, 117 Fortune, 37, 130, 136 pro-Allied opinion in, 183, 206 forty-hour week, 68, 81–83, 208. See also provisional government of, 51, 181 France: forty-hour week Radical party of, 29, 55, 56, 70 Four Miners at the Coalface, 212 real wages in, 192 Fourth Republic. See also France: Fourth rearmament of, 70, 109 Republic Red Army underestimated by, 73 and assimilation, 239 refugees of, 117 and Catholics, 239 regionalism in, 52 Frachon, Benoît, 196 restoration of private property in, France, 1, 3, 10, 29, 41 239 and Allied bombing, 198, 201, 205, Second Empire of, 11 206 skilled workers in, 57 and appeasement, 79 Socialists in, 35, 99, 124 and civil war, 180 strike wave of 1936, 132 and Communism, 29, 68 Third Republic of, 30, 51 and Czechoslovakia, 80 underestimation of fascism in, 54 and Poland, 112 volunteers for Germany in, 182 and private property, 179 Francisme, 57 and resistance to forced labor in Franco regime, 21, 31–33 Germany, 184 as anti-urban, 191 and Soviet Union, 110 reinvents itself, 242 and trade unions, 27, 57, 249 tolerated by West, 241

324 Index

Franco, Francisco and empire, 237 and Axis, 241 and Enlightenment, 181 and Catholics, 37, 39, 40, 96 and Jews, 123, 127 and fall of France, 119 and Liberation, 179 and Masonry, 173 and nationalizations, 246 and Spanish Civil War, 14, 17, 21, 26, and Nazi paganism, 123 48 and patriotism, 123 and United States, 37, 38, 156, 220 and railroad workers, 203 and World War II, 110 and Republican restoration, 175 as fascist, 125, 153, 166, 242 and restorationist antifascism, 174 disdains democracies, 166 and Socialists, 171 forced to cooperate with Allies, 166 and Vichy ofﬁcials, 125 issues death sentences, 181 and women, 126 pledges neutrality, 31 as counterrevolutionary, 174 tolerated by Western Allies, 5, 51 as masculine, 125 François-Poncet, André, 58 French Revolution, 11, 19, 21, 87, 140, Francophilism, 73, 77 245 Franco-Soviet pact, 59, 61, 64 and freedoms, 118 Franc-Tireur, 125 and Jews, 125 Free French, 7, 50. See also Fighting and Masonry, 173 French Friends of Europe, 96 and Catholics, 125 Frossard, Ludovic-Oscar, 109 and elites, 174 Führerprinzip,4 and French Antilles, 124 Futurism, 157 and labor for Germany, 183 and Liberation, 179 Gallacher, Willie, 85 and PCF, 124 Gallup poll, 148 and pluralism, 175 García Lorca, Federico, 42 and political strikes, 202 Garibaldi, Guiseppe, 140 and racial equality, 238 Gaullism, 124, 174, 179. See also de and Socialists, 171 Gaulle, Charles and Soviet Union, 177 Gaya,Ramón,44 and STO, 188 Gedye, G. E. R., 61, 88, 94 as bourgeois, 125 General Motors, 16, 29 as coalition, 170 and absenteeism, 228 dependence on United Kingdom, 124 and US productive power, 220 in Africa, 124 Generalitat (Catalan government), 19 in Italy, 176 German Christianity, 138 in North Africa, 171 German Christians, 95 navy of, 170 German occupation of France slogans of, 172, 175 and Allied bombing, 202, 205, 206 Freemasonry, 17, 173. See also Masonry and aviation companies, 199 Frenay, Henri, 122 and collaborationist trade unions, 195 and PCF, 172, 173 and food shortages, 192, 201, 202 French Communists. See PCF and public transportation, 202 French Empire, 32, 55, 119, 124, 237 and strikes, 190 French National Front, 254 and workweek, 195 French Popular Front. See also France: lack of clothing during, 197 Popular Front of lack of footwear during, 197 and internal enemies, 251 German Revolution of 1848, 140 and leisure industry, 238 German-American Bund, 141, 146 French Resistance, 51, 122 failure in United States of, 157 and armistice, 123 German-Americans, 143 and Christians, 239 Germany, 1, 5, 36, 41, 44, 48 and civilian victims, 123 and British opinion, 106

Index 325

and French economy, 200 Great Depression, 49, 65, 108 and French POWs, 188 in United Kingdom, 84 and Latin America, 153 Great Dictator, 138 and militarism, 166, 254 Great Purge trials, 93 and popular support for Nazism, 140 Greece, 109, 237 and postwar purges, 241 Greek Civil War, 180 and Soviet Union, 234, 235, 252 Green, William, 157 and stab in the back legend, 168 Greenland, 161 as totalitarian, 44 Greenwood, Arthur, 85 as victim, 65, 134 Guerin, Daniel, 82 bombing of, 185 Guernica, 26, 44, 45, 47, 105 book burnings in, 88 and New York, 212 conﬁscates French machinery, 183 and Vatican, 40 desire for colonies of, 66 destruction of, 38, 39 image in United States of, 131 Guild Socialism, 93 multiple aggressions by, 120 Gypsies, 24 paciﬁsm in, 77 and resistance to work, 188 rearmament of, 70 unpopularity of in rural France, 188 Socialist Party (SPD) of, 92, 237 Wehrmacht deaths of, 165 Haffner, Sebastian, 75 Weimar Republic of, 59, 60 Halifax, Lord, 68, 72 Wilhelmine, 58, 161 and empire, 148 working week of, 82 and Hitler-Stalin pact, 110 Germany Emergency Committee, 96 Hamilton, Alice, 133 Germany First strategy, 113, 163 Hammerstein, Oscar, 152 Germany Puts the Clock Back,90 Hammett, Dashiel, 47 GI Bill, 250 Hammond, Barbara, 89 Gibraltar, 33 Hammond, John, 89 Gignoux, Claude-Joseph, 59 Hapsburg Empire, 71 Gil Robles, José María, 13 Harper’s, 130 Giono, Jean, 75, 100 Harriman, Averell, 152 Giraud, Henri, 167, 170 Hayes, Carlton, 242 Giraudoux, Jean, 123 Hearst, William Randolph, 36 Glasgow and West of Scotland Women’s Heinkel aircraft, 198 Parliament, 217 Hellman, Lillian, 47, 155 Glass, Carter, 142 Hemingway, Ernest, 42, 43, 47 Glorious Revolution, 140 Henriot, Philippe, 78, 79, 102 Gnôme et Rhône, 58, 183 supports forced labor, 187 and Allied bombing of France, 204, 205 Herbette, Jean, 30 German repression of strikes in, 199 Hernández, Miguel, 44 strikes in, 193, 194, 201 Hertzog, J. B. M., 62 Goebbels, Joseph, 168 Hinsley, Arthur, 96 Gollancz, Victor, 47, 93 Hitler, Adolf, 13, 38, 54 Gone with the Wind,43 and Catholic Church, 179 Goodman, Benny, 47 and consolidation of power, 14, 69 Goodrich and Ethiopia, 94 and Allied bombing of France, 204 and Pétain, 119 Göring, Hermann, 156, 163 and Spanish Civil War, 25, 26, 32, 48, Gottlieb, Adolph, 158 94 Gottwald, Klement, 8, 28 as gangster, 164 governments in exile, 121 as Ku Kluxer, 141 Granada, 15, 16 as less dangerous than Stalin, 66 Grande illusion,76 as reactionary, 54 Grands Moulins, 202 as veteran, 78 Great Britain. See United Kingdom as warmonger, 62

