24 INTRODUCTION modernoverland.com modernoverland.com INTRODUCTION 25

HISTORY the Khoikhoi are not racially different as was once the flat plains of the interior and Highveld. They than the Khoisan were willing to sell. Seeing no thought; the differing terms merely reflected the lived in highly organized farming communities consequences for themselves, many sailors stole Sixty million years before dinosaurs roamed the divergent lifestyles of ’s indigenous and worked primarily as iron and coppersmiths. livestock and sailed away. Khoisan retaliation was earth, prehistoric mammals inhabited the dusty population. Together the San nomads and the Venda-speakers and Tsonga-speakers established meted out against the next unsuspecting ship. In terrain of South Africa’s interior. Proto-human Khoi pastoralists became jointly known as the themselves in the northeastern part of the country the eyes of the Europeans, trade in the Cape soon remains found at the Cradle of Humankind Khoisan, or by the European-imposed terms along the River and developed refined became unstable and expensive. World Heritage Site in the province are “Bushmen” and “Hottentots.” metalworking skills, specializing in gold sculpture evidence of the hominid ancestors that called the and jewelry. The VOC’s Cape Colony region home nearly two million years ago. But it The Great Bantu Migration Indigenous Khoisan living in the eastern parts In 1652 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) sent wasn’t until roughly 100,000 years ago that our Between 500 and 1200 A.D. a wave of Bantu- of the country were largely absorbed into the a delegation of workers to the Cape to establish stone-age ancestors transformed into modern speaking peoples descended from central Africa migrant societies, their legacy remaining in the a small permanent settlement on the southern Homo sapiens and began walking their way into and settled South Africa in what later became distinct Khoisan clicks heard in the Zulu and Xhosa shores of Table Bay. Their mission was to secure a

the future. known as the Great Bantu Migration. These languages. Migration slowed as Bantu-speakers more stable halfway point for their trading vessels OVERVIEW Nomadic San hunter-gatherers are South Bantu-speakers had much darker skin than the opted for the fertile lands in the east and stopped and thereby surpass their competitors. To this end, Africa’s indigenous peoples. Their rock art can indigenous Khoisan and were composed of four short of the dusty southwestern plains, allowing they set out to regularize trade with the resident be found adorning caves and mountainsides distinct language families. The Nguni-speakers, the Khoisan of the present-day Western Cape and Khoisan, grow fresh vegetables to sell to passing

OVERVIEW throughout the country from Johannesburg to the largest group, settled in the fertile regions Northern Cape to maintain their distinct culture ships and build a hospital for sailors. Initially, they Cape Town. Some of these paintings date as far east and south of the Drakensburg Mountains. and language. Interaction between the different were not interested in establishing a colony. But back as 30,000 years when the San roamed freely They lived in dispersed farming and cattle herding groups was largely peaceful and based on trade. as the settlement grew, VOC Commander Jan van between South Africa, Namibia and . communities and are the ancestors of the present- Widespread violence that emerged in later years Riebeeck succumbed to requests to allow workers San that chose the more rooted lifestyle of sheep day Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele and Swazis. The Sotho- was either a direct result or byproduct of the to expand beyond the confines of Table Bay and and cattle herding were later referred to as speakers, the BaSotho, Tswana and Pedi, settled arrival of Europeans in beginning establish small farms to increase production. Khoikhoi, meaning “men of men.” The San and in the Drakensburg Mountains and westward in in the late 1400s. The encroachment of these first free burgher “” (Dutch for famers) on Khoisan grazing land Early European Encounters was not a welcome development. In the first Khoi- Portuguese sailors and explorers had long dreamed Boer War of 1659, the Khoisan had early success of a sea passage to reach the riches of Asia, but the pushing the free burghers back, but they were 500 500 windy southern African tip thwarted early attempts. not strong enough to take the entire fort, which MOVEMENT OF Venda In 1487, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias resulted in a stalemate. The VOC then capitalized finally rounded the cape, only to be blown ashore on the relative lack of unity between the disparate PEOPLES Northern Tsonga Tswana 500 in a violent storm. He returned to Portugal with clans and a year later defeated the Khoisan. From Sotho Ndebele 1855 stories of the ‘Cabo Tormentoso' (Cape of Storms) then on the free burghers considered all Khoisan and the copper-colored men he saw along the land to be theirs for the taking and continued to Bushmen shore herding cattle. However his princely sponsor, spread deeper into the fertile rolling hills of the 1600 Tswana Henry the Navigator, had a more positive name Western Cape. for the fated cape - it would be called the Cape Life in the Cape Colony was heavily influenced Swazi of Good Hope. Ten years later, Vasco de Gama by the Dutch Reformed Church, a conservative 1850 followed Dias’ route and successfully reached branch of Calvinist Christianity. Most of the original Bushmen Southern Zulu Indians India. The seaway to the Indies was officially open. VOC employees were members of this religion. Sotho Throughout the 1500s, European sailors regularly As the colony grew, the VOC encouraged more rounded the southern tip of Africa on their way European immigration to the Cape, mainly other to trade with the East Indies, modern-day India, Dutch Calvinists, French Huguenot refugees and 1800 Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Cape Town was Germans. However not everyone came to the used as a halfway point to replenish supplies, get new Cape Colony willingly. Within the first 10 fresh water and buy meat from the local Khoisan years of settlement, the VOC began importing Xhosa herdsmen on the slopes of Table Mountain. For slaves to build Cape Town and work as servants years the Khoisan had engaged in long-distance or laborers on Boer farms and vineyards. Slaves overland trade with the Tswana and Xhosa in the were mainly imported from the eastern African 1652 east, however they soon preferred the ease of coast including Madagascar and Mozambique, trade with passing ships. But, tensions between the India, Malaysia and Indonesia. In total, over 60,000 local Khoisan and the European traders emerged slaves were imported to the Cape under VOC 1860 when sailors began to demand more meat rule. As a company geared towards profit, VOC Malays OVERVIEW 26 ht clnss s elw atrlss wo like who, pastoralists, fellow new as the colonists saw white They alarm. much with presence their view not did initially but Cape, southwestern far the in settlers white of heard had Xhosa The population. growing their for land more of search in west expanding were Xhosa the east, moving were Boers Dutch the that time same the Bay.At Jeffreys region day present River, Gamtoos fertile the beyond the populated densely Nguni-speaking opponent. peoples, southernmost formidable the Xhosa, more The a encountered for thefuture “CapeColoured.” of descendents slaves the imported from the with east, laid the their foundations along of They, culture masters. Dutch the into assimilating up claimed Boer land were paid very little and ended newly on stay workers to allowed Khoisan asfarms. underpaid Boer on subjugated were flee to on interior forced or killed weren’t the who Khoisan horseback. raided they as of independence mixed-racemeasure a maintain The to able society. were renegades colonial whites and by slaves rejected runaway or freed by joined were groups these of Many Griqua. and Oorlams Kora, the as known became later fled who Those many Khoisan to retreat north into the arid desert. extinction. near to formed “Bushmen” Khoisan turn, the hunted and in “commandos” militia Boers, own their The cattle. their stealing back and farms white raiding by retaliate to preferred they invaders; the for work to unwilling were Khoisan understandably Displaced claimed. they farmland of expanses vast the work to labor either warfare or trading, but lacked the necessary by Khoisan rival from sheep and cattle obtained Boers They interior. the into Poorer farther trek to Town.forced were Cape the beyond in just land valleys agricultural rich up bought whites wealthy soon and Boers the for symbol status a became farmland Owning for Khoisan. resident fatal the often was for and farmers difficulties European early posed expansion Colony Cape European Expansion “Cape Malay” population. fact which later allowed Islam to flourish among the any time into converting their slaves to Calvinism, a population.companythereforeTheinvest not did was not and concerned with the supply well-being of the labor slave a as merely slaves considered s h cln epne frhr at they east farther expanded colony the As forced colonists Boer with warfare Ongoing INTRODUCTION f h Biih ry n wr die es o the of east driven were and army British the of strength and organization the largely by shocked Xhosa were were The warfare. guerilla Boers of type a and as fought Xhosa Wars Frontier the the between occupation, British to Prior to stabilize the frontier and support white settlers. reinforcementssent British The east. the in Xhosa by the with battles losing in reactionswere who Boers frontier mixed with met initially was Cape the from British colonialpowerandtraveledeast. themselves distance to began Boers many frustration, their In “property”. lost their for compensated properly weren’t they that fact the resented Boers wealthy and workers, for wages of life. Poor Boers were unable to afford to pay full abolition as a direct attack on their rights and way the More than 1834. any other in reform, included Boers Colony in the Cape Cape the saw in reforms slavery of abolition liberal British and slaves Africans. of plight the of champions became soon and populations African the to the “modernize” country the in into transformation flooded Missionaries economic Cape. and social a and missionaries. abolitionists frompressure was which of least the not reasons, political and geostrategic other for power colonial the as on stay to decided British However by the French. time Napoleon was defeated, the the to port African strategic the lose to great offensive making strides across Europe andtheBritishdidnotwant was than Bonaparte defensive Napoleon a move. more was 1795 in British seizure of the Cape Colony from the Dutch The BritsTake Over Reinet. Graaff- and Swellendam as such towns interior in and officials VOC established short-lived all independent governments expelled trekkers They Boer the rebelled. taxes, VOC heavy resenting and fromcolony support the of lack Xhosa, the to suffered tremendously in these Boers early wars. Sore from frontier losses the and Xhosa the Both 1800s. the throughout Cape Eastern the ravage the first of nine so-called Frontier Wars that and would land grazing cattle in the late 1770s, leading to the outbreak over of conflict peoples into expanding exploded two society. these of Xhosa collision growing The the into course absorbed due be in could them, before Khoisan the The presence of a standing British army in the in army British standing a of presence The meant administration colonial in change The modernoverland.com akd hi wgn ad edd ot t join their Boerbrothers intheGreat Trek. to north headed and wagons their who Trekboers,packed the of eyes the in unforgivable was land relinquishedlater. The year to a Xhosa the back land annexed the of part handed They province. new a of costs administrative the want not did importantly, more all probably eradicate and just Xhosa, not could they that realize to came British the 1835, for in boundary colony’s land of the extension new farther after of But settlement. clearing white the and expansion colonial British applauded Boers River,while Fish trained regiments defeatedtheir and ruthlessmilitary force. Hishighly army, Shakaproved tobeaskilled commander inDingiswayo’s domination. Asaformer rose tochallengeNdwandwe Mthethwa federation,soon incorporated intothe of thesmallerZulutribe new leader, Shaka,king victorious. However, a the Ndwandweappeared of the Mthethwa leader Dingiswayo, The death showdown.final the With thefor Swaziland. remainedMthethwa the Africa: and in reigning longest monarchies the of one established is and today what River Pongola the expelled of were north Sobhuza, King under Africa. Ngwane, South and the of 1816-1819 between intensified shores Violence eastern forever the and changed crushing”) “the for (Zulu the as known became years tumultuous These plunged the region into bitter warfare for decades. as theSwazis),NdwandweandMthethwa. region’s the major known (later Ngwane reignedthe states – military three 1700s the of over end the By resources. competition for impetus heightened the increased north the to partner trading profitable new a as presence Portuguese The pastures. grazing for land increasedrequired kingdoms growing These ranks. absorbing their into and them chiefdoms smaller subjugating expand, to began chiefdoms of number a 1700s, the Throughout east. the in dominance for vying were kingdoms Nguni northern warring west, the As the British were solidifying their colonial rule in Nguni KingdomsandMfecane modernoverland.com eee ruh a te n o te century the of end the at drought Severe political organization far outstripped that of their of that outstripped far organization political and economic sophisticated Their settlements. stone-walled quasi-urban small, in Highveld the 1800s, early numerous Sotho the and Tswana In chiefdoms scattering”). populated “the for (Sotho throughout the interior, giving rise to the difaqane felt soon were mfecane the of reverberations The Difaqane intheHighveld at theirheels. destruction nipping and army Zulu the Highveld, the throughout death spreading Mountains Drakensburg the across fled They lowlands. the from Ndwandwe broken the drove and enemies INTRODUCTION

