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Home , Anatolian Plate, Avalonia, Barents Basin, Cadomian Orogeny, Ebro Basin, Geology of Hungary

Index

Figures are indicated in italic and tables in bold

Aar massif 131,134 archaeocyathids 89 blueschist 237 Acadian deformation 293, 297, 300 Arctic Caledonides 509 199, 390 Acadian event 324, 356 Arctic, magnetic map 514 65, 398 323-329, 551 Armorica 89, 93 Palaeozoic 397, 408 12, 510 Armorica Massif, folding 118 72 accretionary complex 69, 70, 75, 265 Armorican Archipelago 297 296, 323, 328, 333, 338, 339 396-400 Armorican microplate (Franconia) 335 Cenozoic 50, 97, 100, 107, 117, 123 Magnitogorsk arc 408, 410, 411,413 Armorican 85, 323, 325, 333 volcanic activity 51, 148, 149, 153, 154 accretionary margin, deformation 327-328 Bohemian Terrane 298 291-306 Armorican Terrane Assemblage 300 boninitic 243, 409, 410 accretionary prism 348, 349, 351 Asturian Phase 356 Bouguer anomaly 227-230, 551 Oman 236-238, 240-242, 250 Atlantic opening 50, 223,224 Brabant Massif 324 acritarch, Vendian 508 Aubrac Cenozoic volcanism 152 Brenner 201 Adana Basin 270 Austroalpine 135, 199 Bresse 97, 99, 103, 120 Adria terrane 85, 93 Autun Basin 370, 371 Brianqonnais domain 61, 62, 130 Adriatic indenter 192, 193 3, 57, 293, 296, 323 Bruno-Silesian Promontory 323, 325, 327 Adriatic Moho 133, 134, 135, 138, 141 East European Craton, 324-329 Bruno-Silesian Terrane 296 130, 136, 139, 192, 193 emplacement mechanism 326-327 Budva domain 75 Aegean back-arc basin 171, 177, 272 reconstruction 83-85, 89, 333, 460 Burgundy Transfer Zone 51, 52, 120 ~gir Sea 86, 87-88 soft collision 324 volcanism 174, 175, 179 transect 301, 302, 305 358 triple plate collision 20 Cadomian crust 455, 457, 460 convergence 223-225, 263, 265, 267-269 Avalonian 291 Cadomian 3, 86, 323, 389, 516 plate boundary 272 Thor-Tornquist 46 Calabrian arc 265, 272 age see chronology, isotope and zircon calc-alkaline 333 Agnostus [] 513 Balkan Terrane 328 Akershus Graben 365, 366 BABEL project 545, 546-548, Cenozoic 147, 152, 154, 168, 169, 176 Albanian 242-244 554, 565 Betic-Rif province 172-174, 178 Alboran, volcanic province 172-176, 227 participants 555-556 Magnitogorsk arc 408, 410 Alcapa terrane 193-195, 198, 199-202 seismic line 580 Variscides 356, 357, 361-363, 370, 380 alkaline magmatism 167, 172, 198, 362 working group 15,299, 313, 315 Calcareous 59-60, 72 volcanism 147, 150, 152-155, 158 back-arc basin 4, 5, 20, 192, 207 Caledonian Deformation Front 24, 301 Alleghanian orogeny 57, 59 Aegean, 171, 177, 272 Caledonian orogeny 85, 89, 93, 327, 453 ALP seismic experiment 143 Avalonia 327, 328 Eurasian Arctic 507-516 Alpide orogeny 389, 390 extension 45, 48, 52, 170, 176 Caledonian suture 380, 508 Alpine deformation 1, 3-4, 129-143, 227, 281 Guevgueli 248, 389, 400 Caledonides 1-5, 19, 20, 25 thermal-mechanical controls 113-123 Pannonian 191,200 crustal domain 43, 45-47 Alpine deformation front 98, 100, 102, 356 Rheno-Hercynian 357, 339, 357 geophysical data 21 Alpine Orogen 51,277 30, 57, 62, 70, 238 lithosphere thickness 24 Alpine 171 - 172 topography 123 ~amlik 395, 400 Alpine Tethys 50-51, 59-62, 65, 75 Baer-Bassit 244, 247 isotope ratios 396 Alpine-Mediterranean geodynamics 180-182 Baikalian orogeny 510 Campania, volcanism 175, 179 Alps 29-30, 129, 130, 131 Balkan orogen 59-60, 328, 399-400 Cantabrian Mountains, 351,372, 373 geophysical data 21, 29-30 Balkan suture 68 Cantal, Cenozoic volcanism 152 lithosphere thickness 24 Balonia 293 Cappadocia ignimbrite 177 Amazonia 326, 328, 568, 570 Baltic Basin 458, 460 carbonate platforms and ophiolites 240-242, Amerasia Basin, opening 507, 508 see Fennoscandian Shield 245, 249 243, 327, 351,395 84, 85-86, 89 carbonates 245, 251,400 East European Craton 293, 296, 300 East European Craton 294 Lower