326 Index

Hitler, Adolf (cont.) at Ford, 223 declares war on United States, 163 in United Kingdom, 209, 212, 215, French imperialism blamed for, 61 216 image in United States of, 132, 133 of French miners, 248 on UK leadership, 106 of trade unionists, 225 provincialism of, 160 Industrial Relations Department, 218 underestimates democracies, 160 inﬂation, 47, 57, 93, 121, 189 Hitler-Stalin pact, 2, 43, 50, 92, 94, 110 Internal Revenue Service, 147 and Finland, 115 International Brigades, 9, 23, 26–28, 31 and French workers, 109 International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ and isolationism, 154 Union, 26 and negotiations with Poland, 111 International PEN Clubs, 42 and PCF members, 189 Internationale, 27 and Stuart Davis, 158 internment camps, 50 as revolutionary, 112 interventionism, 136, 142 as totalitarian, 112 and America First, 154 bolsters antifascism, 112 and Communism, 164 reinforces totalitarian concept, 138 and United Kingdom, 150 Hobson, J. A., 93 as counterrevolutionary, 249 Hoffmann, Stanley, 240 Iron Curtain speech, 235 Hollywood, 152 Islamist terrorism, 254 Holmes, John Haynes, 138 isolationism, 7, 37, 148 Holy Week, 12 and anti-Semitism, 154 Hoover, Herbert, 149, 168, 234 and ﬁfth column, 147 Horner, Arthur, 207 and peace negotiations with Germany, House Un-American Activities 140 Committee, 131, 146 and public opinion, 152 Hull, Cordell, 29, 38, 150 and Roosevelt’s quarantine speech, 133 and Latin America, 153 and Tripartite Pact, 150 and Spanish Civil War, 41 in Midwest, 153 Humanité, 114, 115, 117 It Can’t Happen Here, 147 Hungary, 18, 25, 35 Italian Fascism. See also Italy and Soviet Union, 235 and image in United States, 130 Huxley, Aldous, 89 and US business, 131 Huxley, Julian, 89 and US South, 141 as revolutionary, 162 Ibárurri, Dolores, 23, 28, 43 Italian-Americans, 143 Iberian Peninsula. See Spain and fall of France, 156 Iceland, 161 and Fascism, 130 Ickes, Harold, 47, 150 and Italy in World War II, 156 Imperial Fascist League, 86 as Blackshirts, 141 Incombustibilité (“Le Raphia”), 199 Italy, 1, 5, 10, 41, 48. See also Italian India, 120, 124 Fascism India Bill, 72 and anti-Semitism, 135 indiscipline and expansionism, 94 among US workers, 222 and fall of France, 119 and early departures, 225 and Free French, 176 and French Popular Front, 56 and French opinion, 79, 98, 184 and personal projects, 215, 227 and militarism, 254 and smoking, 226 art in, 44 and supervisory personnel, 209, 222, as Axis weak link, 117 226 collapse of Fascist government of, 196 and UK shop stewards, 209 division of left in, 53 and US trade unions, 223 HouseofSavoyin,170 and young UK workers, 213 proposes negotiations over Poland, 111

Index 327

Jamaica, 151 Keynes,JohnMaynard,93 Japan, 9, 41 Knights of Columbus, 141 and Europe, 233 Knox,Frank,149 and fall of France, 119 mobilizes businessmen, 151 and militarism, 254 Knudsen, William, 151, 156 and popular support for government, Koenig, Pierre, 176 140 Koestler, Arthur, 43 and Soviet Union, 234 Kolnai, Aurel, 75 as non-fascist, 143 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 140 militarism of, 62, 166 Kristallnacht, 97 skirmishes with Soviet Union, 111 and immigration, 154 Japanese-Americans, 143 and Roosevelt, 135, 147 Jaurès, Jean, 74 Ku Klux Klan Je suis partout,79 and back taxes, 147 Jeanneney, Jules, 176 as antifascist, 141 Jerrold, Douglas, 37 as neo-traditionalist, 141 Jeunesses patriotes, 57 ecumenicism of during World War II, Jews, 6, 9, 11, 17, 28, 37, 40, 52, 97 141 and antifascism, 154 Kuhn, Fritz, 146, 147 and appeasers, 148 Kurile Islands, 234 and atomic weapons, 156 Kyrgyzstan, 21 and CFLN, 175 and Free French, 171 La Guardia, Fiorello and French Resistance, 122, 127 and de Gaulle, 181 and isolationists, 148 La Lorraine (metallurgical ﬁrm), 194, and Masonry, 173 200 and Vansittart, 169 La Rocque, François de, 54, 57, 78 and Vel d’Hiv roundup, 127 Labonne, Eirik Pierre, 30 as anti–Munich Agreement, 77 Labor Charter, 195, 196 as anti-Nazis, 132 as archaic, 238 as conspirators, 106 Labor Service (Arbeitdienst), 88 as labor, 188 Labour Party, 32, 34, 35 as refugees, 88 and Chamberlain, 114 as religious group, 134 and Churchill, 114 as responsible for German defeat, 168 and CPGB, 208 as victims, 96, 128 and nationalizations, 244 as warmongers, 72, 114, 154 and strikes, 210 persecution of as obstacle to peace, 97 and totalitarianism, 92 property rights attacked, 162 and trade unions, 92 rescued through victory, 134 as anti-Communist, 237 Jordan, Robert, 43 as antifascists, 85 Jouhaux, Léon, 82, 196 as social-fascists, 128 Jour,78 electoral victory of 1945, 243 Journée industrielle,59 membership, 91 Juan de Borbón, 242 Lafaye, Gabriel, 183, 196 Judeophobia. See anti-Semitism Lafayette, Marquis de, 140 Juin, Alphonse, 176 Lagardelle, Hubert, 195 land reform, 15, 236 Kaiser, Henry, 220 Landon, Alf, 47 Karski, Jan, 165 Lane, Allen, 89 Keep the Spanish Embargo Committee, 37 Lang, Cosmo, 36 Kennedy, Joseph, 39, 152 Lang, Fritz, 47, 152 Kerensky, Alexander, 177 Lansbury, George, 89 Kérillis, Henri de, 30, 101, 102 Largo Caballero, Francisco, 53 as conservative antifascist, 103 Laroque, Pierre, 244