27 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 28 the highlands – white Voortrekkers hungry for land. region. mountain invaded forcebelligerent theanother However,soon to stability of measure a brought kingdom Sotho powerfulMoshoeshoe’s aggressors Nguni of growth The other stronghold. impenetrable his from out drove and diplomat Shaka skilled mighty the appease to tribute a and gifts sent and was Moshoeshoe people. his protect to order in firepower them and horses to for appealed and alliances missionaries strategic white with made He kingdom. his into smaller to protection Southern Sotho chiefdoms offeringand incorporated them by numbers his bolstered He statesmen. and leader adept an be to provedMoshoeshoe great the haven elevated their From Mountains. the Thaba in Bosiu of plateau mountain the on refuge took perish fled west or took to the hills for sanctuary. not did who Those displaced. and killed were Tswana and Sotho of Thousands Highveld. the of people the on Zulu’shavoc army,wreaked by led clan Shaka far-reachingof factionsas well as Mzilikazi, Ndebele notorious the including warriors Nguni of bands renegade from Attacks difaqane. the of spread the with end an to came that all But societies. African southern trade other with long-distance in engaged and skilled craftsmen were They neighbors. Nguni militarized h BMktl ca o te oten Sotho Southern the of clan BaMokoteli The INTRODUCTION Transvaal. the in settled wake their north in and , them into pushed , present-day near VoortrekkersNdebeleof bandsthedefeated that aggressors.It was only with the help of these allies Zulu and Ndebele their against them with ally to willing tribes displaced found easily and benefit own their to tribes between hostilities exploit to freeseenastaking.thefor Voortrekkers wereable was violence to due depopulated temporarily or recently Land difaqane. the with coincidedTrek of Highveld present-day the Orange Free State invaded and the Transvaal. (meaning and trekkers”) “Voortrekkers”“front pioneering became romanticizeda momenthistory, in whenTrekboers Thegreat exodus ofBoers from the Cape became the beganGreat Trek into andthe interior inthe 1830s and 1840s. wagons their packed Boers the desirea landforfreedomand fromBritish control, Boer farmers proved to be the final straw.to Fueledlandmoreprovide eastward andby colony the of bordersthe extend toBritish the unwillingness of or inability apparent The life. of way Boer the to theabolition of slavery were seen as direct affronts 1800s. The imposition of the English language and steadilyCapehadthe grown throughout earlythe Boer resentment of British colonial administration in The Great Trek nenws t te orrkes ter Great their Voortrekkers, the to Unbeknownst modernoverland.com Britishrecrossedrule,Drakensberg underthe Mountains live to refusing Voortrekkers, 1842. Embittered in Boers the from Natal seized British the short-livedandrepublic wasthis Howevercapital. establishingPietermaritzburgandDurbantheir as Natalia,Britishofthelayingsettlement claimto in republic new their declared Boers the and north fled it as weakened was Dingane’sdestiny. army pioneer of delusions Voortrekker the reinforced it as Boersthe important forvictory an andbattle Thedisastrous Battle of Zulus.Blood River was adecisive 3,000 than more down mow to weaponry tight circle of wagons, the Boers used their superior retaliated.BoerstheProtected year thata behind Later 1838. early in Retief PietVoortrekker leader by led invaders of delegation a onregiments his unleashmigrants,toBoers onlythe welcoming to could have better negotiated the Boer invasion. hisbrother, but it of is uncertain if qualitieseven the mighty Shaka leadership and deftness military thethrone.lacked Dingane himZulu the usurped and assassinated Dingane half-brother 1828 Shaka’s in But 1824. in Durban) (now Natal Port of settlers British andgave them leave tobuild thesmall settlement white of presence the tolerated around previouslyhadZulus the Shaka King Under Natal. present-day continued of lowveld settled fertile others the into eastward Pretoria, Voortrekkers and Bloemfontein some While Battle forNatal modernoverland.com ign iiily perd deceptively appeared initially Dingane eis f usqet as hpe aa a Sotho at subsequent chipped away wars of series a But empire. Sotho expanding the onencroach to tried who Boers the to defeatsembarrassing their jurisdiction was much more limited. MpumalangaFreeState.Yettherealityandthe of present Province, West Limpopo, North Gauteng, the day encompassed claims territorial In own. theory, their as land of expanses vast claiming Free (Orange Zuid-Afrikaansche Oranje-Vrijstaat the Republiek (ZAR), andState) the – republics In the 1850s, the Boers established two independentBoer Republics of foundations the KwaZulu-Natal’s laying large Indian population. India, from laborers indentured of thousands importing began they Unable to persuade Zulus to toil 1860s. theon in Durbanaroundtheir basedindustry cane plantations, sugarlucrative a establishedand Natal of colony at the expense of the Swazis. boundary,northernstrengtheningtheirlargely on attention away from the British and instead focused brother, his kingdomMpande,Zuludivertedthe their of rule Under killed. was Dingane King 1840 in and kingdom Zulu the in out broken had war River,civilBlood of Battle the After south. the to avoidedfurther conflict neighborswhite their with and returned to the Orange Free State. ohehes igo mtd u early out meted kingdom Moshoeshoe’s new their develop to quick were British The deliberately north, retreated having Zulus, The INTRODUCTION

29 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 30 n rl ad h mgt Zl kndm was kingdomreduced into Zulu powerless mighty artificial the chieftaincies. and rule and implemented its tried and true practice of divide capturedregionandCetshwayo.KingBritish The thousands of British reinforcements that flooded thethe matchfor forcesZulubattles.nowere the But decisive of handful a won and British the against Zuluking Cetshwayo sent the full might ofhis army Britishinvadedcontrol.thearmy1879Zululand. In standingAfricanimpedimentcomplete tocolonial federation.lastZulukingdomtheTheseenas was War,Britishcontinuedthecampaigntheir towards far north as the . Venda and made good on their territorial claims as thecentury the Boers had conquered the northern chiefdoms that defied Boer authority. By the end of remainingAfricanexpeditionsthemilitary against punitive sent ZAR that army standing the powerful a affordedwith industry mining gold the levied on they taxes heavy the the in and gold Witwatersrand of discovery the Soon, ZAR. the of decisivebattle 1881,inthe Boers regained control a In Independence. of Transvaal War the or War First the as to referred became later what in 1880, in revolt in rose and again yet rule and usher in colonial domination. neighboring the of Swazis, helpthe British were theable tooverpower the With Pedi north. the in ownmilitary campaign against thePedistronghold Britishannexedweakenedbeganitstheand ZAR, bankrupted the young ZAR republic. A year nearly 1876 later of Pedi-Boer War successful.the The less kingdompowerfulwerePedithefrom ZAR the of regions northern the of control wrest toattempts his of remnants mountain the kingdom save from complete to annihilation. protection BritishBoer territory. In 1868, Moshoeshoe was forced to request ept te ebc i te is Anglo-Boer First the in setback the Despite British to subjected be to refused Boers The INTRODUCTION Anglo-Boer system a perpetuating towns, mining to were kept low to deter migration of entire families kingdoms against Boer and British attacks. Wages their defend to weapons buy to money enough traveled to the diamond mines in hopes of earning Zulu and Pedi Many managers. as employed and prospectors were often given less dangerous jobs work in the dangerous black depths of to the mines. White wide for and far up from recruited laborers set migrant were dorms that single-sex labor style, Barrack- migrant century. next of the throughout system persisted future a the for set standard mines diamond Kimberley the world’s greatest diamondbaron. ownership of the diamond mines and became the consolidated Rhodes Cecil the imperialist infamous control British under world’s largest diamond mine of the broughtday. Griqualand Soon the and established British West the swoop fell one In advances. Boer fromprotectionrequest to Boers republic, the British convinced the resident the Griqua their in fortune before diamond the However,on capitalize could big. it striking of inhopes region the to flocked who prospectors money-hungry of hordes attracted diamonds of promise The interior. African South the changed forever 1869 in State Free Orange western the in Kimberley near pebble shiny a of discovery The And Diamonds All ThatGlittersisGold… h hrh okn ad iig odtos of conditions living and working harsh The modernoverland.com from the border region. When they refused refused they When region. war. declared Kruger border the from troops colonial withdraw to Empire British the to ultimatum an issued he 1899 In armament. mass of campaign a began Kruger suppliers German from assistance with enter and alliance, to military a State into Free Orange the convinced He republic. his for designs British of aware acutely The Kruger Paul Minister. President ZAR Prime made attempt as coup resign was to Rhodes forced and soon horribly failed attempt coup Raid Jameson The 1895. in overthrow government ZAR the to Transvaal colluded the in Colony, miners Cape gold with then the of Rhodes, Minister Cecil Prime baron diamond pursuits, imperial by driven Forever republic. Boer Uitlanders the in Witwatersrand. rights of lack their and the taxes heavy the resented of wealth the that laws of series of miners. the African black movement controlled a instated and population Boer the to only rights voting restricted industry, heavy taxesonthemining Boer governmentlevied with theirinsecurity, the the republic. To deal tenuous control of the Boer’s already ZAR undermined owners intothe wealthy Britishmine and (foreigners) influx of "uitlanders" largest city. The wealthiest and southern Africa’s soon boomedas the region. Johannesburg into flooded America and EuropeNorth from as well as colony the of parts other from prospectors rush of thousands gold as country subsequent the transformed The 1886. in of Johannesburg near were reefs Witwatersrand the the gold within of deep discovered deposits large mines diamond when the of loss their from areas. their to intermittently women and children who return remained behind in rural then and money earn to alone migrate to forced were men where modernoverland.com The British resented Boer control over over control Boer resented British The recovered soon republics Boer The for aseriesofdiscriminatory laws. way the agreementpaved and segregation racial introduced Union the inferiority in and Language complexes. discontent Boer placating with preoccupied remained British the and however, tenuous, colonies was Unity Africa. South their of Union the as consolidated and federation dreams of their realized finally British the 1910, In Union andSegregation belong totheAfricanpopulations. would Africa southern of part any that possibility the excluded treaty peace this Notably, Empire. Orange Free the State, became property of with the British along and, Transvaal the renamed was ZAR Vereeniging,the of Peace the of signing the British, the with sided hoping forbettertreatment iftheyprevailed. blacks of majority the However spies. and scouts black employed had sides Both camps. concentration the in disease mobile highly A Natal. and Colony Cape the British on war declared republics Boer the 1899 In South AfricanWar Boer forces were finally subdued by 1902. With 1902. by subdued forceswerefinally Boer or ry a svrl al successes early several had army Boer atrn tws uh s Ladysmith, as such towns capturing enocmns ee hpe i to in shipped were Imperial reinforcements British of Thousands Africa. Mafikeng andKimberley. that Britain was willing to put into South have not could Boers the However, relieve its besieged cities and overtake resources of amount the anticipated Boer capitals. By the end of the war, proved devastating.Anestimated rti ipre sm hl a half some imported Britain 40,000 peopleperishedfrom children andblackAfricans ilo top t secure to troops million INTRODUCTION to detainBoerwomen, the region. concentration camps the useofunsanitary guerilla-style warfare against theImperial commandos using Army. Butruthless earth tacticsand British scorched Outnumbered, Boers fought as bandsof

31 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 32 tts r akrud al nin wr treated were Indians all background, or their status of Regardless holiday. on or businessmen merchants, laborers, free as came the Others 1860s. in beginning plantations sugar on of laborers variety a under Africa situations. Some had South been imported as to indentured come had Indians population. minority a as unity cohesive lacked but Natal, in established well were Indians east. the in population Indian oppressed the did (SACP). Party Communist African South the formed and politicized Some ideals Communist to take to only. began also Africans whites for jobs paying high reserved which bar, colour a the of and imposition conditions working poor segregation, protesting organization, national for vehicle a as served unions Workers 1923. in (ANC) National Congress African the to name its party changed later The (SANNC). Congress National Native African South party, the political national African modern first the form to 1912 in Bloemfontein of outskirts the in together came small Africans of a group Africa, South of Union the of the formation in exclusion political their of aware Acutely customs. and law British in versed well was class for elite educated African growing schools a century, the of established turn the by and country, the throughout Africans missionaries Early African andIndianMobilization African society. and state reserves. the between intermediaries sole the as African in chiefs Cooperative chiefs and headmen were appointed to power political decentralized and organization national defused Act Administration Native 1927 the state, the on demands and mobilization political black curtail severely limited African movement within cities. To laws pass segregatedand was labor and Housing Act centers. city from blacks Areasremove further to aimed Urban Native the 1923 of The employment landowners. direct in were they unless land white designated off pushed occupation. were African Africans for a land of reserving percent 7 lines, mere racial along ownership restricted 1913 land of Act Lands Native The Africa. inSouth black townships government-sponsored clear first to newly designated African “locations,” justification forming the as populations from city centers and relocate them in used were s fias eae oe oiiie, o too so politicized, more became Africans As measures health public century, the in Early INTRODUCTION Malan, the Purified National Party was born. leadership of Dutch Reformed Church minister D.F. splitfromNP.the religiousUnderthe politicaland factions ultra-conservative Party, United the form to forces political moderate more with allied he when But Empire.British the fromindependence a dominationandracial on basedpoliticalplatform developed Hertzog victory, his by Reassured mainly with the Afrikaner with andsupport, won the 1924 national ties elections. movement, close cultural had Afrikaner NP The 1914. in Party (NP) National conservative racially the formed Hertzog M. B. J. General when headwaypolitical housing forwhites. policies with and employment education, better obliged reserved that government Union The Empire. British the of forces assimilating the from insulation cultural as well as elite black rising the against protection demanded They populations. black and coloured the to superior as themselves defining with concerned especially were war the during destroyed were livelihoods whose farmers and Boer Poor politics. in circles interests Afrikaner advance power national infiltrate to secret formed A law. by Broederbond,the men, Afrikaner white of society protected be and would language culture identity; separate of protection the ensure to determined were War, African South the After English. with par on and fromseparate as Dutch language the of recognitionthe for campaigned and Afrikaners as themselves to refer to began Colony Cape the in country. the intellectuals Boer the 1800s, late the in Beginning over swept nationalism Afrikaner of wave a century, 20th the of years early the In Afrikaner Nationalism the defying for government. imprisoned and beaten were and Indians registration of thousands and he return, In against laws. pass protest of campaign non-violent a in them led and population Indian the mobilized He Gandhi. in justice social of fire a ignited faced Africa South in Indians prejudice and racism the Pietermaritzburg, in train expelled a was from he After Africa. South in minority would that Indian the and journey country his life, his change forever a on embarked and Africa South in arrived Gandhi Mohandas named lawyer Indian young a 1893, In citizens. second-class as h rs o te ai het n uoe caused Europe in threat Nazi the of rise The Afrikaner nationalists began making considerable modernoverland.com of divide and rule, the black population was further “Bantu” (black). Following the tried and true tactic and Indians, (mixed-race), coloureds into whites non- subdividing further then and non-white and white into them dividing race, their to according people classified which Population 1950, in devastating Act Registration the by followed go, first to was marriage Interracial ensure enforced separateness. would this legislation centrally culture through own Strict, segregation its management. of for control and and take to races race the for each of advocated development it separate legislation, past charged upon racially Building Afrikaans). meaning in (literally “apartness” of platform its on The National Party narrowly won the 1948 election Party. to the led election of Malan’s ultra-conservative urbanization National black control and shortage labor the solve to inability seeming Smuts’ with along population black the of affluence growing the against backlash white Postwar transition. the strikes for improved labor conditions accompanied for whites. Rapid urbanization and organization of only reserved previously jobs manufacturing step into to blacks many allowed the booming economy the wartime war, during at away roles whites with non-combat But war. in Non-whites guns. only blacks served give to want not did they that was however, on, agree could Africans African South army posts. sabotaged and targeted which (OB), Ossewabrandwag ultra-conservative the as such protest, in emerged groups military Fascist pro- radical and representedAfrikaners, they that party’sclaims the undermined coalition the from Hertzog’sousting WWII. into country the led and time second a for Africa South of Minister Prime war. the Jan Christiaan Smuts, a seasoned soldier, on became and views Party, his for United deposed was new Hertzog the apart split tension wartime to This Empire. British the nothing helping with do wanted anti-imperialists, ardent as and race, chosen the of idea the and supremacy nationalists white of agenda Nazis’ the with sympathize could Afrikaner Afrikaners Many Allies. non-involvement. for advocated of the favor in largely supporting were Africans South British government. Party United ruling the in fractures Beginning ofApartheid modernoverland.com n tig oh rts ad fiae South Afrikaner and British both thing One