Palaeozoic 454-455,457, 512 Anatolia 64, 73, 246, 271,389-396 507-509, 514-515, 521-536 carbonatite 147, 151, 174, 181 accretionary complex 396-400 mantle 2, 5, 24 Carmel Fault 267 chronostratigraphy 391, 397 rotation 447 Carnic Alps, Variscan 334, 336, 337 seismic profile 271 transect 301, 303 Carpathian arc 178, 191, 194, 210-213, 216 volcanism 154, 177 Barentsian Caledonides 507, 509 lithosphere thickness 21, 23, 29 Anatolian Fault 171 basanite Pannonian 173, 176, 180 Andean-type collision 357 intraplate 147, 150, 152, 154, 161, 162 Western domain 59-60, 170 Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt 301 subduction-related 172, 176, 177 Catalan Coastal Ranges 224, 226, 227 anorogenic magma see alkaline magmatism , East European Craton 482, CELEBRATION project 6, 200, 313, 314 anorogenic volcanic province 147, 151 484-486, 510 Cenozoic basins Antalya Basin 73, 252, 268, 271 411,412, 413 east Mediterranean 247, 268-272 Apenninic arc 171 BASIN seismic profile 375, 378 Cenozoic magmatism 103-104, 149, 155, 172 Apulia terrane 85, 130, 153 basins, east Mediterranean 263-273 volcanism 152 convergence 264 bathymetry 264, 268, 269 Central European Rift System 20, 21, 23, 30-31 Arabian Platform 389 , subduction 50-51, 75 Central Rift System 19, 20, 24 Archaean crust 600-601 B6k6s Basin 197, 199 Channel Basin 50 Archaean Fennoscandian Shield Belomorian terrane 528 Chios accretionary complex 397 627-640 Belomorides, Archaean crust 546 chronology 496 accretion 627 Benioff zone 175, 177 Anatolia accretionary complexes 397 correlation 640 Betic Cordillera 154, 225, 226, 227 Archaean greenstone 640 635-639 Bey~ehir ophiolite 245,246 - 74 greenstone complexes 627-634 BIRPS seismic profile 29 Cenozoic 195 metamorphic rocks 629-634, 640 bituminous 370 Cenozoic volcanism 150, 172 636-639 Black Forest, magmatism 148, 151,338 Cretaceous, Oman ophiolite 236 provinces 628 orogeny 399-400 Dramala ophiolite 242

From: GEE, D. G. & STEPHENSON, R. A. (eds) 2006. European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 655-662. 0435-4052/06/$15.00 9 The Geological Society of London 2006. 655

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chronology (Continued) Denmark, TOR project 314 electromagnetic conductivity 542-547, 554, 555 Evia ophiolite 241 density variation 18, 18, 32 techniques 543-544 Greater Caucasus 285 density, Baltic Shield 32 see also EUROPROBE Lycian ophiolite 245 diamond 100, 337, 408 enriched mantle component 181 Mersin ophiolite 245 diatremes 151 Entomozoe [ostracode] Palaeozoic, East European Craton 452 Dinaride-Hellenide passive margin 59 environment change, - 283-284 Permian, 363 Dinarides 75 Eocene volcanic activity 148 Pontic 391 Dinarides, volcanism 173, 176-177 Eocimmerian 59, 69, 70, 498, 278-280 373 Dnestr Basin 449, 457, 460 Eo-Variscan orogeny see Caledonian Cimmerian cycle 5, 57, 59, 277, 278, 358 Dnieper-Donets-Pripyat rift 21, 22, Eratosthenes Seamount, 266, 400, 494-498 27 -28 268, 397 Ciudad Roderigo Basin 226, 227 lithosphere thickness 24 ERCEUGT group 303 359, 369, 372, 373, 392 Dniepr-Donets Basin 380, 463-468 EREGT working group 29 Carboniferous 335-336, 338 DOBRE reflection profile 28, 104, 465-468, 155, 216, 217, 337, 339 collision structure 138-139, 140, 240 474, 475 Erzgebirge diamonds 337 collision tectonics 4, 5, 6, 20, 25, 51 Franconian Platform 104 ESRU 408, 414, 416, 421,422 arc- 357, 407-410 Dobrogea Platform 326 data processing 431-433 Avalonia 327, 328 Dobrogea terrane 298 seismic profile 24, 26 Baltica 407-409, 416 Dobrudzha Trough 72 seismic reflection data 427-440 continent-continent 43, 99, 167, 356 Dowsing Lineament 297 Etna 153, 174 -Laurussia 355, 357, 358 Dramala ophiolite see Pindos ophiolite EUGENO working group 313,314, 315 iberia 345-351 Drinova Thrust 326 East European Craton 299, 