328 Index

latenesses, 23 and women, 240 and Dunkirk spirit, 210 as counterrevolutionary, 178 in United Kingdom, 209–211 Liberation of Paris, 179, 248 in United States, 223 Liberty ships, 220 of French miners, 190 Liddell Hart, Basil, 95 Latin America, 153 Life, 37, 136 Latvia, 112 Ligue de la Jeune République, 104 Laval, Pierre Limoges, 179 and forced labor, 186 Lincoln Battalion, 43 and French workers, 183 Lincoln, Abraham, 140 and POWs, 185 Lindbergh, Charles, 73, 152 and Relève program, 182 as anti-British, 154 as Anglophobe, 174 as pro-German, 154 as appeaser, 113 on internal enemies, 148 underestimates counterrevolutionary Lippmann, Walter, 153 antifascism, 182 and de Gaulle, 181 Leadbelly (Huddie William Ledbetter), Líster, Enrique, 43 47 Little Entente, 62 League of Nations, 7, 68 Litvinov, Maxim, 28 and antifascism, 105 Lloyd George, David, 61, 65 and Ethiopia, 94 and Soviet Union, 110 Lebensraum, 80, 102, 109 Locarno Treaties, 64 Lebrun, Albert, 32 London, 47, 85, 177 Leclerc, Philippe, 50, 51, 178 as antifascist capital, 117, 120 and armistice, 124 London School of Economics, 89 as imperialist, 124 Louisiana Purchase, 136 as patriot, 123 Luce, Henry, 37, 136 Lefebvre, Henri, 253 Ludwig, Emil, 169 Left Book Club, 47, 89, 93 Lumière, 102 Lend-Lease, 152, 161, 207 Lunn, Henry, 36 and Free French, 171 Luxembourg, 119 to Soviet Union, 164 Lenin, Vladimir, 22, 237 MacDonald, Ramsay, 64 Leningrad, 165 MacLeish, Archibald, 47, 133 Lepanto, Arkansas, 142 Macmillan, Harold, 89, 176 Lérida, 24, 25 Madariaga, Salvador de, 21 Lévy, Jean-Pierre, 122 Madjarian, Grégoire, 240 Lewis, Sinclair, 147 Madrid, 12, 16, 17, 29, 30, 37, 165 Lewis, Wyndham, 88 Maginot line, 103 Libération, 125 Mallorca, 40 and Free French, 124 Malmédy, 165 and Jews, 125 Malthusianism, 247 and PCF, 173 Manchester Guardian, 32, 63, 64, 72, 87, 95 and republic, 172 on Munich, 97 as Jacobin, 172 Mandel, Georges, 101, 102 regards Vichy as treasonous, rejects paciﬁsm, 121 172 Manhattan Project, 156 Liberation of France, 178, 180 Maoism, 253 and anti-Semitism, 239 maquisards, 177 and female suffrage, 239 March of Time, 136 and food shortages, 206 March on Rome, 54 and nationalizations, 245 March, Frederic, 47, 152 and purges, 240, 241 Marcuse, Herbert, 253 and religious persecution, 238 Margueritte, Victor, 75 and resistance to work, 203 Marin, Louis, 68, 78, 101, 175 and restoration of wage labor, 187 Maritain, Jacques, 39, 40, 58, 100