Opposition andProtest the serve population. to white needed necessities bare the more than no blacks teach to ethnic aimed and emphasized awareness transferred which schools was state-run Education to ideas. Africans liberal overeducating with and too English focusing on for much closed Act. were Education schools Bantu apartheid Mission of 1953 wave the first was the measures of straw final The settlement. rural a to move and area the leave to years. them requiring ID book in a their made with mark 10 for out,” “endorsed were qualify not employer did who Those worked one had for or they town continuously in that born show been to either had had Africans in areas. work and urban townships urban in live to eligible was who determine to urbanization. imposed were laws control Strict to Act Areas Urban 1952 Johannesburg and elsewhere. Durban, Town, Cape of centers city the in homes their from removed also people were Indian and coloured 600,000 estimated “homelands” and newly developed townships, an in As blacks were forcibly blacks removed to remote African over devastating for coloured and Indian communities. people proved still Areas coloured Group However, employment. for ensuring area,” favor preference “coloured a Western the Cape deeming by population coloured and splitfamilies. cases uncertain many with misery, and confusion enormous werecaused acts two These live. to races allowed certain where determined then Act Areas Group The to unity. African attempt national weaken deliberate a as etc., Sotho, Venda, Tswana,Zulu, Xhosa, groups: ethnic into divided n al rud h cuty epe eue to refused people Campaign country the Defiance around all the and organized Mandela 1952 In protests. mass organized successfully and Africans radicalized Younger,rejected the conciliatory tactics of the “old guard” Tambo. and Oliver Sisulu, Walter p380), (see Mandela attorney Nelson young the by led the League, of Youth creationANC the by emboldened newly was membership ANC force. the mobilizing countrywide a as legislation, resurged (ANC) and Congress apartheid National Party African of National emergence the of the election the With Group Areas legislation was reinforced by the the by reinforced was legislation Areas Group the of support the win to attempted NP The INTRODUCTION

33 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 34 Communist Party formed the military wing of the of wing military the formed Party Communist African South the of Slovo Joe and Sisulu Walter Mandela, necessary. was struggle armed an that mass actions, the ANC and the PAC finally agreed the RepublicofSouthAfrica. became and Nations of the Commonwealth from British succeeded Africa South of Union the and independence of dream their realized Party often and trial beaten in police custody. without A year later, the National detained were people outlawed; were gatherings Public underground. of Suppression and their the members were forced to go into exile or of Communism Act,theANCandPAC auspices were banned the Under government began to clamp down on opposition. ofwhom where shotinthebackastheytriedtoflee. many 70 protestors, nearly killing fire, opened police Reactionary Sharpeville. of the town in station police a at themselves presented non-violently and home at passes their left had attention and outcry. international A group of unarmed civilians attracted demonstration anti-pass PAC-organized a 1960 In Action. of Programme a adopted and Africans by Africans for liberation for advocated PAC the Sobukwe, Robert by Led (PAC). Congress Africanist Pan the form to split the change. In 1959, more radical factions of the ANC exact that to enough radical not and were by tactics party’s non-Africans undermined being with was coordination ANC the that felt new ConstitutionofSouthAfrica. regarding equalrightswere incorporatedintothe contents its of much and years the over platform ANC the of element key a remained Africa South non-racial a for call Its born. was Govern!” People Shall “The demanding Charter Freedom the rights in Johannesburg’s largest township, Soweto. coordination Here civil and equality culminated with the Assembly of the People, held for National calling groups with of whites. as well the as progressive Congress, Congress Indian People’s African Coloured South the with to garnerstrong supportinthecountryside. able was ANC the and government national the of puppets as chiefs Homeland local rise. denounced residents the on also was “,” or homelands created newly the in imprisonment. protest Rural risked thereby and passes carry hl nt bnoig raie poet and protest organized abandoning not While In the aftermath of the Sharpeville Massacre, the activists some 1950s, late the by However alliances key make to able also was ANC The INTRODUCTION reached a new level of intensity policeas students clashed property, informants, government municipal beer onhalls and local shebeens Attacks year. spread throughout the Riotscountry during ensued. the Violence following boy. 12-year-old a killing fire, opened then but crowd, the disperse to gas through the march streets of aSoweto. Police first and used tear boycotts school organized Movement(SASM) Students African South the schools, the black in medium teaching a as oppressor) and the of Education Bantu introduction of Afrikaans in (considered the language inequalities by Sparked apartheid. against struggle the in point student after protest turned into student peaked insurrection. repression government increased but success, of measure a had strikes union protests and Student launched. Allied was Black Union the Students Workers 1973 Students In African African (SASO). South Organization South own their formed of and Union multiracial National the from away broke students black continueddominateto schools labor.and 1969,In voices white However protest. and strikes defiant non-white, anyone to refer including the coloured and Indian to populations. came “black” whites. Within the context of of the help liberation the without equalitystruggle, and freedomrealize to Black determination black Biko, rekindled Consciousness Steve student the medical by charismatic Led circles. intellectual and universities through swept Movement Consciousness Black the as vanguard political powerful a as emerged labor organized radicalizedand youthfill.would Studentscome thatto vacuum power political a repressionofdaysdarkThe 1960s open leftthein Black Consciousness imprisonment onRobbenIsland. life to sentenced were charged those of majority Treasonthe ,and famous the in tried Mandela, Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and six others were Johannesburg. of outside farm a at arrested was the In destabilize 1963 the high command of Umkhonto we Sizwe to aimed country by any means and necessary, including moremurder. tactics adopted “alone”), violent or “pure” Poqo for wing, (Xhosa military PAC’s The and stations. offices police government targeting campaigns, sabotage of series a began and Nation”) the of ANC called Umkhonto we Sizwe (meaning “Spear The Soweto Student Uprising marked a turningSowetoStudentUprisingThemarkeda Workers unions also created crucial openings for modernoverland.com Foreigninvestment wasprohibited andhomelands economicthe opportunities SouthAfricanin cities. on dependent be to continued laborersMigrant dumpingunemploymentgroundsforpoverty. and supporttheirgrowingto populations became and Homelandslargelyhaveenoughnot didresources South Africa, however the reality was much different.become self-sufficient in homelands independent of self-governance.theoryblacksthatThewaswould 10 created “autonomous” homelands to be of first theEasterngrantedwasCape,the istodaywhat in in direct employment of whites. In 1963 the Transkei,roughlyto percent14 theofland, unless theywere ethnic population,thepercentrestrictedwere of80 over “separate of promotion of comprised “homelands”. who Blacks,reserves, or the policies was apartheid development” to Central Homelands of the police. Bikowasarrested, tortured andkilled atthe hands were banned. Black Consciousness organizer organizations Steve many and beaten, and imprisoned with responded increasedrepression. Vorster Hundreds died, people were President police. with modernoverland.com nenly te nmlyet ae o black for turmoil rate political the fueling skyrocketed, Africans unemployment the 1980s apartheid. Internally, of end the opposition the of beginning during the marked pressure increased international and recession, Economic State ofEmergency, StateofWar agenda. politically fabricated be products to knownof South were Africa’s which states,” “puppet racistthese of status independent the recognize to refused community international the However KwaZulu. Mangosuthu Chief Buthelezi in Zulu as suchgain, werecomplicitsystemthetheirpolitical forownin political withaspirations homeland structure embraced the and leaders African local Many Africa. oftheir citizenship andbecame foreigners inSouth settlements and squattertownships, urban in were or homelands effectively the in stripped lived they (1981).Theblack population, regardless Ciskeiofwhether (1976), and Transkei (1979) Venda (1977), Bophuthatswana – states independent became generate gainful employment. to needed industry infrastructure and the lacked n h ed ny or f h 1 homelands 10 the of four only end the In INTRODUCTION 500km 200mi

35 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 36 n noa n Mzmiu. h dfuin of diffusion The Mozambique. menace” and “red Angola in communist the unpopular against increasingly battles and expensive fight to losing, continued Africa South At time, country. same the the within blackout imposed and information media an on grip tight a kept state the criticism, increased of midst the In menace.” “black the of repression their up amped services the first of many in the coming years. State security (AWB or Afrikaner Resistance Movement). factions such as the paramilitary Afrikaner white Weerstandsbeweging of rise the to leadingwingers, apartheidof andcaused backlash a somebyright- Conciliatory measures broke with thethe core principals neither Indians nor Howeverthe coloureds could blacks. be fully bought out. to representation extendingfurther expressly notpopulations while Indian coloured and representation extend the to to presumed “Tricameral Parliament”, whichnew the established referendum white-only a 1984 In allies. black and coloureds Indians, co-opting of eased hopes the in and measures apartheid” repression “petty some increased both Botha, P.W. President by led government, AfricanSouth later destabilizing violence. Evidence its of support in Inkatha bankrolling covertly were services security supporters. African South the that surfaced ANC attacked Movement Liberation Cultural National Inkatha was especially severe in KwaZulu-Natal, where the and homeland authorities. Black on black violence UDF, and to enforce loyalty to local black township groups the and ANC the of influence the curtail to aimed Vigilante organization. civic national to opposed vigilantes local and “comrades” youth (UDF) formedintheCapeFlats1983. Front Democratic United the of culminating formation the in unity, and collaboration increased organizations Civic country. the in abuses rights and white human against campaigned conscious, of women of group work a Sash, to Black The home. go at stay to refuse would participants where “stayaways” and effective protests organized they an as as resistance for vanguard a and force mobilizing emerged Unions expanded. resistance Anti-government exponentially. grew settlements squatter and townships urbanization; rapid slow to unable influx increasingly proved and control laws Pass decade. the engulfed that In 1985, Botha declared a State of Emergency,of State a declared Botha 1985, In the opposition, and violence of face the In militant of part the on both increased Violence INTRODUCTION ever non-racial democratic elections. first- Africa’s South with concluded negotiations 1994,In1993. inPrizePeaceNobel thethem won negotiations the in role Klerk’s De and Mandela interruptions,and upheaval the Despiteviolence. estimatedthat roughly 14,000 died due to political is it1990-1994 Between 1993. invadednegotiationsin the physically who AWB paramilitaries the neo-Nazi with aligned and split Party National the of factions Conservative supporters. its and Xhosa-controlled ANC the attack to continued it as non-participation threatened Party Freedom KwaZulu-basedInkathaproperty. privateThe and anxietyprotectionconcerntheandoverwealth of single,ideaaof unified state, and there was much NationalParty found it difficult to comprehend the the within Factions challenging. proved prison in languish andstruggle to country the inremained educated abroad while in exile and those who had political parties. Cooperation viable between into ANC movements liberationleaders their transform struggledto UDF the andnegotiations. ANC The disagreement on basic principals continued to mar and violenceHowevergroups.political various of representatives with convened (CODESA) Africa the cornerstones of apartheid. years, De Klerk repealed the racist laws that formedfew next the of course the negotiations.Over for exchange in suspended was and struggle armed him the join to exile from returned leadership Mandela ANC prison. in Nelson years 27 after man free 1990,a became 11, Communist February the On and Party. PAC, ANC, associations, the including political unbanned and prisoners the first year of his presidency, he released political necessary.Withinwas reform that accepted Klerk De youngerpresident.The as replacedhim Klerk decade the ailing Botha stepped down and F.W. De radical made transformation inevitable. 1980s By the end tumultuous of the the of momentum The Dismantling Apartheid to divestment. economy lost roughly one third African of its strength due South economic the that estimated the is It recession. exacerbated further divestment anti- campaign international be an and to African, governments South foreign for popular anti- increasingly became of It region. the in communism bastion last the as claim Africa’s South undermined 1980s late the by tensions War Cold In 1991 the Convention for a DemocraticConventionSoutha thefor1991 In modernoverland.com modernoverland.com Rebuilding the Rainbow Nation n ta poetos gis discrimination against protections that and institutionalized, were women of National rights the Women’sthat The ensuring in instrumental seen. especially was Coalition has world the progressivemost the of one became constitution African South the collaboration, and participation public of campaign unprecedented an all In signed. system labor migrant Africa’scontributed tothespread oftheepidemic. disease. South the of from suffering Miseducation, social stigma and the perpetuation were thousands of people tens mid-1990s, of Africa the South By in 1982. in recorded was HIV/AIDS from death first HIV.The surrounding concerns health promote affirmative actionhiringpractices. to sector business the on imposed were Quotas desegregated. was Education Act. Lands Native 1913 the since them from seized been had that for Rights Act of 1994 allowed people to reclaim land loans and subsidies Land of Restitution The of land. purchase to people program a up set on land ownership were lifted and the government water.clean in to Restrictions access and healthcare deficiencies address and housing affordable and Reconstruction A Development housing, Program (RDP) was initiated to education. build in and crisis health, a racial and faced poverty, he the inequalities, Internally, Asia. Europe, and fromAmericas and reinvestment relationships encouraging international rebuilding economy by national failing Mandela the bolster Externally, to challenges. sought of plethora a the newly delineated South Africa. Former into incorporated presidents. and dissolved were homelands deputy as appointed were constitution.newF.W.Mbeki Thabo a and Klerk De writing with charged was government The interim Unity. National of Government interim create the to parties political other with coalition a unity,reconciliationtowardsformedMandelaand movement continue to effort inaugurated an In president. was as Mandela Nelson ANC, the leader of As percent. 10.5 Party Freedom Inkatha the andpercent 20 won PartyNational The vote. In the end, the ANC won 62.6 percent of votes thein South Africa’snational historic democratic election.their cast to lines long in waitedlife of walks and InApril 1994, millions ofSouth Africans ofallraces In 1996 the new South African constitution was constitution African South new the 1996 In rising werethe challenges by Additional posed inherited Mandela presidency, the with Along and garner broader, non-racial support, it ended it support, broader,non-racial garner and reinventitself to Unable collapsed. Party National won over 66 percent but of the they national vote. The and New increased abounded, actually ANC the shoes of support Mandela’s fill to ability Mbeki’s about Concerns as ANC. the Mandela of succeeded president Mbeki Thabo 1999, In The NewSouthAfrica reconciliation andhealing. national towards step unprecedented an remains TRC the Yet unfulfilled. many left reparations of allocation the with problems and murderers, for notably absent. Others were opposed to amnesty the P.W.was President Botha Former cheapened process. whole some for which forward, came officials government high-level few that out point process the of critics However surfaced. crimes individual heinous as well as forces security and criminal of prosecution. possibility the faced crimes past to confess not did who Those reparations. for apply confront theiraggressors, extendforgiveness and stories, their tell to their invited were in Victims entirety. crimes their confess and forward come to willing were who perpetrators Amnesty to society. offered was pained and fractured a hopefully effort unite and an forgive was in understand, confront, commission Tututo under the lead crimes Desmond to Reconciliation charged and Archbishop violations and apartheid. expose rights and Truth investigate human to Unity (TRC) National a Commission of Government established the 1995, In Truth andReconciliation and abroad. restored and respect for the South to African government at up home live to presidents future for brief his time in in office he goals, set an theirexceptionally high standard of short address fell to inequalities efforts over his of many unity Though and else. and all dedication reconciliation to humbleness, commitment his for international respect garnered who statesman skilled a highly patriarchal government. to women of a previously was percentage what in seats parliamentary hold large a for lobbied also successfully They law. under codified were status marital and pregnancy gender, on based Chilling details about the actions of the police the of actions the about details Chilling as emerged Mandela tenure, his of end the By INTRODUCTION