300 Plio-Quaternary 253 Dublin graben 45 Eurasian Arctic 507-516 Proterozoic 579-597 Duero Basin 226-228, 231 EUROBRIDGE 17 Pyrenees 224 dunite 444, 446 EUROBRIDGE profiles 599-621 soft 85, 170 dyke swarm 4, 18, 361 European Cenozoic Rift System 51, 97-108 Svecofennia 568-569 lithosphere 113-115, 117, 123-124 Variscides 99, 345-351 model IASP 138 map of faults 98, 100 compression 498 120, 124, 284 reflection lines, location 100 Greater Caucasus 281-282, 283 hypocentres 213 sedimentary basins 98, 102 224-227 tomography 139 European Geotraverse 11, 26, 117, 374 conductivity 544-547 TOR project 314, 315, 319 refraction profile 117, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134 Conrad discontinuity 134 East 470-472 EUROPROBE 11, 27-28, 129, 192, 203, 207 controlled source seismology 130 East European Craton 1 - 8, 11, Dniepr-Donets Basin 421,463 convergence 390, 410, 443, 454-457 277, 389 station map 543 convergence rate 50, 51, 167 accretion 293-299, 323-329 SVEKALAPKO 521-536 Cordilleran-type ophiolite 237, 247-253 break-up 299 tomography experiment 549-554 Crete Basin 272 correlation 451, 452 Urals 407 Crimea, Triassic to Jurassic 496 geodynamic evolution 599-621 94, 227, 231,529 cross-sections see transects geophysical interpretation 616-621 Messinian 264, 268, 270 crust 24, 130-136 gravity map 295 Palaeozoic 365, 370, 375, 379, 467, 471 Archaean 639-640 gravity model 609-615 Evia ophiolite 240, 241 properties 542-546, 549-550 magnetic map 294 extension 4, 99, 333,568 Proterozoic 548, 606-608, 613, 614 named basins 450 in compressional setting 191,195 Russia 521-536, 585-589 passive margin 327, 328 Greater Caucasus 280-281 shortening values 100 Proterozoic crust 407, 422, 606-609 Iberian Peninsula 223-224, 230 strength 116-117, 123 - 124 rift basins 463-476 post-collision 170 crustal evolution 43-53, 365,380, 481-482 southeast margin 481-498 Variscan 103, 333 crustal lamination 103-104 subsidence curves 453 event, Permian 83 crustal structure, East European Craton sutures 299-300 extrusion tectonics 191, 194, 202, 217 291,300 tectonic map 459, 464, 600, 601 transects terrane provenance 291-293 Fallotaspsis [trilobite] 513 Avalonia- Rhenohercynian 302 terranes 602-606 far-field effects 381,458, 460 Caledonide 304 western accretionary margin 291-306 faults 46, 47 Variscan 303, 305 terranes and sutures map 292 FENNOLORA seismic profile 313, 319, 541 see also delamination 11, 17-19, 20 Fennoscandia 541-556 crustal thickness 18, 116, 131,200, 209 geophysical data 21, 27-28, 117 tomography experiment 543, 549-554 map 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 lithosphere thickness 24 Fennoscandian Shield 114, 117, 542, 582 Southern Permian Basin 102-104 51,226, 227, 231 crustal structure 522-529 crustal wedge 195, 351,348 103, 327, 351,638 geophysical studies 21, 23, 32, 541-556 crystalline basement 391,474, 529, 531,533 Anatolia 390, 397 lithosphere 24, 579-593 East European Craton 292, 298 Bohemia 298 map 7 Cycladic domain 64, 73 Caspian 470 provinces 628 Cyclopyge [trilobite] 328 Uralides 422, 515 seismic data 12-15, 20 Cyprian arc 266, 268, 272 Variscan 335, 337, 338 tectonic map 580, 628 ECORS, Alps seismic profile 24, 129-132, terranes 602-605 Danish graben 104, 365, 376 135, 139 Finike Basin 271 Danube Basin 198, 199, 326 lithosphere slab geometry 141-143 fish fauna, Old Red 512 Dead Sea Rift 264, 268 ECRIS see European Cenozoic Rift System flexural downloading 210-212, 283, 285 debris flow 251,409 fauna 86 flood 94 Balkans 240, 242-244, 246, 247, 249 EEC see East European Craton flower structure 140 DEKORP basin research group effective elastic thickness 213, 215, 219 424 East European Craton 299, 300, 301, Eger Graben 97, 149, 152 -Carboniferous 335-338, 348, 350 304, 305 EGT seismic experiment 305 -and-thrust-belt 347, 348-350 DEKORP seismic profile 24, 103, 314, 371,375 Eifel plume project 313,320 folding and lithosphere strength 117-119 delamination 273, 285, 351,379, 561 Eifel volcanic field 150, 155 folding, Greater Caucasus 281-282 Alps-Mediterranean 167, 169, 170, 174, elastic-plastic plate model 119 folds 217, 218, 282, 283 175, 179, 181 Elbe Fault 358 fore-arc basin, Palaeotethys 69-70 rifting 101, 102, 154 Elbe Line 314, 317 forebulge, Caledonides 455, 457 mantle 97, 574 Elbe Lineament 291,301 45, 59, 449

