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Heavy Minerals and Exotic Pebbles from the Eocene Flysch

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Heavy Minerals and Exotic Pebbles from the Eocene Flysch Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences Turkish J Earth Sci (2018) 27: 64-88 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/yer-1707-9 Heavy minerals and exotic pebbles from the Eocene flysch deposits of the Magura Nappe (Outer Western Carpathians, eastern Slovakia): their composition and implications on the provenance 1, 2 † 3 Katarína BÓNOVÁ *, Ján BÓNA , Martin KOVÁČIK , Tomáš MIKUŠ 1 Institute of Geography, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia 2 Kpt. Jaroša 13, Košice, Slovakia 3 Earth Science Institute SAS, Geological Division, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Received: 10.07.2017 Accepted/Published Online: 15.11.2017 Final Version: 08.01.2018 Abstract: The study aims to reconstruct the crystalline parent rock assemblages of the Eocene Strihovce Formation (Krynica Unit) and Mrázovce Member (Rača Unit) deposits, based on the heavy mineral suites, their corrosive features, geochemistry of garnet and tourmaline, zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and exotic pebble composition. Both units are an integral part of the Magura Nappe belonging to the Flysch Belt (Outer Western Carpathians). Corrosion signs observable on heavy minerals point to different burial conditions and/or diverse sources. The compositions of the detrital garnets and tourmalines as well as the CL study of zircons indicate their origin in gneisses, mica schists, amphibolites, and granites in the source area. According to observed petrographic and mineralogical characteristics, palaeoflow data and palaeogeographical situation during the Eocene may show that the Tisza Mega- Unit crystalline complexes including a segment of the flysch substratum could represent the lateral (southern) input of detritus for the Krynica Unit. The Rača Unit might have been fed from the northern source formed by the unpreserved Silesian Ridge. The Marmarosh Massif (coupled with the Fore-Marmarosh Suture Zone) is promoted to be a longitudinal source. Key words: Eocene, Outer Western Carpathians, Magura Basin, exotic pebbles, heavy minerals, geochemistry, provenance 1. Introduction Previous provenance studies on the Palaeogene Heavy-mineral assemblages in the sediments can provide deposits from the eastern part of the Magura Nappe valuable information and thus serve as indicators of (Flysch Belt, Outer Western Carpathians) were focused on the palaeogeographic connections between individual either petrography of major framework grains (Ďurkovič, palaeogeographical domains (Michalík, 1993) on 1960, 1961, 1962) or on exotic pebble composition provenance reconstruction of ancient and modern clastic (Leško and Matějka, 1953; Wieser, 1967; Nemčok et al., sedimentary rocks (e.g., Morton, 1987; Morton and 1968; Marschalko, 1975; Oszczypko, 1975; Marschalko Hallsworth, 1999; Morton et al., 2004, 2005; Čopjaková et al., 1976; Mišík et al., 1991a; Oszczypko et al., 2006, et al., 2005; Oszczypko and Salata, 2005; Mange and 2016; Olszewska and Oszczypko, 2010). Based on heavy Morton, 2007). Chemical composition of heavy minerals mineral suites, the provenance has been also investigated is dependent on the parent rock composition and P/T (Ďurkovič, 1960, 1965; Starobová, 1962), and recently more conditions under which they originated (crystallisation, detailed results were reported from electron microprobe postmagmatic fluid attack, metamorphism). Some of analyses (e.g., Salata, 2004; Oszczypko and Salata, 2004, them are resistant to weathering, mechanical effects 2005; Bónová et al., 2016, 2017). of transport, and burial diagenesis in connection with New information on exotic pebbles, morphological intrastratal dissolution. Therefore, heavy minerals features of heavy minerals, garnet and tourmaline are usually excellent provenance indicators, ideally in geochemistry, and zircon cathodoluminescence analysis combination with palaeoflow analysis and investigation of obtained from the Eocene clastic deposits of the Mrázovce exotic pebbles (pebbles or fragments of rock, preserved in Member belonging to the Rača Unit (RU) and of the sandstones and conglomerates, comprising various rocks Strihovce Formation belonging to the Krynica Unit (KU) derived from the hypothetical or destroyed source area). are presented in this study. This is further supported by * Correspondence: [email protected] 64 BÓNOVÁ et al. / Turkish J Earth Sci the palaeoflow analysis, and the possible source material tectono-lithofacies units: the Krynica, Bystrica, and Rača of deposits is discussed. Our new data from the Strihovce units (Figures 1a and 1b). These units consist of deep-sea, Fm. are interpreted in the context of previous studies on mostly siliciclastic deposits of Late