37 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 38 ilne ewe AC n IP upres He supporters. IFP and ANC between violence defused successfully Inkatha of cooptation The Inkatha positions. key government his prominent to appointed adversaries as and Zuma president Jacob and deputy politician appointed adept He an diplomat. be to proved Mbeki Freedom Inkatha Party aclosethird. the with the as opposition, emerged largest Party Democratic liberal new The vote. the of percent 7 than less receiving up Though not the revered, charismatic Mandela, charismatic revered, the not Though appliances. smallerforcommonly usedalso are plugsround pin two-EuropeanAfrica. South of outside used widely not are that terminals round with plugs three-pin popular. quite are tower phone cell a of range coverage the modems that allow users to connect anywhere within GSM countries. more developed most in slightly than expensive although country, the throughout phone), Ambulance 10177 available throughout most of the country. and bars. other for exchange to currencies. difficult be can it region southernAfricathe outsideof butbills, acceptRand will countries neighboring in people Many Africa. South in used currency the of name the is Rand The R10, ¥1 JPY = R0.08 upon arrival for no charge that are valid for 90 days. for visas prior to travel and are issued entrance permits Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe Xitsonga 4%, 8%,other 8% Sesotho 8%, Setswana 8%, English 9%, Sepedi (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial) The Basics The E E Inte Ph Tipp M Vi B Time La P Ca ri lect me op orde INTRODUCTION one s n one p a i u guag rg in -Most foreign nationals do not need to arrange t rnet Zone l a y a g r enc - Country-code+27. Cell phone coverage is - $1 USD = R7.4, £1 GBP = R11.1, €1 EUR = l ti 1%1% s utmr fr restaurants for customary is 10%-15% - s c - Pretoria (executive), Cape Town - Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, i e Hg sed nent s available is Internet speed High - on t - GMT +2 - Zulu 24%, Xhosa 18%, Afrikaans 13%, y y Plc 111 12 rm mobile a from (112 10111 Police - 20/3V C 5H using 50Hz AC, 220V/230V - - 50.1 million The pastThedecadestwo havebeennothing shortof obstacles.overcome an to ability and impressivewill has it prisoners, former made its and of out apartheid presidents of repressions the of out shortcomings. country’s the of much behind forces driving are system education inadequate an and HIV/AIDS corruption,Rampant thick. quite still are way,but many ANC.Racial andsocial tensions causehave come longa problems ruling the ofcompetence the question to citizens inequality and crime unemployment, economic, Serious Africa. South new the of success the defining in heavily weigh will yearscoming the inadequately addressthem very serious issues, and the ability of future the country to nation’s somecurrently facesAfrica skepticism.South and rainbow the prosperity ofis met with varying degrees of optimism outlook The Looking Forward he and rural populations. youth However from scrutiny. support widespread constant maintains under have history come sordid and life personal leanings, socialist Zuma’s Party, Communist African South third the and unions trade to the ties strong a with populist As became Africa. South Democratic Zuma the of Jacob president later, and year technicality, a a on dismissed were corruption charges His 2007. late in Chairman as Mbeki his supporters. deter to little did disease," the contracting of risk the minimise "would it because woman sex the with having after immediately shower HIV-positive a took he a that with court in statement his with coupled woman, sex unprotected knowingly to having confession his and Zuma against dismissal caused a split in the ANC. Rape charges fromoffice.Zuma Zuma’spresident Jacob deputy his dismiss to medicines Mbeki forced scandal corruption a 2004, antiretroviral in reelection his After make available. publically and program treatment national a implement to failure its for berated was administration His crisis. HIV/AIDS the regarding inaction and denial his for criticism international under came Mbeki’spresidency.He in voice diplomatic international issuesandregional Africanconflicts. a as emerged while and education exile in international his of use made But for a countryButfora thatcreated freea democracy toreplace Zuma led ANC the in Infighting marred allegations corruption and HIV/AIDS modernoverland.com il. unn aog h esen ordr is the corridor range, mountain eastern highest the Africa’s southern along rocky Running to hills. way gives that scrubland dry mostly semi-desert of basin vast a is country the central of and part west the of Much varied. equally is grassy interior country’s The rolling wetlands. marshy forests, and hills arid lush of cliffs, array rocky an desert, spans coastline Indian The and Oceans. Atlantic the along kilometers nearly 3,000 stretches that coastline a with continent African the of tip southern the at sits Africa South GEOGRAPHY is much to be excited about. there and history in moments pivotal Africa’s positive change. Right now is another one of South affecting and country’s direction the influence to younger beginningare They age. of coming The is democracy pride. national Africa’sSouth ofwithin upgrew generationthat free sense a and international tourism promoted and country the focused on attention infrastructure, improve helped Cup World2010 the of hostingsuccessful wereonce deserted are that in a centers full swing cityof regeneration. Many A optimism. a of warrantssense that country the throughout energy amazingan transition, andtodaythere vibrant ais modernoverland.com Zimbabwe to the north. the and Namibia, Mozambique, to Botswana, and Swaziland east Other include Africa. countries South bordering within entirely located is which Lesotho, being unique most the countries, two percent of South Africans. over just for accounting population, by province by province country’ssmallest the largest is Cape, Northern the country’ssize, the contrast, In Pretoria. and Johannesburg both encompassing population, by province largest country’s the is Gauteng, size, capital. country’sby provinceThe smallest judicial the is Bloemfontein legislative and the capital is Town Cape the capital, is executive Pretoria government. one of branches of the seat of the capital each country, three the within are cities There democratically government. new the elected recently under were 1994 which in formed of some provinces, nine of border the Mozambique. near interior the semi-tropical into extending lush wetland large a a into out levels that is region forest coastline eastern coast. The eastern the to extending foothills into grassy transitions that escarpment iconic an form reaching Mountains Drakensberg The meters. peaks 3,482 to up with Mountains, Drakensberg ot Arc sae is odr wt sx other six with borders its shares Africa South into divided administratively is country The INTRODUCTION

39 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 40 moderate, a result of its subtropical location location subtropical its of result a moderate, fairly is climate country’s the extremes, these of Outside mountains. snow-covered to desert hot blisteringly from range can and geography its as varied as just is climate its but sunshine with filled summers warm its for known best is Africa South CLIMATE Johannesburg A Cape TownCape A AVG.TEMPS AVG.TEMPS 10˚C 10˚C 20˚C 30˚C 40˚C 20˚C 30˚C 40˚C INTRODUCTION 0˚C 0˚C 30˚F 40˚F 50˚F 60˚F 70˚F 80˚F 90˚F 100˚F 30˚F 40˚F 50˚F 60˚F 70˚F 80˚F 90˚F 100˚F JAN JAN FEB FEB verage Temperaturesverage and R MAR MAR verage Temperaturesverage andR APR APR MAY MAY JUN JUN coastal region tends to get most of its rainfall rainfall its of winter. the during most get to tends region southern coastal the while months summer the during precipitation annual their of most receive country the of parts northern and central The end August. of the through June from lasts season winter the and March to November from roughly runs season summer The ocean. the to proximity and JUL JUL AUG AUG SEP SEP OCT OCT ainfall modernoverland.com ainfall NOV NOV DEC DEC RAINFALL RAINFALL CM CM 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 10 12 14 16 18 20 8 8 6 6 4 4 IN IN 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 uh amr itr esn wt ms days most with season, topping 21°C/70°F. winter a warmer and much showers summer occasional with the ocean by tempered is climate coastal subtropical temperature asoneofitsattractions.Theregion’s the during occurs annual summer. region the this of in all precipitation Almost night. over freezing below dip occasional an cooler,with slightly only are that winters and Town Cape to temperature in similar are that summers with climate highland characteristic of are Cape rainTown and winters. fog Frequent evenings. the in chilly getsalthough temperaturesit60°F / around16°C 75°F./ wintersTherelativelyare daytimewithmild summersandafternoon temperatures around 24°C Mediterraneanclimatecomfortablywith warm,dry attitudes. Though the racial divisions established divisions racial the Though attitudes. a vast diversity of cultures, languages, traditions and Its population Africa.ofroughly 50million people South represents describe to term Nation” the“Rainbow coined have to said is Tutu Desmond PEOPLE modernoverland.com ubn ot yaln sn n warm and sun yearlong touts Durban The Johannesburg region has a mild subtropical a has area surrounding the and Town Cape D AVG.TEMPS 10˚C 20˚C 30˚C 40˚C 0˚C urban A urban 30˚F 40˚F 50˚F 60˚F 70˚F 80˚F 90˚F 100˚F JAN verage Temperaturesverage andR FEB MAR APR MAY JUN rgnly tm rm or ifrn linguistic different four from stem originally they languages, official 11 the of nine they represent Though A.D. Africa centuries few Southern first the to during came the who of total migrants descendents Bantu the the are of They percent population. 80 group, almost diverse most representing and largest the far by are distinguished chieflybylanguage. sub-groups important are category each within today,but used be to continue apartheid during citizens African South describe to used were that significant social force. The four general categories a remain they fading, slowly are apartheid during other influential ANC politicians are Xhosa. The are Xhosa. politicians ANC influential many other and Mandela Nelson population. African the of percent 18 roughly represents and Cape Eastern the from hails largely Xhosa, the group, draws heavily which on Zulu cultural pride. The second biggest Party, Freedom Inkatha the political party, national own its under formed and renaissance apartheid cultural a underwent coast, Zulu. The Zulu nation, concentrated on the speak eastern Africans South of quarter a almost group; and Tswana); Tsonga; andtheVenda. and Western Sotho, also called the Pedi, BaSotho Southern (Northern, Sotho the Swazis); and neighboring Ndebele Xhosa, (Zulu, Nguni families: JUL fias cmol rfre t a blacks) as to referred (commonly Africans uu rpeet h lret ethno-linguistic largest the represent Zulus AUG SEP ainfall OCT INTRODUCTION NOV DEC RAINFALL CM 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 6 4 IN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

41 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 42 s tog cmne b te omn s o the Afrikaans language. Coloureds occupied a of unique use common the by cemented strong, is community the within identity of sense specific a roots, South or European, African, indigenous Khoisan, to ancestry varied their trace may – – coloureds Africa’sSouth percentof 9 about population Although total descent. mixed-race of understand. division during apartheid, to the of racial term refers to South Africans nature visitors arbitrary the Reflecting foreign for category to encouragesolidarityratherthantribalism. unity. To black counterthis,Africanleadershavesought national prevent to tactic a as differences The apartheid government tried to highlight these is common. ancestry specific one’s to allegiance strong and differences, historical and cultural are the country. but are prevalent in the northeastern-most part of population African national the of portion small a TsongaVendarepresentThe and population. the neighboring the Lesotho, each account for in just under 10 percent of population form the of also basis who the Sotho) (Southern BaSotho and Sotho) (Western Tswana Sotho), (Northern Pedi Clue” s ehp te ot difficult most the perhaps is “Coloured” Within these large ethno-linguistic groups there INTRODUCTION fia Ain icue Ciee community Chinese a numbering roughly 200,000. South include Other Asians populace. African Indian the of percent and liberal more themselves consider to group, tend this of largest the far “British” by Africans, South communities. Portuguese and Greek eastern European and German descent, and small of Jews 70,000 approximately immigrants, British Reformed Church. language, Dutch the of teachings the by distinct influenced heavily own is life rural Afrikaner of history.Much and their culture celebrate and preserve to attempts with system apartheid of the atrocities the of acknowledgment balancing of task South difficult the of have and areas most rural Africa’s dominate they Today and pioneers farmers. as Africa South in presence their began Huguenots, French and German English, Dutch, early to roots speakers. their trace English who Afrikaners, and Afrikaans culturally between and split ethnically percent are population, 9 the of approximately comprising Malay Whites, Cape aromatic cuisine. and festivals eye- catching through experienced be can region the in legacy vibrant Their community. Muslim Western Cape’s the of much comprise and population African coloured the within sub-group major a are slaves, East and Indonesian of Indian, descendents Malaysian, Malays, of Cape percent population. 50 the over up make coloureds where than blacks but were considered inferior to whites. conditions living and working horrific less slightly position during the apartheid era. They were given eua ta Arknr, hl Arknr pride Afrikaners while Afrikaners, than secular descent, represent the smallest of South Africa’s themselves ontheirstrong senseoftradition. he rca ctgre wt a ouain of population a with categories racial chief sas o wih 8 ecn ae f Indian of are percent 98 which of Asians, of descendents include whites Non-Afrikaner province only the is Cape Western The rud . mlin KauuNtl s home is KwaZulu-Natal million. 1.2 around to the largest Indian community outside of outside community Indian largest the to ni, ay f h ae h descendents the are who of many India, f netrd aoes ruh t Natal to brought laborers indentured of o ok n ua pattos beginning plantations sugar on work to n h 16s Te iy f ubn in Durban of city The 1860s. the in atclr s eond o is South its for renowned is particular Asian cultural influences. The influences. cultural Asian aoiy f ot African South of majority ulm mk u 20 up make Muslims though Hindu, are Indians modernoverland.com useful. particularly be Africa’scan majority, South of tongue mother the Zulu, country, the in awhile to staying on difficult planning you’re be if but can master, which clicks, contain Sotho Southern and languages the Nguni groups. in two first languages speak Africa South in black people Most (Xitsonga). Tsonga Venda and Tswana), (Tshivenda) and Sesotho Southern Nguni Sotho, (Northern groups: Sotho Swati), four Ndebele, Xhosa, into (Zulu, split are languages indigenous The laughable. is pronunciation your even if to be will them, always speak appreciated, Africa, and knowing the basics of a few, and where postings. public other and signs on used is country, and the throughout present very will nevertheless by.is you get Afrikaans English Africa, South of more areas the remote in rural, except the so is franca, English lingua country’s population, the of percent home 8 the displacing by in spoken only Afrikaans While 1925. in languages, Dutch country’s official the been only had English Tsonga and Afrikaans and apartheid, of dismantling the (Tshivenda), Before Tswana (Xitsonga). Venda (Sesotho), Sotho (Setswana), Southern (Sepedi), Sotho Northern (isiNdebele), Ndebele Swati (siSwati), (isiXhosa), Xhosa (isiZulu), Zulu Afrikaans, English, speakers language): own native their to by referring when used are (prefixes Africa and equally officially South languages of eleven recognized Constitution has the 1994, Since LANGUAGE

modernoverland.com Duringapartheid, separate language governing South in languages indigenous nine are There Gujarati, Telugu, and Hebrew. Tamil, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic, as well as languages, peopleofSouth inAfrica thatspeak Khoi andSan groups multilingualism. are there languages, official promote the Besides and rights linguistic African Language Board was established to uphold South Pan the 1994, ethno- after But divisions.linguistic strict impose to attempts in languages, bodies were created for each of the nine indigenous and witness what is, for the majority of their their of majority the situation. living typical a for countrymen, is, what witness and townships South these visit white to effort an Few make poverty. Africans and crime with rife neighborhoods into non-whites poor extremely of thousands cram townships enormous Capetonians reside, well-off the where from suburbs minutes lush leafy, just home: point this Town Cape drives through stroll A integration. social to obstacle largest the perhaps is have-nots the and conversation, in debate. hot of topic a is dating mixed-race frequently race to to tend some refer locals with designated, are, racially exceptions, institutionalized, neighborhoods were obvious: which are inequality during and apartheid, racism of effects lingering The labeled. being to used they’re that is Africa South of people the about understand to things common first the of One together. everyone certain bring themes society differences, on African focus to South tend of discussions Though CULTURE A blatant division between the haves and and haves the between division blatant A