Index 329

and anti-Semitism, 100 Morocco, 16, 26 and armistice, 123 Morrison, Herbert, 129, 244 and Enlightenment, 100 Moscow, 30, 38, 40, 78, 110. See also Marshall, George, 206 Soviet Union Martinique, 119 Moses, 140 Marty, André, 177 Mosley, Oswald, 65, 84, 85 Marxism, 38, 39 and peace campaign, 86 as anti-Spain, 17 as Hitler imitator, 85 as rational, 93 imprisonment of, 86 Masonry, 33, 41, 55, 61, 79 Motherwell, Robert, 159 and French Resistance, 122, 172 Moulin, Jean, 172 and totalitarianism, 172 Mounier, Emmanuel, 39 as anti-Semitic, 79 Mowrer, Edgar, 90 toleration of, 239 MRP (Mouvement républicain populaire), Massigli, René, 62, 63, 80, 101, 177 247 Matford, 183 Mrs. Miniver, 162 MATRA, 185, 200, 201 multiculturalism, 253, 254 Mauriac, François, 42, 99, 100 Mumford, Lewis, 133 and Spanish Civil War, 39, 40 Muni, Paul, 47 on German camps, 241 Munich Agreement, 71, 73, 77 Maurras, Charles, 61, 78, 100 and forty-hour week, 81 Mauthausen, 50 and French left, 83, 102 May Days, 25 and French press, 76, 78, 99 Mayer, Daniel, 247 and French right, 78, 80, 83, 101–104, Mayer, Émile, 103 109 McCloy, John, 143 and moderates, 76 McCormick, Robert R., 153 and Niebuhr, 137 Mediterranean sea, 31, 32, 98, and Roosevelt, 75, 147 179 and United Kingdom, 63, 72, 106 Mein Kampf, 77, 102, 103 as anti-Soviet, 79 and Blacks, 141 as popular in France, 76 as Nazi policy, 107 Munich crisis, 6, 9, 74, 79, 97 Melilla, 16 and Christian democrats, 99, 100 Mendès France, Pierre, 172 and France, 109 Mers-el-Kebir, 119 and French Popular Front, 74 Methodists, 36, 40 and French press, 77 Middle Way,89 and Soviet Union, 101, 102 Milices Patriotiques, 240 Murcia, 19 Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 47 Murphy, Frank, 147 Ministry of Industrial Production, Muslims, 175 202 Mussolini, Benito, 5, 31, 38 Miquelon, 170 and Albania, 107 Mohammed, 140 and Axis, 110 monarchies, 5, 149, 170, 236 and British opinion, 94 Monatte, Pierre, 76 and Catholic Church, 179 Monde,99 and disarmament, 132 Mongolia, 234 and image in United States, 130, 131, Montigny-en-Gohelle, 190 133, 156 Montpellier, 179 and Spanish Civil War, 25, 32 Moore, Henry, 89, 211, 212 as counter to Hitler, 148 Moore, Marianne, 157 as moderate, 98 Moors, 9 as veteran, 78 Morane-Saulnier, 200 French opposition to, 98 Morel, Henri, 31 on Austria, 68 Morgenthau, Henry, 41 on war, 74 Mormons, 40 underestimates democracies, 160

330 Index

Napoleonic period, 10 Nice, 31 National Association of Manufacturers, Niebuhr, Reinhold 228 and fall of France, 137 National Council for Civil Liberties, 86 as interventionist, 137 National Defense Advisory Commission, on Jews, 137 156 on Nazism as slavery, 138 National Health Service, 244 Niemöller, Martin, 95 national liberation movements, 253 Night of the Long Knives, 85 National Negro Congress, 131 Nixon, Richard, 253 national populism, 254 Nobel Prize, 40, 42 National Shop Stewards Movement, 208 Noel-Baker, Philip, 89 National Socialists. See Nazism nonintervention, 29–31, 33, 51, 75 National War Labor Board. See NWLB Nord (France), 203 nationalizations, 244 strikes in, 191 and American loans, 247 Normandy invasion, 177 and French insurance companies, 247 and de Gaulle, 179 and French Revolution, 246 and sabotage, 203 and modernization, 247 and strikes, 202 and workers’ control, 247 North Africa, 167 in Eastern Europe, 245 and French opinion, 184 in Spain, 245 and French resistance, 185 of UK industries, 245 North African campaign, 50 to punish French collaborators, 245 North Africans nativism, 141 in Free French, 178 Nausée,76 North American Aviation, 221 Nazism, 5, 7, 26, 48, 59, 61 and CPUSA, 222 and underestimation of antifascism, 120 North Dakota, 41 and work ethic, 138 Northern Ireland, 210 as anti-Christian, 96 Norway, 50, 114, 119, 149 as anti-feminist, 133 Nuremburg rallies, 79 as pagan, 91, 96, 100, 133, 179 NWLB (National War Labor Board), 220, as reactionary, 90 223, 225 as religion of barbarity, 169 and piecework, 224 as return to Dark Ages, 95, 105 and union hiring preference, 225 as revolutionary, 4, 65, 87, 132 approves vacations, 223 as slavery, 140 fights discrimination, 230 as totalitarian, 132 opposes strikes, 224 image in United States of, 130, 142 productivism of, 225, 231 Nelken, Margarita, 17 protects women, 230 NEP (New Economic Policy), 22 Nye, Gerald, 38, 41 Neruda, Pablo, 42 Netherlands, 119, 149 Observer, 97, 107 and United States, 153 Oeuvre,76 Neuilly, 102 Office of Production Management, 151 Neutrality Acts, 38, 130, 148, 149, 152 Official War Artists, 211 New Caledonia, 124 Operation Barbarossa, 126, 128 New Deal, 131, 142, 152, 249 and Free French, 177 New Hebrides, 124 and PCF, 173 New Left, 253 and US Communists, 155 New Verse, 157 Operation Torch, 167 New York City, 47, 147 Opinion, 132 New York Journal,36 Optical Collective, 25 New York State, 146 Oradour-sur-Glane, 203 Newfoundland, 151 Order 1305, 209, 213 News Chronicle,97 Organisation civile et militaire, 122

Index 331

Organization Todt, 50, 187 and miners’ strikes, 191 Orleanist Monarchy, 11 and nationalizations, 246 Ortega y Gasset, José, 21 and Resistance, 171, 172, 174, 240 Orwell, George, 24, 43 and sabotage, 203, 204, 249 overtime and Socialists, 248 and taxes, 190, 217 and STO, 188 and UK trade unions, 220 and strikes, 192, 202 refusal of in United Kingdom, 217 and women, 126 Oxford Conference, 100 and working conditions, 116 and Yalta, 248 pacifism, 2, 29, 34, 252, 254 as anti-imperialist, 115, 116 Palais Bourbon, 54 as combative antifascists, 114, 177 Panhard et Levassor, 199 as Leninist, 126 Papon, Maurice, 180 as pacifist, 114, 115, 126 Paramount Pictures, 145 banned, 206 Paris, 51, 52 defends democracy, 109 Paris Commune, 11, 14, 87 defends forty-hour week, 82 and Third Republic, 237 during German occupation, 126 and Vichy regime, 118 electoral victory of, 248 fear of, 111 in Fourth Republic, 247 Paris-Soir,77 opposes conservative antifascism, 116 Parker, Dorothy, 47 recruiting by, 249 Parson Weems’ Fable, 144 workers in Germany, 189 Parti communiste français. See PCF Pearl Harbor, 135 Parti démocrate populaire, 39 and enemy bombers, 220 Parti populaire français (PPF), 79, 109 and patriotism, 142 Parti social français, 78 and Roosevelt, 149 Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista. peasants See POUM in Eastern Europe, 236 Partito Populari, 39 in France, 57, 78, 185, 187, 188, 204, Pas-de-Calais 247 strikes in, 191 in Spain, 10, 16, 46, 48 paseos,18 Peers, E. Allison, 38 Pasionaria. See Ibárurri, Dolores Pelley, William Dudley, 146, 147 Paulhan, Jean, 246 Penguin Books, 35, 89, 90 Paulists, 37, 38 Penrose, Roland, 47 Payannet, 187 people’s democracies, 28, 234. See also Paz, Octavio, 42 popular democracies PCE (Partido Comunista de España), 14, and Communism, 236 22 and welfare state, 237 PCF (Parti communiste français), 55, 57, Père-Lachaise cemetery, 83 68, 75, 81 Péri, Gabriel, 109 and antifascist unity, 177 Pertinax, 101, 103 and anti-Semitism, 127 Pétain, Philippe, 54, 78 and armed militias, 248 admires Franco, 77 and Catholics, 248 and armistice, 123 and CNR, 175 as Anglophobe, 79, 174 and collaboration with Germans, 127 as anti-Mason, 173 and dissident communists, 178 as counterrevolutionary, 125 and Finland, 116 as fascist, 125 and food shortages, 202 as shield, 125 and foreign Resisters, 127 forecasts British defeat, 117 and labor agitation, 190 pétainistes and Liberation of France, 178, 179, 248 and de Gaulle, 178 and Masonry, 172 Petite Entente, 101