Cretaceous to Oligocene palaeoflow directions (Koráb et al., 1962; Nemčok et al., age. In the south, the Magura Nappe is tectonically 1968; Oszczypko, 1975; Kováčik et al., 2012) and exotic bounded by the Klippen Belt, while in the north-east it is pebble compositions (Marschalko et al., 1976; Mišík et in tectonic contact with the Dukla Unit belonging to the al., 1991a; Oszczypko et al., 2006). The aim of this paper Fore-Magura group of nappes (e.g., Lexa et al., 2000). is to review and reevaluate the published data, as well The Rača Unit represents the northernmost tectono- as to interpret the new results from petrographic and lithofacies unit of the Magura Nappe. Based on lithofacies mineralogical study of the Eocene deposits from the differences in its northern and southern parts, two zones Krynica and Rača units cropping out in the eastern part of are distinguished (Figure 1b, Kováčik et al., 2011, 2012): the Magura Nappe. the Outer Rača Unit (Siary Unit in the Polish OWC) and the Inner Rača Unit (Rača Unit s.s. in the Polish 2. Geological background and potential source areas of OWC). The Outer Rača Unit consists of the Beloveža Eocene deposits and Zlín formations. The Beloveža Fm. (Early Eocene – The Magura Nappe is the innermost tectonic unit of the Middle Eocene) is formed by thin-bedded flysch and Flysch Belt (Outer Western Carpathians, OWC). It is variegated claystones. The lower part of the Zlín Fm. subdivided (from the south to north) into three principal (Middle Eocene – Early Oligocene) is composed of the 21°0’0’’E 21°30’0’’E b a study area Topľa Svidník Bardejov Ondava Giraltovce 1 6 8 5 7 0 5 10 km ec Labor 2 Dukla Unit ’N ocha Grybow Unit (Smilno tectonic window) 3 Cir 4 49°0’0’ Outer Rača (Siary) Unit Humenné E Inner Rača Unit N Magura Nappe Paleotransport directions I Bystrica Unit A Krynica Unit Mrázovce Mb. R Pieniny Klippen Belt Strihovce Fm. K Neovolcanites (Middle-Upper Miocene volcanites) > 10 data ± 5 data U Figure 1. a) DTM map showing the position of the studied area in Central Europe; b) simplified and partly modified structural sketch map of the NE part of the Slovak Flysch Carpathians (according to Stránik, 1965; Koráb, 1983; Nemčok, 1990; Žec et al., 2006; Kováčik et al., 2011; Bónová et al., 2017; http://mapserver.geology.sk/gm50js) with sampling locations (1 – GIR-1; 2 – KOS- 1; 3 – UD-1; 4 – KNC-1, KNC-4; 5 – MRA-1, 6 – MRA-2, 7 – MRA-3, 8 – MRA-4). 65 BÓNOVÁ et al. / Turkish J Earth Sci glauconite-sandstone facies, whereas the upper part is Proč Fm. is commonly regarded as a part of the Pieniny usually formed by the claystone facies. The total thickness Klippen Belt (e.g., Nemčok, 1990; Lexa et al., 2000). of the formation is reaching 1500–2500 m. The Inner Rača Latter research in the this area proved the facies transition Unit superficially covers a considerably larger area. It has (Jasenovce Mb.) between the Proč and Strihovce fms more variegated facies content than the Outer Rača Unit. and so both formations constitute an integral part of the It is built of the following formations: Kurimka Fm. (sensu Krynica Unit (Potfaj in Žec et al., 2006). The Strihovce Fm. Samuel, 1990); Beloveža, Zlín, and Malcov fms (Kováčik (Early Eocene – Late Eocene) dominates in the eastern et al., 2011, 2012). The underlier of the Kurimka Fm. part of Flysch Belt (Žec et al., 2006; Kováčik et al., 2012) (Late Cretaceous – Early Eocene) is not known, towards and represents several 100-m-thick bed successions the overlier it gradually evolves into the Beloveža Fm. of quartzose-greywacke (Strihovce) sandstones with The formation is divided into flysch and sandstone facies. intercalations of conglomerates. A significant facies is The Beloveža Fm. (Palaeocene – Middle Eocene) crops represented by the polymictic conglomerates with exotic out in the frontal parts of particular slices (or in cores of pebbles (Marschalko et al., 1976; Mišík et al., 1991a): anticlinal structures) of the Inner Rača Unit. The lower granite, orthogneiss, micaschist, metalydite, migmatite, part of the formation is formed by the Mrázovce Member, quartz porphyry, rhyolite, and basic volcanics. Arkose, whereas the upper part is formed by thin-bedded flysch arkosic quartzite, Triassic limestones containing ostracods with the intercalations of variegated claystones. The and foraminifers, Jurassic siliceous limestones with thickness of the Beloveža Fm. commonly reaches 200–250 chert, radiolarian siliceous limestones, dark flecked marl m, with maximum up to 2000 m (Nemčok et al., 1990). The limestones (“fleckenmergel”), Dogger-Malm biomicrites, lowermost part of the Beloveža Fm. – Mrázovce Member Kimmeridgian-Tithonian shallow-water and pelagic (sensu Kováčik et al., 2012) has a character of the upward- limestones, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous limestones with fining and upward-thinning flysch succession (channel-
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