INTRODUCTION

43 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 44 Howzit Filling Station Eina! Cozzie Cool Drink Bunny Chow Braai Boot Bonnet Biltong Big Five Bakkie Backpackers Babalaas American, also incorporates vocabulary from the country’s indigenous languages. than English British to akin More language’sflux. the and to variety contributed vibrant has that fact a population, the of half about by tongue non-native a as spoken is English language, first a as English many like English, African South former colony linguistic government, varieties, has a flavor all its own. While only 8 percent and of the population speaks media business, of language predominate The South AfricanEnglish: Izzit Jol

...... INTRODUCTION ...... Lion, Elephant, Buffalo, Leopard & Rhino . . . . Curry stuffed in a loaf of bread Cured meat (similar to jerky) Hello/How are you Gas/Petrol station Serious hangover Party/Good time Pick-up truck Barbecue Car hood Car trunk Swimsuit Hostel Ouch! Really Soda Vuvuzerla Tuned for non-whites under apartheid) Township Sweets Sundowners Shebeen Sharp Rubbish Robot Pissed Now Now Kombi Just Now Lekker ...... Suburb(oftenunderdeveloped livingarea . . . . Soon (more immediate than "just now") . Informal drinking establishment modernoverland.com Cool, lovely, delicious Everything is good Sunset cocktails Plastic trumpet 500km 200mi Told someone Traffic light Garbage Minivan Candy Drunk Soon Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Now Next week Tomorrow Yesterday Today What is the time? Timing Good night Good evening Good morning You're welcome I come from ___. Where do you come from? How are you? Thank you Please Goodbye Hello Pleasantries My name is ___ What is your name? I’m fine Afrikaans as an equal language of instruction, alongside English. The sociolinguistic legacy of of legacy sociolinguistic The Paarl. of city Cape English. alongside intheWestern prevalent is specifically but instruction, museums, Africa’s of South in many of is implement recorded to Afrikaans language schools equal non-white all an forced as which Afrikaans Decree, occurred Soweto Medium at Afrikaans uprising the the to 1976, reaction In a words as oppressor”. the the in of Afrikaans, language saw “the as Africans Tutu, South Desmond of black many the of apartheid, policies During segregationist the government. furthering constructing apartheid of later and means identity, a as ethnic used Afrikaner was white language exclusive an Afrikaans the onwards century 19th late the from Free the in and official not Cape, but national a Western language. considered is and it where Namibia, Northern nearby in the spoken also is in the Afrikaans of State. language language. distinct tongues majority own its the official as is the recognized was were Afrikaans Today,Afrikaans Dutch Africa, and South of English Union the 1925, with English, but Until the Cape, from French, slaves. elements some from Asian even East and vocabulary of peoples Bantu some languages and Khoi the incorporating of languages including Dutch African High the settlers, indigenous from Boer transformations Century many undergone 17th has of but Dutch, of variation a is Afrikaans Afrikaans: modernoverland.com Afrikaans is the mother tongue of 80 percent of coloureds and 60 percent of whites. That said, said, That whites. of percent 60 and coloureds of percent 80 of tongue mother the is Afrikaans ...... Totsiens / Baai (informal) Waar kom u vandaan? Ek kom van ___ af Volgende week My naam is ___ Wat is u naam? Hoe laat is dit? Hoe gaan dit? Dis 'n plesier Goeienaand Donderdag Goeiemôre Woensdag Goeienag Maandag Asseblief Saterdag Dinsdag Sondag Vandag Vrydag Dankie Gister Goed Môre Hallo Nou Where is the bathroom? Where is ___? How much ___? I am sorry Do you have ___? Eight Seven Six Five Four Three Two One Numbers Street Police Pharmacy Office City/Town Church Beach Internet café Excuse me No Yes Necessities One Thousand One Hundred Ten Nine

...... INTRODUCTION Waar is die toilet? Hoeveel ___? Versikoon my Internetkafee Ek is jammer Waar is ___? Het jy ___? Stad/Dorp Honderd Ag / Agt Duisend Kantoor Apteek Strand Polisie Straat Nege Sewe Twee Kerk Tien Nee Drie Vier Een

Ses 45

Vyf Ja OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 46 Hello Pleasantries (q), andthelateral(x).Sentencestructure isgovernedbythenoun. concentrated inKwaZulu-Natal,andalsotheeasternFree State,southernMpumalangaandGauteng. primarily is country,it the throughout heard be can isiZulu While missionaries. European by alphabet African Latin the South in down written indigenous was it century, all when 19th the Like until language people. oral an was million isiZulu languages, 15 around by understood tongue is mother and spoken widely Africa, most South the in is people, Zulu the of language the isiZulu, percent, 24 At Zulu (isiZulu): I comefrom ___ Where are youfrom?. My nameis ___. What’s. yourname? We are fine. I’m fine . How are you?. Thank you. Please Goodbye Nice tomeetyou Saturday Friday Thursday.. Wednesday. Tuesday. .. Monday.. Sunday Tomorrow. Yesterday Today What's thetime? Timing

The Zulu language is tonal, and makes use of three different click sounds – the dental (c), the alveolar dialects. unique own their with each languages, distinct of multitude a and monolith, a ethnicities, but diverse of is anything it as is comprised group language Nguni the intelligibility, mutual extent some to and similarities share they Although people. Khoisan the with interaction historical of a result clicks, contain languages Nguni All Lakes. the around Great the from cattle their with south region migrated slowly of of people, Bantu part the grouping larger Nguni, pastoral the Historically, group. Nguni tothe belong that languages indigenous official four has Africa South G Language The Nguni . . . INTRODUCTION ...... Hamba kahle(whenremaining) . . Sala kahle(whenleaving) Ngubani igamalakho? Ngikhona ngiyabonga Ngiyajabula ukukwazi Sawubona (singular) Igama lamingu ___ Sanibonani (plural) Unjani? (singular) Ninjani? (plural) Ngiphuma ___ uMsombuluko uLwesithathu Uphumaphi? Ngiyabonga Ngiyakucela uLwesihlanu Sikhathisini? uMgqibelo Namhlanje uLwesibili uLwesine Sikhona Kusasa roup Isonto Izolo One Thousand. One Hundred. Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four.. Three.. Two. One. Numbers Train Bus Mobile phone . Would youliketodancewithme? . Where isthebathroom?. Where is ___?.. How much ___? Food. Water Excuse me No. Yes. Necessities ...... Likuphi ikamelolokugezela? Umakhalekhukhwini /icell Uthanda ukudansanami? modernoverland.com Kubiza malini ___? Isishiyagalolunye Isishiyagalombili Inkulungwane Likuphi ___? Isikhombisa Isithupha Kuthathu Isitimela Isihlanu Amanzi Ukudla Okune Ishumi Kunye Ikhulu Ibhasi Uxolo Isibili Yebo Cha

modernoverland.com Saturday. Friday Thursday.. Wednesday. Tuesday. .. Monday.. Sunday Timing What isthis?.. What isyourname?.. I amwell Thank you. Please . How are you?. Hello Pleasantries Eastern Cape, but can also be heard in the Western Cape, particularly in and around Cape Town. Cape around and in particularly the Cape, in Western the in concentrated heard be primarily also is can but IsiXhosa Cape, language. Eastern largest second country’s the with is (pronounced click), isiXhosa lateral a Africans, South million 8 approximately by tongue mother a as Spoken Xhosa (isiXhosa) Saturday Friday Thursday.. Wednesday. Tuesday. .. Monday. Sunday Timing . Have asafejourney Goodbye I amfine How are you?. Hello Pleasantries distinct own its the in heard developed be also can has language . siSwati of siSwati regions the eastern kingdom, the standardization, inside historical of from of Apart identity. because projects but linguistic recent isiZulu, with more intelligible and mutually part clashes most the for the is of language siSwati official an is kingdom. English, with along and Swaziland, of language primary the is SiSwati Swati (siSwati): ...... Ube neluhambololuphephile(singular) Nibe neluhambololuphephile(plural) . . Ngubani igamalakho? Sawubona (singular) Sanibonani (plural) Kunjani? (singular) Molweni (plural) Ninjani? (plural) Molo (singular) uMsombuluko Ndiyabulela Lwesithathu Lwesihlanu uMgcibelo Yintoni le? Sala kahle Mgqibelo Ndiphilile Ngikhona Lesitsatfu Lesihlanu Lwesibini LiSontfo Lwesine Unjani? Lesibili Nceda Lesine Mvulo Cawe Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four.. Three.. Two. One.. Numbers. Internet café.. Thank you.. Please No. Yes. Necessities Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four.. Three.. Two. One. Numbers. Internet. I loveyou I amsorry Help No. Yes. Necessities ...... INTRODUCTION Likhefi le-inthanethi Ndiya kuthanda Kusiphohlongo Ndicela uxolo Kusikhombisa Ngiyabonga i-inthanethi Ntandathu Kusitfupha Ngiyacela Kulishumi Kusihlanu Kuyimfica Lishuymi Kutsatfu Lithoba Xhenxe Ntathu Ntlanu Nceda Bhozo Kunye Mbini Kubili Kune Yebo Nye

Hayi Ewe Cha

47 Ne OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 48 Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday What is the time? Timing I come from ___ My name is ___ What's your name? Good luck Goodbye Good morning/evening I am fine, thank you Hello Pleasantries two. the of the conflation hence Northern dialect, erroneous their and speaking, people Pedi the on one centered Historically has is form, language. written its Sepedi in Sotho for particularly Northern Sotho, term, the up accurate make more that a fact dialects in 30 is the about in of Leboa of as sa Sepedi, provinces Sesotho called northern often Constitution, the While African in Mpumalanga. South spoken and mostly Limpopo, is Gauteng, North” namely the Africa, of South “Sotho literally Leboa, sa Sesotho Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa or Sepedi): I am fine How are you? language groupings are heterogeneous and comprised of multiple dialects. ofmultiple dialects. andcomprised are heterogeneous groupings language Sotho or Tswana While – closely intoarerelated, divided georgraphic regions. each distinct of these three (Setswana) of the Sotho- group – the Southern Sotho (Sesotho), Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa) and Western since aroundcentury.the fifth thecountry branches region major The three theHighveld inhabited northeastern and have who Sotho-Tswana peoples the of tongues the are Africa South of Sotho-Tswana related languages closely The Sotho-TswanaThe G Language ê similar to "e" in "bed" e similar to "ee" in "feet" a similar to "i" in "night" There are seven main vowels in Norther Sotho: . . . INTRODUCTION ...... Le nna ke gona, ke a leboga . Ke mang lebitso la gago? Ke nako mang bjale? Lebitso laka ke ___ Dumelang (plural) Dumela (singular) Ke bowa kwa ___ O kae? (singular) Le kae? (plural) Mošupologo Labohlano Lamorena Labobedi Mokibelo Mahlatse Laboraro Gabotse Ke gona Dumela Labone

Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four Three Two One Numbers Where are you going? What are you doing? I want ... How much is this? I love you I am sorry Excuse me Please No Yes Necessities Thank you

...... roup ...... u similar to "u" in "put" ô similar to "oo" in "door" o similar to "o" in "tool" i similar to "i" in "pick" ...... modernoverland.com Ke a go rata Ke a leboga Ke maswabi O dira eng? Ntshwarele Ke nyaka... Ke bokae? O ya kae? Senyane Lesome Seswai Tshela Hlano Tharo Aowa šupa Pedi Nne Tee Hle Ee modernoverland.com Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday What is the time? Timing Have a safe journey My name is ___ What is your name? Goodbye I am fine How are you? Hello Pleasantries State, the northern part of Eastern Cape, and in southern Gauteng.Sesotho primarilyis spokenLesotho innational a as language. canalsoheardItbethroughout theFree Southern Sotho (Sesotho): Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Timing Goodbye What's your name? My name is _____ How are you? Pleasantries the ‘caught you by surprise’ expression, ‘ah-ha!’ noteA onpronunciation: form. written a theispronouncedGhave to language asan‘h’sound, asin be also can heard in a It very similar form in Botswana Gauteng. where it is the majority and language. Setswana was the firstState, Sotho Free the province, West North the in mainly spoken is Setswana Tswana (Setswana): Thank you I'm well, Sir/Madam ...... Tsamaya hantle (when remaining) . . . . . Tsamaya sentle (when staying) Ke tsogile sentle, rra/mma Sala sentle (when leaving) Sala hantle (when leaving) Lebitso la hao ke mang? Leina la gago ke mang? Leina la me ke ______Ke a leboga (formal) O mang? (informal) Lebitso la ka ke ___ O tsamaye hantle O kae? (singular) Ke nako mang? O tsogile jang? Le kae? (plural) Mosupologo Lamatlhatso Tanki (slang) Labotlhano Labohlano Moqebelo Labobedi Labobedi Laboraro Laboraro Mantaha Sontaha Dumela Ke teng Latshipi Labone Labone Ten Eight Seven Six Five Four Three Two One Numbers What is ___ in Setswana? This food is good! Nine I want ___ I'm hungry Necessities Please No Yes Necessities Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Three Two One Numbers Internet café E-mail address The Sotho way of doing things Thank you Five Four