332 Index

Petites Ailes, 123 RAF (Royal Air Force), 150 Peugeot, 184 and bombing of France, 205 Peugeot, Jean-Pierre, 246 and volunteers, 106 Phoney War, 113, 155 Randolph, A. Philip, 136 and PCF, 189 Rateau, 197, 199, 202 and resistance to work, 190 Rathenau, Walther, 59 Picasso, Pablo, 44, 45, 157 Reader’s Digest piecework, 24 coverage of Nazism in, 131 and low productivity, 223 rearmament, 69, 71 and overtime, 217 Allied, 71 and supervisory personnel, 209 British, 60, 69, 91, 97, in United Kingdom, 209, 215, 217 106 pilfering. See theft French, 69, 80, 82, 83, pillaging, 48 109 Pivert, Marceau, 53, 76, 82 German, 60, 63, 94 Pleven, René, 177 US, 148 Poland, 7, 25, 33, 49, 63, 252 Reconquest, 9 and Soviet Union, 233, 235 Red Army. See Soviet Union and workers in Germany, 189 Reformation,9,40 as French ally, 72 réfractaires, 186 guarantees given to, 107 and agricultural labor, 188 Polish Corridor, 108 and leave, 187 Pope Pius XI and outlaw culture, 188 and Ethiopia, 95 and Resistance, 187 Pope, Generoso, 135 and slavery, 188 Populaire,73 tolerated by public, 187 popular democracies, 3, 8, 22, 25, 252. See working for Germans, 188 also people’s democracies refusals to work, 3, 6, 56, 198, 213, 223, Popular Front, 42. See also France: Popular 238. See also resistance to work Front, Spain: Popular Front Regards,83 POUM, 14, 20, 25, 29 regionalism Powell, Adam Clayton, 136 and art, 144, 158 Prague, 37, 66, 71, 96, 105 and collaboration with Nazis, 146 and British public opinion, 106 Reichspogrom. See Kristallnacht and French conservatives, 174 Reichspogromnacht. See Kristallnacht as trigger, 96, 109 Reichstag, 88 German occupation of, 105 Relève, 182, 185 Prelude to War, 140 and defense of family, 187 Presbyterians, 40 Renau, Josep, 44, 46 Prieto, Indalecio, 17, 74 Renault, 183 production incentives. See piecework absenteeism, 189 proletarian shopping, 16 and Allied bombing of France, 204, pronunciamiento, 11, 17, 21 205 Protestants, 11, 37, 40, 52, 95 canteen of, 194 and Ethiopia, 131 employment during German and segregation, 143 occupation, 193 and work ethic, 232 nationalized, 246 as conservative antifascists, 136 Renault, Louis, 246 in US South, 141 Renoir, Jean, 76 Public Order Act, 146 République, 77, 80 Pucheu, Pierre, 173, 174 resistance to wage labor. See resistance to purges work in Eastern Europe, 246 resistance to work, 6, 22, 24, in postwar France, 246 251 in postwar Germany, 246 and Allied victories, 201 Pyrenees, 31, 51, 242 and antifascism, 204, 214, 219

Index 333

and early departures, 219 and de Gaulle, 8, 176, 179 and meal breaks, 219 and defense of religion, 139 and women, 211 and disarmament, 132 and workers’ control, 219 and Free French, 181 as revolutionary, 253 and French navy, 119 during air raids in United Kingdom, and Hitler, 161 215 and Hitler-Stalin pact, 148 in Barcelona, 182 and internment of Japanese-Americans, politicization of, 116 143 rejects antifascism, 225 and Mussolini, 130 restorationist antifascism, 4 and New Deal, 249 and nationalizations, 246 and North Africa, 233 in France, 4, 174, 240 and purges, 241 Révolution prolétarienne,76 and Red Army, 164 revolutionary antifascism, 2, 29, 42, and segregation, 142 47 and Spanish Civil War, 30, 34, 39, 41, and anti-imperialism, 253 242 and capitalism, 113 and state antifascism, 146 and national liberation, 253 and third term, 151 in Eastern Europe, 233, 235 as anti-Nazi, 152 in Soviet Union, 165 as Atlanticist, 68 in Spain, 235, 251 as coalition builder, 152, 252 in United States, 249 as conservative antifascist, 139 Revolutions of 1848, 87 as counterrevolutionary antifascist, Reynaud, Paul, 68, 81, 101 90 and de Gaulle, 103 as internationalist, 160 and forty-hour week, 82 as Mason, 173 and Hitler, 118 as strikebreaker, 222, 224 as antifascist, 83 cosmopolitanism of, 160 as defeatist, 122 denounces ﬁfth columnists, 147 decree-laws, 196 insists on aid to Soviet Union, 164 resigns as prime minister, 117 on Bismarck, 161 Rhineland, 62–64, 74, 94 on Nazism as Dark Age, 138 as nonviolent, 94 on Nazism as pagan, 138 Rhône, 57 quarantine speech of, 133 Rieber, Torkild, 220 rejects antitrust laws, 220 River Rouge. See Ford Rosie the Riveter, 228, 229 Robinson, Edward G., 47 Rosselli, Carlo, 83 Roche, 199 Rosselli, Nello, 83 Roche, Émile, 80 Rothermore, Lord, 84 Rockefeller, Nelson, 153 Rothko, Mark, 158 Röhm purge (the Night of the Long Royal Air Force. See RAF Knives), 132 Royal Navy, 32 Romainville, 193, 201 Ruiz i Ponseti, Estanislao, 25 Romania, 33, 62 Russell, Bertrand, 93 and oil, 107, 112 Russian Civil War, 180, 237 and Soviet Union, 235 Russian Revolution, 35, 140 as French ally, 72 Rutherford, Lord, 89 guarantees given to, 107 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 9, 134 sabotage, 24, 56, 200, 201 Roosevelt, Franklin, 7, 167 and “lightningˮ strikes, 213 aids United Kingdom, 150 and bombing of France, 203 and Allied bombing of France, 206 during Normandy invasion, 203 and Allies, 148 Saint Pierre, 170 and appeasement, 147 Sakhalin, 234 and Darlan deal, 170 Salamanca, 20