...... ____ ke eng ka Setswana? . INTRODUCTION Ke tshwerwe ke tlala .. Dijo tse di monate! Khefi ya inthanete Poso ya e-maili Ke batla ___ Ke a leboha Robongwe Se harona Leshome Robong Lesome Tshelela Thataro Nngwe Robedi Nngwe Robedi Tlhano Hlano Tharo Tharo Tjhee Supa Supa Pedi Pedi Nne Nne

Hle

49 Ee OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 50 Saturday Friday Thursday.. Wednesday. Tuesday. .. Monday. I amfine How are you?. Hello Pleasantries but are aresult ofZuluinfluence,Xitsongaalsoincorporateswhistlingsounds. language the to indigenous not are which clicks, the Besides Province.West North and Mpumalanga in spoken also is but Gauteng, and Limpopo of provinces northern the in heard primarily is Xitsonga Tsonga (Xitsonga): Sunday Timing Have asafejourney. Good luck. Goodbye I amfine,thankyou. Hello Pleasantries letter the below circumflex with consonants four are letters—there accented additional five with alphabet Latin the uses Venda language The languages. Nguni the from influence some been has there although isolate, language a Tshivenda considered is region. in Tshivenda,of the northeastern in the Vendais Limpopo heard mainly the language people, Venda (Tshivenda): Saturday Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Sunday Timing Have a safe journey Good luck Goodbye Fine, thank you I am fine How are you? .. . . INTRODUCTION ...... Ube nekhambo eliphephileko Ndzi kunavelelamikateko Ndzi konandzankhensa Ngikhona ngiyathokoza Inhelekani (afternoon) Avuxeni (morning) Famba hikurhula Riperile (evening) Musumbunuku Iba netjhudu Ravunthlanu uLesithathu Ravurharhu Ravumbirhi uMgqibelo Ravumune uLesihlanu Ku njhani? Ndzi kona Sala kahle Ngikhona Salakuhle Muqivela uLesibili Lotjhani uLesine uMvulo Unjani? uSonto Sonto Five Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Four Three Two One Numbers Internet café Thank you Please No Yes Necessities Ten Nine Eight Seven Six Five Four.. Three.. Two. One. Numbers. Internet café.. How muchisthis? Thank youverymuch.. Please No. Yes. Necessities ( ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ ṋ, ḽ, ḓ,

...... ) .

and an overdot ( overdot an and . . modernoverland.com ṅ ). Ndzi khensengopfu Khefi yainternete Xana imalimuni? Ikefi ye-Internet Ndza kombela Ngiyathokoza Sithandathu Ngiyabawa Likhomba Kuthathu Nkombo Nhungu Ntlhanu Kuhlanu Litjhumi Bunane Nharhu Lithoba Khume Mbirhi Kunye Mune Tsevu Kubili N'we Kune Kaye Awa E-e Ina Iye modernoverland.com fetch water and bathe. Social violence, especially especially violence, Social and bathe. water fetch to source water communal a to walk must they – water running no have or cases some electricity in and to heat, access no have who residents many still are There families. entire house first often that closets walk-in on of size the shacks makeshift depressing be of rows and rows of up made are they as can glance, townships The 1-2 Ja 1-2 Ja 1 H &Public Festivals African South 21 Mar 21 27 La Mid-F 16 Ju 16 May 1 La 9 24 S 24 Ear La La La Mid-Mar Mid-Mar 16 N 30 26 25 Ear La La La Ear La S Mid- Mid-S Ju Mid-N Ear La Mid- Ear Ear La eptembe A l te te te te te te te te te te te Ap Decembe Decembe Decembe ugu y/ eptembe n l l l l l l ovembe ne A Decembe F F Mar Mar Mar

S N y y y y y Ju y y O y y y y uary ri A n Ap Ap Ap A eptembe eb . ugu ovembe eptembe eb eb ugu Ap Ap Decembe Decembe ugu uary ovembe c l st . ri ri ri ctobe ruary . h l ruary-Ear ruary-Ear ri ri c c . y c c c l l l . r . st h h st st . -Ear -Ear . l l h-Ear h-Ear h . r r r . . . r . . r ...... r r . r r r . r l l r r . . . . y May y y May y . . . l l y y y y l l Ap Ap Franchhoek, WesternFranchhoek, Festival andChampagne (www.franschhoek.org.za) -Classique Cape y Mar y y Mar y ri ri . . l l . . c c Oudtshoorn, Western KunstefeesOudtshoorn, Nasionale (www.absakknk.co.za) - Cape h h . . Cape TownCape Town -Cape Fashion Week (www.capetownfashionweek.com) Cape TownCape Town -Cape Festival Comedy (www.comedyfestival.co.za) Knysna, Eastern Cape - Pink Loerie Mardi Gras (www.pinkloerie.com) Mardi Gras -PinkLoerie Cape Eastern Knysna, Cape TownCape Town -Cape Festival Jazz (www.capetownjazzfest.com) Price Albert, WesternPrice Albert, -OliveFestival Cape (www.patourism.co.za) Jo'burg -Dance Umbrella (www.at.artslink.co.za/~arts/umbrella) Knysna, Eastern Cape - Oyster Festival (www.oysterfestival.co.za) -Oyster Cape Eastern Knysna, Underberg, KwaZulu-NatalUnderberg, -Splashy Fen (www.splashyfen.co.za) Ficksburg, Free State - Cherry Festival Free(www.cherryfestival.co.za) Ficksburg, State -Cherry Cape TownCape Town -Cape Festival (www.capetownfestival.co.za) Cape TownCape -Taste Town ofCape (www.tasteofcapetown.com) Cape TownCape (www.capetownminstrels.co.za) Klopse -Kaapse Cape TownCape (www.mcqp.co.za) Project -Mother CityQueer Harrismith, FreeHarrismith, State -Woodstock (www.woodstock.co.za) Cape TownCape TheCity(www.infectingthecity.com) -Infecting Cape TownCape Town -Cape (www.capetownpride.co.za) Pride Cape TownCape Cycle Argus Tour -Cape (www.cycletour.co.za) ground up, and residents reach out to help help to out reach residents and the up, from ground education and homes community build Grassroots projects suburbs. city wealthier the more of developments housing maximum-security townships the spotless, the in in find you’ll anything than inspiring community of and sense hope of spirit unmistakable an is there rampant. Yet is HIV/AIDS and reality, sad a is rape, Hermanus -WhaleFestival (www.whalefestival.co.za) Cape TownCape -Encounters (www.encounters.co.za) Johannesburg (www.joyofjazz.co.za) -Joy ofJazz Johannesburg - Arts Alive(www.artsalive.co.za) Johannesburg -Arts Cape TownCape Obz Festival (www.obzfestival.com) Bloemfontein -Macufe(www.macufe.co.za) olidays olidays Cape TownCape -Switch Onthe Festive Lights Public Holiday National Women's Day Public Holiday Day ofReconciliation Public Holiday Human Day Rights Public Holiday Day ofGoodwill Public Holiday New Year'sPublic Holiday New Day Public Holiday Christmas Day Public Holiday Christmas Public Holiday Workers' Day Public Holiday Freedom Day Public Holiday Day Heritage Public Holiday Good Friday Public Holiday Good Public Holiday Family Day INTRODUCTION Public Holiday Youth Day

51 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 52 South Africans. For many, religion can be be can religion many, in politics. and influential culture with For intertwined Africans. South the in life democracy. new of joys and ills social the for addressing outlet an is and citizenry, its as exciting and diverse as is music African South traditional sounds, African to gospel jazz, to fusion) hip-hop of brand African South (a kwaito From to roots. one’s tribute and the frustrations, for ideas, forum of ideal expression an music providing rich world, a and the diverse of in most the part of one one is that just scene is genre language Afrikaans- The Africa. South new the to adjust to continue parents their as to heritage their embrace Afrikaners young in encouraging exploded years, have recent styles other and trance rap, rock, pop, Afrikaans-language music. past: the of connotations the of free expression for avenue ongoing an a unique found have is Afrikaners Some discussion. nationalism of connotation the was sides both on minimal. backlash and death his by riled encouraging: weren’t Africans South were of majority vast the spectrum race the across reactions 2010, Sunday Easter on murdered was Terre’Blanche Eugene nationalist Afrikaner and supremacist white when Yet controversy. stirred also Robert have retrenchment land discuss president to Mugabe Zimbabwean apartheid-era with his the functions; meetings political at singing Boer!” the “Kill began song he when whites of hearts the in fear struck Malema Julius president League Youth ANC ANC- the government. of whites led hands of the at number marginalization large fear a come, has their country far South how of new proud are the most Though in Africa. place their finding towards shifting now is focus the though past, recent the with terms to come to struggle ongoing an face the fuels and survive. to will thrives residents’ philosophy this corner, every around lurk adversity townships, and the injustice where In resentment. friend or successful envy a without for happy neighbor be to a or to of need hand in existence helping a the offer affirm to others, to To is network. ubuntu human the practice within place sense one’s a of "ubuntu": of concept African the classical exemplifying hardship, through other each Religion plays a big part in the lives of most most of lives the in part big a plays Religion without culture celebrating of problem The Afrikaners, especially Africans, South White INTRODUCTION African team Bafana Bafana leaves much to be be desired. to much leaves Bafana Bafana South team African struggling the though soccer, following are turn in Africans South Africa white more and More 1995. South in Cup World Rugby when the won and hosted country democratic new fragile the uniting of way a as passion, Afrikaner Nelson an president traditionally rugby, use to decision Mandela’s elected newly the recounts "Invictus" film 2009 The changing. is that lines, soccer color along divided sports, strictly rugby, once and were primary two the Though sports. are particular. in circumcision Male men Xhosa young for and death. life in moments important and ceremonies marriage initiation age, of coming birth, celebrate to practiced commonly still are passage of Rites sacrifices. ritual by honored are and deities, and humans between intermediary an as role important an play ancestors speaking, on take therefore the country.forms different throughout Generally and inseparable, often are culture and religion African Traditional religions. indigenous traditional to adhere people these of many though religion, organized any to ascribe Church. Lutheran the and Church, Anglican the Church, Methodist the Church, Catholic Roman the include the country in churches Christian Other Party. influential National apartheid-era was the and and politicians Afrikaner 1652 with in It East Company Dutch church. the Indian with the Africa of South to came members first also are people coloured Afrikaans-speaking life Many culture. Afrikaner and to central been historically has It population. the of percent 10 almost claims that African the populations. among popularity gaining million also churches are 4 Pentecostal over and Apostolic with members. membership largest has (ZCC) the Church of Christian Zion combination and The traditions a customs. African are and teachings Most Christian country. the in missionaries European of legacy the of result the are churches protestant African-initiated These African Christian churches, with over 10 million of adherents. protestant. group largest the are mainly Churches Independent identifies faith, population Christian the as of percent 80 Over A single passion unites most South Africans: Africans: South most unites passion single A don’t Africans South of percent 13 Roughly faith Calvinist a is Church Reform Dutch The modernoverland.com rsdn i asse b a euy rsdn and president deputy a by assisted is and President Assembly National the serves as head of state for a term of five years. in The party the majority from elected is who president a of consists the NCOP. todelegates 10 legislatures.provincesendsEach is composed of delegations house, nominated upper by provincial or NCOP, The years. five every majority public by elected members 350-400 has house, lower Assembly, or National The (NCOP). Provinces of Council National the and Assembly National a the is of composed Town, parliament bicameral Cape in located branch, legislative The government. of branches different three national the The Constitution. the representingcapitals,eachthreegovernment has of rule the by governed are which of all government, of levels local and provincial, national, of web connected population. make that an toon-the-ground reality yet for much has of the government the although water, and haverighta tohousing, property, healthcare, food language and birth.” It also assures that all citizens age,disability, religion, conscience, belief,culture, orientation, colour, sexual origin, social or ethnic status, pregnancy, marital sex, gender, “race, based on discrimination prohibits constitution Africa’sthe South law.world. In stark contrast to the previous supreme government theprogressive mostin the of theone constitutionis 1996, in it effect intomaking Africa” South the of of “ConstitutionRepublic new the signed Mandela races and the overhaul of thepast policy. reconciliation, on reconstructioninstitutions,of integrationthe all of focused that programs election,governmentnewthe workedcreatingon Limpopo, Mpumalanga, NorthWest and the Northern Cape. Following Gauteng,the KwaZulu-Natal, State, Cape, Free Eastern Cape, Western was divided into the nine provinces existing today: were country the “homelands” and Africa South reincorporated into African Former as inaugurated president. was Mandela Nelson and vote the of percent 62 won (ANC) CongressNational of century discriminationsegregation.AfricanracialandThe a nearly after elections, democratic non-racial first its held Africa South 1994 April In GOVERNMENT modernoverland.com h eeuie rnh lctd n Pretoria, in located branch, executive The inter- an is system political Africa’s South when applauded was government ANC-led and the largely Zulu-backed Inkatha Freedom Freedom Inkatha percent. 4.6 with (IFP) Party Zulu-backed largely the and percent 7.4 with (COPE) People the of Congress Other party the ANC-breakaway the include election recent in election. support substantial general received 2009 that parties the in votes of percent 16.7 earned Zille, Helen by led ANC, the of challenger main the (DA), Alliance The Democratic decision. the of review judicial for apply to promised have figures political prominent several but dropped were charges the and Eventually rape. fraud corruption, of charges despite 2009, in Africa South of President as Democratic inaugurated was the Zuma, Jacob by President, ANC run The (DA). Alliance is Cape Western the 2009 National provinces; nine of out eight as well as Legislature the recent rules most currently ANC the The in election. vote the 65.9 of earning percent 1994, since politics African South Johannesburg. in located is Court Constitutional Court. contains Constitutional Though the judiciary is based the in Bloemfontein, the and Appeal system of Supreme Court the Courts, court High Courts, Magistrates The Bloemfontein. other major parties. from members parliament from chosen ministers help domestic month. or per $200 just making labor unskilled as economy informal in the economy, are employed many but formal the within employed are Some work. for city the to day every commute townships the running in as such basics wholive of Many those toilets. and flushing water to access direct have don’t people A many where equally. settlements shared informal not and townships in is lives population the of majority country wealth the and felt, within history strongly still country’s is The stratification of line. poverty the below living country the in people the of half percent over 25 and over at rate unemployment an with healthy from far is economy the However $5,600. of GDP capita per nominal a has and in world 32nd the ranks country the GDP billion a $277 over With just continent. African the on country any other than has a economy larger Africa South ECONOMY The ANC has maintained a stronghold on on stronghold a maintained has ANC The in seated is judiciary independent The The country is abundantly rich in natural resources INTRODUCTION

53 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 54 i te onr’ only country’s the is independent national TVbroadcaster. (www.etv.co.za) TV e.tv national three networks. operates that broadcaster SABC TV the of Constitution. the by protected are press freedom and government, speech of freedom democratic where post-apartheid new the under changed all this However, then broadcast. even to and permitted were stations 1976 government-run only until South delayed in was television Africa of Introduction jailed. harassed and were a censorship as government against them using fought who Journalists radio, propaganda. for pipeline and newspaper the countries. neighboring its of many of that as ago controlled as just was Africa’s press South long too not However, head-on. concerns rights human and failures in governmental tackling Africa southern of region the leads it independent stations. Today, radio and and strong publications of private smaller slew a newspapers, as daily well 20 in as over press with freest continent, the the has currently Africa South NEWS &MEDIA dependent onimportsfrom SouthAfrica. heavily are industry and infrastructure own manufacturing and their lack Swaziland and of Lesotho countries supplies neighboring landlocked small and products. The and food powerhouse with countries economic neighboring the Africa is South Iran. Africa, southern and within Japan, Regionally Arabia, Saudi States, the Germany,United China, from products its imports of it most and Japan, Switzerland States, and U.K., United Germany, the China, export are main partners country’s The trade. international fertilizer production and and commercial ship repair. chemical textiles, manufacturing, machineryand automobile are country the within diamonds, iron and steel. Other sizeable industries and chromium, and gold also exports platinum,substantial amounts of of producer largest world's the isAfricamining.South industryis top the and South Africa’s apartheid government censored censored Africa’sgovernment South apartheid on heavily relies economy Africa’s South INTRODUCTION i te tt owned state the is (www.sabc.co.za) Jacaranda FM Jacaranda contemporary SABC-run station basedout ofCapeTown. popular - FM 96.7 to 93.9 (www.goodhopefm.co.za) FM Hope Good Natal. KwaZulu- throughout broadcast music and news - FM 95 to (www.ecr.co.za94 Radio ) Coast East Cape. news and music broadcast primarily in the Eastern - FM 96.7 to 94 (www.algoafm.co.za) FM Algoa music outofJoburg. - contemporary - FM 94.7 - Stereo AM Highveld 94.7 702 (www.702.co.za) Joburg's maincurrent affairs talkradiostation. and Radio Talk domestic 702 with station international music. oriented youth SABC's - varies frequency (www.5fm.co.za) 5FM Cape Town's firsttalkradiostation. Talk Cape 567 Radio Africa. southern throughout programming international and SABC M-Net, offers that service TV satellite DStv pan-African a audience. with broadcaster encrypted TV, pay multi-channel a is (www.mnet.co.za) M-Net under which such license was issued.”under which such license was conditions the to subject and, thereof; period the for Africa South of resident a ordinarily or permanently not was thereof holder the while issued is license the if and English; in printed is holder; the of signature and photograph the bears it provided: Africa, South “Anyin accepted is license drivers U.S.(foreign) valid Consulate General: African requirements for Americans (foreigners) by the South International an have Permit. Driving to required are insist and law foreigners of this be unaware to claim officers traffic Africa South Some English. in is it as long as – license driver’s foreign their with vehicle a drive and vehicle a rent legally can foreigners Africa, South In Permit? D International D eo i a epaain f h die’ license driver’s the of explanation an is Below ( o foreigners need an need o foreigners www.DStv.com ) 94.2 FM (www.jacarandafm.co.za94.2 ) 57 M - AM 567 (www.capetalk.co.za) ) is a multi-channel multi-channel a is ) modernoverland.com riving riving modernoverland.com Y andplaysmostlylocalmusic. cultural Yfm (www.yfm.co.za ) Afrikaans 99.2 FM - targets generation national SABC's station. - FM 104 Grense Sonder Radio music outoftheFree State. OFM (www.ofm.co.za) 94 to 97 FM - contemporary music station run by SABC. country's most popular contemporary international er FM Metro Indian the community. targeting 103.8 music and to radio talk - 92.5 FM (www.lotusfm.co.za) FM Lotus contemporary music, mainlyintheWestern Cape. - FM 94.5 (www.kfm.co.za) Kfm focused contemporaryandjazzmusic. African- - FM 95.9 (www.kayafm.co.za) FM Kaya - newsandcontemporarymusicinGauteng. i a major daily newspaperinCapeTown. a is (www.capeargus.co.za) Argus Cape the in mostly northeast. distributed country, the in daily Beeld the is country's mainbusinessandfinancialdaily. www.businessday.co.za ( ) Day Business Newspapers i te ags Afrikaans largest the is (www.beeld.com) ( www.metrofm.co.za 10 - 100 (www.rsg.co.za) 9. F - the - FM 96.4 ) hn ht s vial i nihoig countries. neighboring in available is what than better much is it but availability,price, Internet and speed to comes it when other countries most developed behind little a be may Africa South daily a is in (www.timeslive.co.za) newspaper publishedinJohannesburg. newspaper Times oldest The the Johannesburg. daily and major a newspaper is (www.thestar.co.za ) daily Star The a is Durban-based newspaper. (www.themercury.co.za) Mercury major foreign-owned weeklynewspaper. a is (www.mg.co.za) Guardian and Mail country's leading isiZulunewspaper. the is (www.isolezwe.co.za) Isolezwe mostly throughout KwaZulu-Natal. distributed is (www.dailynews.co.za) News Daily daily distributedintheWestern Cape. Burger Die daily distributedmostlyinGauteng. high-circulation a is (www.citizen.co.za) Citizen Cape Town dailynewspaper. popular a is (www.capetimes.co.za) Times Cape

INTERNET (www.dieburger.comAfrikaans the is ) INTRODUCTION

55 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 56 rvln i lre cte is 8377, cities larger in traveling GSM modemsforroughly $100. 3G sell country the throughout stores phone cell anytime, online getting of convenience the want and time of period extended an for country in the be to going For are laptop, connect. a have to who travelers order in reception phone of cell range within be to have you although good, generally are speeds Connection modem. GSM 3G a using networks phone cell through connect laptop ifyouare travelingwithone. your in plug to you allow will Most small. and big cities in country are the throughout cafés available Internet widely minute. the by charge cafés Internet most although online, are users time of by data of length the of instead uploaded) and downloaded payamount (the bandwidth generally of amount Africa the South in Customers the Cape Town area. Users can purchase prepaid purchase can TownUsers Cape area. the throughout to localized more is country,RedButton the while hotspots of network larger much a hostels/ has many Skyrove shops. coffee and restaurants hotels, at hotspots have that providers 128-8866, Fat cakes R vegetables in a cast-iron pot Potjie that is boiled into a thick porridge Mielie-meal bread Bunnychow Braai (barbecued) Boerewors of egg Bobotie Biltong try: a South worth are stapes African These names. their and food South unique to Africa’s accustomed get to long very take won’t It Cuisine African South Another alternative for those with laptops and laptops with those for alternative Another Africa South in users Internet of majority The usks INTRODUCTION and www.skyrove.com) – to barbecue or grill meat - hard, dry biscuit usually dunked in tea or coffee - traditional- Afrikaans stewmade with meat and - salty dried meat (similar to jerky) - spicedthinlayerground-meatatoppedwith - fried bread, similar to doughnuts ), two wifi service wifi www.redbutton.co.zatwo ), a asg ta i taiinly braaied traditionally is that sausage a - cr bsd tpe od lo ald pap called also food staple based corn - - curry stuffedcurry - into hollowed-outa loaf of (086-176- Skyrove (086- RedButton hogot h cuty n gnrly offer generally dotted and are country lodges the and throughout B&Bs guesthouses, hotels, family-run and Independent accommodation options. and quality of terms the in hit spot Africa sweet South in options mid-range The Mid-range budget- the traveler. toward conscious geared are find that and into activities travelers plug fellow meet to scene, places local the great are and foreigners with filled generally are backpackers The all. to bathroom, private open kitchen and lounge a communal with or along shared a with come that rooms private and bathrooms, shared and rooms dorm multi-bed camp, to place a offer generally of most but spectrum cleanliness entire the span and backpackers facilities options, sleeping The destinations. tourist popular around and in especially and country the throughout city sized medium and major every almost in backpackers) to as to referred difficult (commonly hostels are There beat. is options of accommodation range Africa’s budget for South looking facilities, overlanders self-catering and gap campers their to on year students and backpackers From Budget and locations,reservations are rarely necessary. times those of Outside parks. national the of any Cape Town, along the coastal Garden Route, or at when in one of the popular traveling areas such as or holiday) Christmas the around or (mid-summer seasons peak during traveling if recommended at reasonable ratesregardless ofyourpricerange. service is friendly It and accommodation market. superb and competitive very independent generally not very difficult to find places that offer a are in hotels operate boutique and and domestic both international travelers. of Many lodges, guesthouses number large a suited host well to is country the reserves, nature its and is game remote its to excels capitals its variety.From and Africa South accommodation options, whereboth in terms of quantity area One where theserviceisoffered. credit either online or at any of the establishments

dacd okn fr comdto is accommodation for booking Advanced SLEEPING modernoverland.com developed countries. are generally on par with similar establishments in and prices the Africa South in lodges accommodation of end private luxury top the to comes it When service. accompanying offer country boutique the and throughout reserves game lodges private Many hotels. high-end of selection wide rather Even a is there cities service. main the of outside impeccable exclusive offering and stalwarts boutiques era colonial to hotels, built newly from with ranging standards, international a consistent options be accommodation 5-star not feature cities large country’s the of should All problem. finding accommodation first-class, travel suitable to looking those For Top end comfortable privateensuiterooms. with amenities and accommodation of standards you can expect all mid-range options to offer high locations) remote in issues infrastructure to due veryfewexceptions(generally rural outpost.With area, the of flavor whether it is in a a neighborhood of a larger city or get a and proprietors local meet to opportunity an and attention individual modernoverland.com with waterintoa thickporridge. and maize of form boiled and ground finely kernels dried of consists common most the or is Mielie-meal, pap, spices. and butter vegetables, served as umngqusho, a mix with beans, chopped that kernels commonly and porridge chunky a maize into boiled are grill. crushed and the dried on is roasted Samp or kernel water full in is boiled Mealie maize name. own its it give and manner different slightly a in maize groups the prepare ethnic Various it. of pile heaping a with or vegetables. Most traditional meals today come meat with accompanied and ways of variety a in prepared maize, been long has meals traditional just abouteveryspecialtyisworthtrying. and cooking, of style unique regions or dish certain delectable and a for known groups are country the ethnic throughout Various meat. quantities of large on many center country although the in African”, meals “South as identified widely be could that cuisine of of style specific a be mix wide a to has doesn’tTheretend dishes. ethnic and regional Africa South cultures, and people of pot melting and nation rainbow a As

h sal fo o ms o Suh Africa’s South of most of food staple The EATING INTRODUCTION

57 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 58 in their traditional form as well as in Durban’s Durban’s in as both well as by, form come population. traditional to their Indian easy in are large curries the Authentic by heavily most is influenced but influences international of special day. the of various catch the as of preparations well as and world the crayfish, in mussels, prawns oysters, freshest the of some boasts western It dream. lover’s the seafood a is along coast north runs and Town Cape they when leaving home. lament return visitors many delicacy that a and meat red lean, a also - ostrich is raised Karoo locally The preparing of methods multiple for known herbs. and the of grass flavor region’s distinct the free-range carries generally therefore is and and which Lamb, bone- Cape Karoo succulent in its Western for known is Cape, Cape Eastern Northern the of chutney. and nuts garnished raisins, and with egg of layer thin a with topped meat ground spiced of base a – Bobotie is Malay dish Cape best-known curries the popular, Malay quite a are Cape form Although to cuisine. elements distinct new incorporated meals traditional their time Over India. and Indonesia Malaysia, from slaves of numbers large imported the in Company India East Dutch the when 1700s the to back and date roots Town Its Cape. Cape Western which surrounding in cuisine, widely Malay featured Cape is is Africa South in Feminine hygiene products Watertablets purification Sunscreen Painkillers (DEET) repellant Insect Bandages area) (ifininfected pills Antimalaria (for allergies) Antihistamines pills Antidiarrheal Antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) you andto have available readily whiletraveling: it is a good idea to consider bringing the following with Africa, South within available is below the of all While Checklist Medical The cuisine in the Durban region is a fusion fusion a is region Durban the in cuisine The around starts that region Coast West The much through slices that region Karoo The cuisine regional popular most the Probably INTRODUCTION 3 817 08 35.793, 018 E 58.157 33 ot Arc’ to an nentoa airports international are main two Africa’s South Air although their distribution is kept fairly local. qualityhandfulmicrobreweriesofa country,thein standard offering of South African lagers. There are tastea forcraft brews will notbe impressed bythe ice-coldbeerhot onasummer day, butthose with markets anddozens of labels produces in the country. which It brewery),is tough to beatlargest an African South worldssecond-BreweriesSABMillerthe(now oldand century the by dominated is industry beer country’s large the beer. The about destination for wine lovers, the same cannot be said Hermitage grapes. and Noir Pinot crossing the by 1900s early the in reda- wine grape that was created inSouth Africa although South Africa’s signature variety region,is throughout the Pinotage grown are varieties grape is wine widely available priced throughout reasonably the country. quality, Numerous and regions other in scattered vineyards of pockets are there However, Stellenbosch. of town the surrounding the industrywine inthe Western heartof the Cape,with located is production wine and growing country.winegrape-the a ofAfricaMostSouthis bread of loaf curry. thick a half with filled and out a hollowed Chow, Bunny signature flysaa.com), ( Airways African South major hubcitiesthroughout theworld. to flights direct with airports both service airlines acsa.co.za). The majority of the major international ( Express 1700, 13.880, R24, Kempton Park, 028 E 07.907 26 (S JNB - Airport International and acsa.co.za) directly at theticketsalescountersatairport. or phone the over online, booked be can Flights

huh ot Arc cn e vacation a be can Africa South Though For domestic and regional flights check out check flights regional and domestic For ugt ilns ht fe piaiy domestic primarily offer that airlines Budget TRANSPORTATION DRINKING ae on nentoa Arot CPT - Airport International Town Cape or www.saairlink.co.za) 011-978-5577, ot Arcn Airlink African South oansugs R Tambo OR Johannesburg’s modernoverland.com www.saexpress.co.za). 086-135-9722, 021-937-1200, 011-921-6262,

ot African South ( 011-961- www. www. www. (S country in a camper,acountry in Forthose looking to drive around and explore the reservation directly with the rental company. better and price a make you better if would you thaninsurancecoverage a get you Cars About carrental companies. By booking through Around make a booking for you at one of the major national aboutcars.com kulula.com), Classe through offered is service train Luxury prices. and routes train on information detailed transportation the more in for specific city a underbookthis section of or online Check service. all routes offer seats and some routes offer sleeper country.Almostthe in cities major most between 000-8888 5184 www.interlinkairlines.com). flights include: flights Around About Cars South Africa is operated by inservicedistance passengertrainlong main The and co.za) Johannesburg, Durban and Hoedspruit. co.za flymango.com), vans for rent. camper 5-person and 2-person out kitted offers modernoverland.com