334 Index

Salazar, António de Oliveira, 38, 125 Shuster, George, 37 Salmson Silver Legion, 146 and Allied bombing of France, 204 Simca, 183 Sandburg, Carl, 133 Simon, Claude, 42 Sandys, Duncan, 66 SKF (Compagnie d’Applications Sarajevo, 29 Mécaniques), 198 Sarraut, Albert, 50 Skoda works, 106 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 76, 100 slavery, 27 Saturday Evening Post, 130 and Enlightenment, 139 coverage of Nazism, 131 and evangelical Christians, 139 Sauckel, Fritz, 185 and forced labor, 184 Sauter-Harlé, 193 and Nazism, 125 Schuman, Robert, 39 reintroduced by fascism and Scotland, 34, 146, 208 Communism, 251 and resistance to work, 214 slowdowns, 56 refusal of piecework in, 217 and forty-hour week, 190 Searchlight Ltd, 214 and PCF, 192 Searchlight on Spain,35 and trade unions, 230 Second Armored Division, 178 in United States, 225 Second International, 237 of French miners, 190 Section Française de l’Internationale Smith, Walter Bedell, 176 Ouvrière. See SFIO SNCAC (Société Nationale de Sedan, 109 Constructions Aéronautiques du segregationism Centre) and Atlantic Charter, 162 and Allied bombing of France, 204 reinforced by World War II, 143 SNCASE (Société Nationale de segregationists, 142 Constructions Aéronautiques du as antifascists, 142 Sud-Est), 58 Selassie, Haile, 6, 7, 94 SNCASO (Société Nationale de as restorationist antifascist, 95 Constructions Aéronautiques du image in United States of, 131 Sud-Ouest), 194, 197, 200, 201, Semard, Pierre, 203 203 Serbia, 74 and Allied bombing of France, 205 Service Civique Rural, 197 SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de Service du travail obligatoire. See STO Fer français) SFIO (Section Française de and Allied bombing of France, 205 l’Internationale Ouvrière), 29, 53, repression by Germans, 203 60, 74 strikes during German occupation of and CNR, 175 France, 203 and Resistance, 171 SNCM (Société Nationale de as paciﬁst, 60 Constructions des Moteurs), 190, defends forty-hour week, 81 200 expels extreme left, 76 social democracies, 237 in elections, 248 social democrats, 4, 54, 128, 184 in Fourth Republic, 247 in postwar periods, 237 Nantes Congress of, 109 social fascism, 53 Sforza, Carlo, 156 socialist realism, 24, 44 Shaw, Bernard, 93 Socialists Shelley, Percy, 42 and revolutionary antifascism, 29 Shulman, Harry and welfare state, 236 and women workers, 230 Société de Téléphones Ericson as corporatist, 225 and Allied bombing of France, as UAW-Ford arbitrator, 224 204 opposes strikes, 225 Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer productivism of, 231 français. See SNCF

Index 335

Society for the Prevention of World War refugees in, 32, 50 III, 169 Republicans of, 13 Society of Friends (Quakers), 96 Restoration Monarchy of, 11 Society of Jesus, 12 revolution in, 10, 19, 22 Solidarité française, 57 Second Republic of, 11, 12, 30, 35, 44 South Africa, 62 Socialists of, 12, 19, 22 Soviet Union, 2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 29, 30, 32, Spanish Civil War in, 5, 7, 9 33, 36, 43, 63, 66 transition to democracy of, 51, 252 and Allied aid, 164 trans-shipment of US oil by, 166 and antifascist unity, 163 victory of counterrevolutionary and British opinion, 92, 113 antifascism in, 51 and Czechoslovakia, 71, 72 wolfram to Germany by, 166 and de Gaulle, 176 Spain Shops, 35 and deserters, 165 Spaniards and Eastern Europe, 233 and French Liberation, 178 and Ethiopia, 131 Spanish Civil War, 7. See also Franco, and expansionism, 92 Francisco and German occupation of Balkans, and French conservatives, 174 191 as fascist victory, 48 and Munich, 101 divides antifascists, 251 and national fronts, 165 Spanish Earth, 43, 47 and Nazism, 116 Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign, 47 and Poland, 108, 111, 112 Spanish Republic, 28, 236 and Romania, 111 as model, 236 and United States, 234 Spanish Revolution, 24, 33, 47 as combative antifascist, 164 Spanish Socialist party (PSOE, Partido as democratic socialist, 208 Socialista Obrero Español), 15 as economic failure, 93 Spellman, Francis, 138 as empire, 111 Spender, Stephen, 93 as expansionist, 235 stab in the back legend, 168 French volunteers against, 174 Stakhanovism, 207, 249 German invasion of, 120 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 28 on Munich, 97 and de Gaulle, 178 rearmament of, 70 and France, 177 Red Army of, 62, 165, 166 and Hitler, 112 skirmishes with Japan, 111 and people’s democracies, 234 support for Spanish Republic, 66 and separate peace, 164 workers in Germany, 189 and unconditional surrender, 168 Soviet-German nonaggression treaty. See and United Kingdom, 110, 208 Hitler-Stalin pact as gangster, 164 Spain, 1, 2, 8 as main enemy, 66 anarchists, 19, 22 as man of the year, 93 and French right, 79 Star-Spangled Banner, 27 anticlericalism in, 12, 15, 19 state antifascism, 6, 86, 146, 147, 203 Communists in, 19, 50 Steer, G. L., 105 land reform in, 12, 16 Stimson, Henry, 38, 143 landowners of, 13 and de Gaulle, 179 libertarians in, 19. See also Spain: as interventionist, 149 anarchists mobilizes businessmen, 151 Marxism in, 20, 22 STO (Service du travail obligatoire) militias of, 18 and defense of family, 187 Nationalists of, 17, 31, 32, 48, 66 and recent historiography, 189 peasants of, 16 and Resistance, 188 Popular Front of, 15, 17, 19, 30 as slavery, 186 Radical Party of, 14 avoidance of, 187