Train Car Rental or , hc hs evc bten ae Town, Cape between service has which ), , 021-813-6967 ( www.shosholozameyl.co.za 086-000-8888 ( Airlines Interlink ( 1time i a ugt a aet ht can that agent car budget a is ) ( Mango ( Kulula ( WickedCampers 086-134-5345, 021-422-4022 , , Shosholoza Meyl www.wickedafrica.com 086-116-2646, 086-144-4144, www.premierclasse. 086-110-1135, , www.around www.1time. wt trains with ) ( Premiere 011-083- ( www. www. 086- ) r mr lkl t b peetd ih h latter the with presented be to likely more foreigners are areas rural officer many the in on but location depends and It cash. in spot the on amount a reduced for fine the a settle to by request followed violations fabricated to citations officers runs the spectrum from legitimately issued the emergency laneforawalkway. lane both emergency day and night as the many times people use in driving when careful Be lane. primary the in passes behind from vehicle the as is expected to move over into the emergency lane vehicle a approaches When fromfront in driver slower the behind highway. the on overtaking or passing for custom the the is road, the of on side other practices driving perhaps driving besides foreigners, for in most the differences of One recognizable worst. the be to tends day) night (pay Friday Swaziland. and Lesotho Africa, South throughout hazard substantial a is driving and Drinking road. the on concern safety biggest the present who drivers erratic is it However, to. more sparingly than many drivers are accustomed construction used are measures signage, safety be general and warnings to lighting, tend and roads narrower its The of most countries. any of developed that of below slightly that still to but neighbors, superior far road Africa’s is South network reserves. game and national numerous parks the beespecially of can any within enjoyable and freedom and flexibility most the affords Africa South throughout Driving

Enforcement of the rules of the road by traffic by road the of rules the of Enforcement Driving INTRODUCTION

59 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 60 al tce t te drs ascae wt the with associated address the to ticket a mail and cars speeding of photo a take automatically will that detectors speed laser unmanned newer roadwith as well the as tripods on of mounted guns side radar dated the on standing officers doable. is R20-100 of amount small a to down negotiating next the from driver.way,your on be and pay just rather you’d If bribe a requesting spent best is time his that officer the convince may apologies repeated and conversation friendly rush, a in not are you if but you, to up is arises it if situation a such handle to decide you officer. How the from bribe a for requests veiled or explicit – situation Never leave anything of value insideanunattended leave anything vehicle ofvalue Never to maneuver ofspace infrontthatWhen coming length ofyouso to possible acars itis astop leave always at least incities) their sticking inside(especially from hands outside to people enough prevent Roll upwindows locked the doors keep Always looks broken, altered, repaired or in anyway abnormal. orinanyway broken, repaired altered, looks reader card the any where ATM use not Do another ATM. find and leave just problem, a is there If help. for asking close to get you. Never toengage in anyone any interaction allow around not ATMsdo - and do not surroundings ask anyone your for help to and attentiondo not close respond to anyone very Pay withdrawal. a made you’ve after you from money your grabbing than sophisticated more far ATMs. are around working tricks The conartists of aware Be notleave items unattendedDo keys) (including car youonlywhat with youneed Bring Walk at night taxis andtake ingroups Don’t at (inbigcities) amap for around directions orask stand looking holdonto ordrink orbuckleitto forIf sitting yourbag chair ameal down you with valuables Don’t unnecessary carry grip infront afirm ofyouwith bags Carry Don’t visible around acamera with walk andleave the area handoveryourpossessions remainIf mugged calm, Don’t expensive (or jewelry wear expensive looking) Don’t like atourist look andaware ofyoursurroundings alert Be Safety Tips Safety Africa South Us O At O In pe lmt ae nocd oh y police by both enforced are limits Speed n n g and drive away (it only takes a couple seconds to smash the window and loot the contents andloot the to away window smash ofanimmobilevehicle)and drive acouple (itonlytakes seconds i INTRODUCTION

t n t foot ene h g g h e e A

r be TM ra : o a ad: l s c : : h: networks include: networks of the major bus companies with the largest route country.the Some around get to visitors for ways buses and bus transport is one of the more South Africa common has a strong network of long distance foreign that to address. mailed be will ticket a and speeding vehicle the rent to used passport the on address speed the get laser will municipality camera-equipped the detectors, the of one by are driving a rental car and are captured speeding you if that noting worth is It registration. vehicle 158-9282,

Bus www.translux.co.za). TransLux / City to City to City TransLux/ modernoverland.com ( Greyhound ( 086- modernoverland.com a b prhsd nie r hog ay f the backpackers thatthebusstopsat. of any through or online purchased be can of variety they and aavailable, packages differentand routes are There way. the along in city backpackers each most of door front the at stops bus the and country the in circuits backpacking popular most the along are routes The direction. same the in heading travelers other meet to way city to a backpackers one in another city and is a great in hostel or backpackers a from get to way convenient a offers It crowd. backpacking the to South Africa bus service that is geared exclusively offer much in the way of personal space or or space taxi, personal the into packed of is everyone way when comfort the in don’t they much While offer city. a for within and around transportation getting distance long for both Africans, South of of majority the for method transportation popular most the are taxis Minibus ( 012-323-1154, ( Bus Baz can make yourbookingonlineoroverthephone. You computicket.com/web/bus_tickets/). hc out check route specific any for companies bus of above all the of prices and schedules time the view To ( Roadlink 086-128-7287,

Minibus Taxi 021-439-2323, 011-333-2223, ( Computicket www.greyhound.co.za), , and www.intercape.co.za), www.saroadlink.co.za). i a is www.bazbus.com) 083-915-8000, Intercape www. SA safety record. safety poor their of because taxis minibus using avoid to choose people Some inside. cram and street the on pass they as down them flag taxis minibus local ride to want who Passengers destinatoins. two between forth and back or route set a drive typically They routes. bus local to addition in or most of place in Within operate also taxis city. minibus local cities destination their minibus in the for rank depart taxi they up, fill they Once people. with up fill to wait and rank taxi minibus transportation designated a at gather minbuses cities, distance between long For advance reservations. any make or book to need no is there a taking than bus and are and they faster cheaper io hat rss eaie o te African other to country relativethe of area the on Depending countries. risks health minor this istheonlyoption. and training – although for most of the population suffers staffing funding, mainly resources, system of lack a from healthcare public Its countries. developed other many of that to comparable is system healthcare private The system. healthcare HEALTH o taees Suh fia rsns relatively presents Africa South travelers, For public a and private a both has Africa South INTRODUCTION

61 OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 62 show proof of a yellow fever vaccination. fever yellow a of proof to show present is fever yellow where countries from arriving travelers requires government the Africa, Although yellow fever is not a disease risk in South if drug Swaziland) antimalarial necessary. and appropriate the as Park well as National Kruger Natal, KwaZulu- of northeastern risks Limpopo, the Mpumalanga, and of parts travel in present (generally malaria to contracting intend doctor you your with where discuss you that it important of vaccines is above risk the high to addition a In with exposure). individuals typhoid (for B, rabies hepatitis and A, following hepatitis the vaccinations: receive Africa South to travelers CDC the polio, and (DPT), measles/mumps/rubella diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus as (MMR), such vaccinations time tocompleteanyvaccinations. for the duration of the trip and to ensure adequate medication needed any obtain to travel planned consult travelers with a doctor four that to six weeks before recommended their is It malaria. be to you will be traveling in, the biggest concern is likely sunscreen rated as SPF 30 or above. longer experience who periods of direct those sun exposure it is advisable and to use skin lighter with people For use. everyday recommendedfor is 15 SPF as rated sunscreen A skin. exposed on sunscreenuse and hat,wide-brim a and clothing dizziness.To reduce sun exposure, wear protective that is warm to the touch, general fatigue, and mild overexposure of to the symptoms sun include Immediate red cancer.or reddish skin skin cause can getlota of. Excessive and prolonged UVradiation somethingisvisitorsSouthAfricaraysmostwill to Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun's Sun Exposure sensitive with travelers stomachs orthosewantingtobecautious. for recommended is and areas water higher.Bottled much are chances contamination of rural but problem Lesotho, more a or Swaziland in have throughout water not tap also drinking will people Most warnings. clear have generally safe not is water tap the where Communities of Africa’scities. South most throughout water tap drink to safe is It Water In addition to being up to date with routine routine with date to up being to addition In ( INTRODUCTION wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ S etr fr ies Cnrl – Control Disease for Centers US ) recommends that that recommends ) blood vessels and travels throughout the body. penetrates parasite the skin of humans, The develops water. within the contaminated in bathing or not generally swimming by disease is the contract Humans fatal. but organs, internal damage contain that parasite. water the carry may of which snails, freshwater bodies numerous in increased is Saharan Africa. The risk of contracting the disease sub- in dams and streams rivers, lakes, freshwater fever) is a disease caused snailby a parasite that lives in or bilharzia as known (alsoSchistosomiasis Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) the coma, andeventuallydeath. hallucinations, cases to lead severe can and In worsens disease vomiting. and pain, shivering, and joint coldness sudden sweating, fever and include malaria of Symptoms cities. sized medium- and large in available widely tested. is Testing get and clinic or hospital nearest the to go malaria, have deadly.might you suspect you If be can malaria untreated left if but inexpensive, and easy generally is Treatment seriously. taken needed. is any if taken be shouldantimalarialmedicine of type what and travel to intend you wheredoctor importantdrugs,isit so thatdiscussyou withyour malaria are resistant to certain types of antimalarial of strains Some months.winter cooler the during summermonthsNovember theofAprillesssoand to during highest is malaria contracting of risk The Swaziland. and Park) National Kruger Natal, KwaZulu- northeastern Limpopo, Mpumalanga, of parts (generallyin AfricaSouth of parts only in present is Malaria medication. antimalarial taking exposedof skin,using insect repellent (DEET) and greatly amountthe limit thatclothes wearing bereducedby can bites mosquito through malaria human by mosquitoes. The to likelihood human from transferred of is contracting that parasite borne Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a blood- Malaria UV light is highly recommended. macular as degeneration. such Regular use of damagesunglasses that block eye permanent term long- cause can light exposure.UV sunexcessive ot epe o o dsly ypos n the in symptoms display not do people Most can that illness chronic a is Schistosomiasis be should malaria to exposure Suspected from eyes your protect to important also is It modernoverland.com ramn fr hs fud o e netd is infected be to generally donewithasinglepill. found those for Treatment home. returning after tested get parasite the exposed to been have they suspect who travelers do not display symptoms, it is recommended that people many Because months. following the in of aches fever,muscle as and canwell chills, days as infection few a symptoms within skin itchy but or rash a infection, include of phases early Attitudes toward women are slowly changing changing slowly are women toward Attitudes Women SPECIALIZED TRAVEL NEEDS that South Africa has to offer. all of enjoyment and experiences your inhibit or equally we cautionagainstallowing paranoia smarts,interfere to with street your use and caution exerciseto good is it Whilenight. atareas dodgy expensiveaccessories technologyor andavoiding concealingattention,attractingsurroundings, not your of aware being by improvedgreatly are trip any hiccups. The chances of having an incident-free most securityvisitors realities, to South Africa unfortunate enjoy private their trip without these and Despite companies. fences electric gates, by private and business residences Mostwithin metropolitan areas inadequate. are protected be to incidencessuchprotectionseemresponse toand experience.ansuch Policehad hassomeone who mugged,househadacarbrokenor intoknowsor everyonewho lives inSouth Africa has either been Crime in South Africa is a genuine problem. Almost SAFETY &SECURITY is it residents, condoms. use to local advised highly with active sexually be to going are you If and Swaziland. and Lesotho of much Africa South of most throughout available freely are Condoms sentence. death a be easily could it world the of region this in but safe, not is general in sex unprotected Having slot. #2 the in filling Botswana neighboring with – world the in rates infection HIV highest the with countries three These #1 and #3 #4, world. the as respectively, rank, the countries in zone HIV up worst make the Swaziland and Lesotho Africa, South HIV/AIDS modernoverland.com hl finl acmoain atvte and activities transportation throughout accommodation, thecountry. friendly and family child on information for resource good a SA Travel Family avoided. be should bilharzia with contaminated potentially are that water of zones, bodies fresh taken malaria in swimming in and be children should with care traveling towns when Special smaller areas. visiting rural when or taken be should supplies adequate but cities, medium-sized and large in available readily are supplies infant and accommodate Parks children ofallages. SAN although children, for restrictions age any are there if see to ahead as check to idea good a is it reserve, wildlife well private as activities a to heading If activities. child and adult separate oriented family offering children, with families toward geared specifically are establishments Many children. with for families destination traveling great a is Africa South Traveling withChildren groups/disabilities). (www.sanparks.org/ out check information more For disabilities. various with people to caters also ( is great disabilities disabledtravel.co.za mobility A with people level. to ground accommodation, conveniently cater that the establishments identifying for resource be from can including accessed sights, and country, restaurants the the throughout buildings most is that find will impaired it mobility are who Africa, People in accommodating. most countries but other to countries, relative developed most than travelers disabled for resources fewer offers Africa South Traveling withDisabilities not is dark recommended. after taxis hitchhiking minibus alone, in traveling walking and cautious; should solo extra be travelling too far Females of women. psyches many the scarring and crisis HIV the exacerbating world, the in rape reported of rates highest the of one has Africa South Sadly, violence good advancement. ideas undermine social and conservative enjoy government, women in Though representation regardless group. patriarchal racial slightly of be to tend but nentoa bad o bb fo, diapers food, baby of brands International The ot Arcn ainl Parks National African South is (www.familytravelsa.co.za) ). ). 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63 OVERVIEW