336 Index

STO (Service du travail obligatoire) (cont.) in United States 1942–1944, 222 contributes to German war effort, 189 in United States 1944–1945, 223 exemptions from, 189 in United States in 1941, 221 Stout, Rex, 169 in United States in 1943, 222 Strachey, John, 93 in United States in 1944, 225 strikes in US mines, 224 “lightningˮ, 209 on Mondays, 218 advantages for workers of, 225 over salaries, 198 and Allied bombing of France, 203 post–Liberation of France and, 206 and Allied victories, 191 US repression of, 224, 226 and Bastille Day, 202 wildcat, 209, 222, 223 and closed-shop rules, 216 Studebaker, 133 and dilution in United Kingdom, Sturzo, Luigi, 39, 156 216 Sudetenland, 71, 73, 74, 99, 102 and Dunkirk spirit, 210 negotiations on, 105 and early departures, 218, 219 Surrealists, 159 and food in United States, 222 Sword of the Spirit, 96 and food shortages, 193, 194 Syndicat des Terrassiers, 187, 249 and forty-hour week in United Syndicat national des instituteurs, 78 Kingdom, 219 Syndicats,76 and French miners, 190, 248 syndicats uniques, 195, 196 and Labour Party, 210 and lack of heat, 196, 197 Tahiti, 124 and military, 218 Tanner, Jack, 219 and nighttime labor, 218 Tardieu, André, 58, 101 and PCF, 200, 201, 203 Taylor, A. J. P., 85 and piecework, 197, 198 Teitgen, Pierre-Henri, 246 and politics, 200 Témoignage Chrétien, 179 and prosecution in United Kingdom, Temple, Shirley, 47 213–215 Temple, William, 45 and salaries, 214 Te m p s ,77 and Sunday labor, 191 Tenerife, 16 and taxes, 190 Tex aco and trade unions, 226 and antifascism, 220 and UK censorship, 210 theft, 24, 182 and UK illegality, 210 during German occupation of France, and UK indiscipline, 209 196, 200, 201 and UK tolerance, 209 in United Kingdom, 209 and UK trade unions, 208, 209 Thiers, Adolphe, 180 and UK wages, 209 Third International. See Comintern and UK young workers, 212 Third Reich, 96. See also Nazism and US trade unions, 221, 222 Third Republic and weekend work, 218 and Atlantic Revolutions, 237 and women, 230 as modern, 238 as holidays, 227 Thompson, Dorothy, 134, 147 as symbolic, 232 and de Gaulle, 181 by métro workers, 194, 200, 202 and individualism, 158 by racists, 230 and Roosevelt, 224 decline in United States, 221 as antifascist, 134 German repression of, 191, 193, 199, Thomson, Virgil, 47 201 Thorez, Maurice, 56, 175, 248 in UK aircraft production, 214 Timbaud, Jean-Pierre, 200 in UK in 1941, 210 Time, 37, 95, 136 in UK metallurgy, 212 and fascism, 140 in UK mines, 212, 213 coverage of Nazism, 131

Index 337

Times, 61, 72, 88, 89, 91, 95, 106 and British Empire, 6 and CFLN, 176 and CFLN, 176 Tito, Josip Broz, 8, 28, 164 and domestic Communism, 91 tobacco, 24, 216, 227 and forty-hour week, 219 Tobruk, 166 and French navy, 119 totalitarianism, 6, 43, 254 and Popular Front, 89 and Churchill, 235 and radar, 156 and Eastern Europe, 236 and Soviet Union, 98, 120, 207 and popularity of concept in United and United States, 152, 161 States, 137 and workers’ diets, 216 and revolutionary antifascism, 249 anti-Communism in, 66 and US artists, 158 antifascism in, 85, 120 viewed by US South, 142 artists as antifascists, 157 Toulouse, 179, 240 as imperialist, 121 Toynbee, Arnold, 65, 88, 95 assures Franco, 167 Trade Union Relief for Spain, 26 assures Pétain, 167 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 92 backed by Commonwealth, 120 Tripartite Pact, 119, 150 canteens in, 216 Trotskyism, 53, 76, 82, 87, 248, 253 closed-shop rules, 213 Truman, Harry Communist Party of. See CPGB and absenteeism, 228 conscientious objection in, 120 and European imperialism, 249 conscription, 107 Trump, Donald, 254 Conservative Party, 48, 84 Tunis, 31 destruction of churches during Blitz of, Tunisia, 171 162 Turkey, 30 diplomacy, 32, 34 turnover, 152 ﬁghting forces, 166 and Bevin, 209 Labour Party of, 48, 84, 106, 114 and fascism, 157 Liberal Party of, 84 and resistance to work, 228 mobilization of, 209 and UK women, 211 natalism in, 243 and US war effort, 229 nationalism in, 120 and women, 230 nationalizations in, 244, 245 of UK miners, 245 Order 1305, 209, 213 public opinion, 33–36 UAW (United Auto Workers), 221 real wages, 192 and strikes, 224, 226 rearmament of, 69, 70, 107 at North American Aviation, 221 Red Army underestimated by, 72 UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores), skilled workers, 57 14, 23, 25 suicides, 210 Ulbricht, Walter, 8, 28 Sunday labor in, 218 Ultramarine, 158 sympathetic to Germany, 66 Unamuno, Miguel de, 20 trade unions, 27, 32, 249 unconditional surrender, 141, 167 underestimation of fascism, 54 and German resistance, 168 weekend labor in, 218 and US opinion, 168 workers’ standard of living, 223 Unión General de Trabajadores. See UGT United Mine Workers, 37 Unión Nacional Española (UNE), 51 United States, 1, 3 union sacrée, 87, 109 aid to Soviet Union, 164 andItalianFascism,98 and anti-Semitism, 79, 132, 134, 135, and PCF, 116 154 Unitarians, 138 and atomic weaponry, 156 United Auto Workers. See UAW and bombing of France, 206 United Kingdom, 1, 3, 7, 27, 29 and Cash-and-Carry, 150 and bombing of France, 205 and closed-shop rules, 220, 231

338 Index

United States (cont.) Vansittart, Robert, 32, 33, 169 and consumerism, 250 analysis of Nazism, 169 and Czechoslovakia, 81 Vatican, 37, 38, 40 and deserters, 165 and anti-communism, 78, 108 and Ethiopia, 131 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 93 and Franco, 167 Veil, Simone, 134 and free trade, 162 Vel d’Hiv roundup, 127 and French navy, 119 Vendée, 180 and interventionism, 149 Vercors, 180 and Latin America, 153 Versailles Treaty, 5, 63–65, 71, 87 and oil to Spain, 166 and Blum, 73 and Pétain, 167 and Churchill, 66 and Prague invasion, 148 and Hitler, 99 and Royal Navy, 151 and Niebuhr, 137 and secularization, 143 and reparations, 132 and Spain, 149, 242 and self-determination, 94 and trade unions, 136, 249, 250 guilt, 60, 61, 64, 66, 76, 148, 152, anti-dictatorships, 133 252 antifascist artists, 134, 157 hatred of, 75 as anti-Nazi, 135, 149 victimization of Germany, 153 as arsenal of antifascism, 220 Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade as materialist, 79 as isolationists, 155 as puritanical, 79 follow Comintern line, 155 as sexist, 144 Vichy regime assimilation in, 157 and collaboration, 118 business and World War II, 152 and collapse of authority, 203 Catholics, 41 and food shortages, 192 Congress, 41 and forced labor, 184, 238 conscription, 151 and Gypsies, 188 consumerism, 250 and internal enemies, 252 counterrevolutionary antifascism, 170 and limited autonomy, 117 defense spending, 142 and Masonry, 172 Democrats, 41 and Mother’s Day, 127 image of fascism, 130 and Paris Commune, 118 interventionism, 136 and POWs, 185 labor mobility, 222 and Resistance, 125 navy, 148, 150, 153, 161 and rural France, 191, 247 productive power of, 220, 221 and STO, 186 public opinion, 41, 148, 152 and strikes, 192 race riots, 135 and trade unions, 183 racial conﬂict, 131 and workweek, 186 real wages, 192 as anti-urban, 191 rearmament, 147 as archaic, 238 rejects national health insurance, 249 as counterrevolutionary, 237 rejects nationalizations in, 249 as paternalist, 126 South, 40, 141, 142, 149 as sexist, 186 trade unions, 131, 149, 151, 157, 220, communitarianism of, 239 221 dismissal of conservative antifascism by, two-party system, 146 118 underestimation of fascism by, 54 National Revolution of, 170 workers’ standard of living, 223 productivism of, 193 USSR. See Soviet Union slogans of, 118, 232 Vidor, King, 47 Val d’Aran, 51, 242 Vie Ouvrière, 196 Vallat, Xavier, 78, 102 Vietnam, 253

Index 339

V-J Day (victory over Japan), 227 and consumerism, 250 Volksgemeinschaft,4 and discrimination, 155, 230 and dress codes, 227 Wales, 146 and food protests, 127 Wall Street Journal, 130 and labor conscription in United Wallace, Henry, 139, 150 Kingdom, 217 and Christianity, 140 and Nazism, 133 War Artists’ Advisory Committee, 211 and overtime, 217 War Manpower Commission and postwar workplace, 250 and turnover, 228 and salaries, 214 Washington Times,36 and suffrage, 239 Washington, George, 140 and turnover, 230 Watch on the Rhine, 155 and UK absenteeism, 211 Weaver, Richard M., 142 and UK trade unions, 217 Webb, Beatrice, 93 and UK vacations, 218 Webb, Sidney, 93 and unheated factories, 211 Weil, Simone, 76 and US absenteeism, 228 Weimar Republic, 60 and US male workers, 230 as anti-revolutionary, 237 and weekend work, 218 welfare state, 236 as “cheap laborˮ, 216 Welles, Orson, 47 as nurturers, 193 Welles, Sumner, 152 as paciﬁsts, 62 Wells, H. G., 93 dismissed by French employers, 193 Werth, Alexander, 63 during Vichy regime, 126 Weygand, Maxime, 118 in French Resistance, 126 and armistice, 123 natalism in France, 239 Why We Fight, 140 working in Germany, 127 Wilhelm I, 118 Women’s International League for Peace Wilkinson, Ellen, 34 and Freedom, 62 Willème, 202 Wood, Grant, 144 William Beardmore Company, Wood, Robert, 148 218 Woolf, Leonard, 89 Williams, William Carlos, 42 Woolf, Virginia, 47, 89, 93 Williamson, Henry, 88 work stoppages. See strikes Willkie, Wendell, 151, 152 workers’ state, 25, 43, 127, 164 Willow Run. See Ford Works Advisory Committee, 219 Wilson, Arnold, 88 World’s Fair of 1937, 45 Wilson, Woodrow, 61 World’s Fair of 1939, 158 and internationalism, 149 Winant, John, 152 Yalta conference, 234, 248 and de Gaulle, 181 Year of Peril—Again, 145 Winrod, Gerald B., 147 Young Plan, 132 Wise, Stephen S., 132 Yugoslavia, 8, 28, 33, 62 Wolff, Milton, 155 as French ally, 72 women, 25 and acceptance by UK men, 217 Zyromski, Jean, 59, 81