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, Gondwanan affinity 292, 297 inversion, Cenozoic 283-286 iron and seismic velocity 12, 32 Fourier' s law 117, 318 rate of shortening 284 iron formation, Archaean 632, 634 Franconian Platform 107, 335 post-rift succession 282-283 Iskenderun Basin 270 structure 278 407, 421 gabbro, 443-447 topography 278 Mid-German High 333 Galahetes [trilobite] 513 and tectonics 284 isotope age 443 Galatia volcanic province 154 243, 327, 395, 398 East European Craton 293 garnet, age 335, 348 Fennoscandia 627-639 Magnitogorsk intrusives 409 geochemistry 157-160, 173 510 Maksyutov Complex 422 Betic-Rif province 172-176, 178 Grenville orogeny 3,532, 564 Sakarya Zone 396 Fennoscandia 585-589, 627-636 Guadalquivir Basin 226, 227 see also zircon primitive magma 158-160 Guidicaria Fault 193, 201 isotope chemistry 158-160 subduction-related magma 168-170, 181 Gulf of Lyons, opening 225 isotope measurement 444 GEON center 523, 531 gypsum 282, 511, 513 isotope ratio 169, 175, 178, 180 geophysical data 21-22 Kazda~ metamorphic rocks 396 Alps 28-29 Halloporina [] 513 Isparta Angle 250, 251 Fennoscandia 12-15, 20, 21, 23 Hanseatic terrane 57 Israel, graben and 266 lithosphere properties 19-24 Hatay ophiolite 244, 247, 25 l Istanbul Block 326-327, 391-394, 400 lithosphere thickness 24 Hawasina Complex 241,246 deformation 394 geophysical interpretation 11 - 33 Haybi Complex 241, succession, 394 Baltica 521-536 heat flow 12, 19, 25, 26, 27, 208, 214 Italy, volcanism 174-176, 178 East European Craton 313- 320, 616- 621 modelling 375 Cenozoic 153, 155 Fennoscandia 541-556, 581-583 values 15, 17, 19 Ivrea Zone 131,133, 135, 138, Permian basins 374-376 Hebediscus [trilobite] 513 139, 141 upper mantle 156-157 Hegau volcanic field 151, 159 Izanca 64-66 Trans-European Suture Zone 18, 19 85, 93, 171, 176-177, 191 Izhma Domain 532, 533 GEORIFT 27-28 Helvetic nappes 129 Izmir-Ankara ocean 67, 73, 75 geotherms 16, 19, 26, 31,410 Hercynian suture zone 30 accretionary complex 397, 400 Germany 314 Hessian Graben 97, 114 rift 72 Cenozoic volcanism 155, 156 Himalayan-type collision 43, 99, 167, 356 suture 64, 171, 177, 238, 398 Variscan orogen 333-340 H6d-Mak6 Basin 197, 199 Germany, north, transect 301 Holstein-Horn Graben 363 Jura Mountains, compression 120 Gfrhl Suture 300 Holycross Mountains 304 Giessen Ocean 99, 327 Palaeozoic sequence 295-296 Kachkanar massif 445 Giessen ophiolite 297 Hun superterrane 57, 58 Kaiserstuhl, volcanic activity 151, 155 Gissen- Basin 45, 102 Hungary Cenozoic volcanism 155 kamafugite 181 Giudicarie belt 136, 139, 140, 143 Hyblean Platform 269, 270 Kanin peninsula 531 glacial deposits, 89, 329 hydrocarbons 6, 219, 362, 377 Kara magnetic anomaly 513-514, glaciation 86, 92, 94 hydrothermal vent communities 93 515, 516 Gloria Fault 223 Kara Terrane 86 Gltickst~idler Trough 363 87-89, 460 Karaburun accretionary complex 397- 398 Gondwana 5, 57, 83, 99, 355 opening 293 Karakaya Basin 72 accretion 323-329 subduction 296 Karakaya Complex 238 break-up 328, 391 Iapetus Suture 20, 45, 83, 85 Karelia Domain 12, 541,545, 546 collision with Bohemia 336, 337 East European Craton 299, 304 Karelian Craton 579 convergence 356, 379, 381 Iberia lithosphere thickness 229-230 Kasimlar basin 59 map showing named units 58-59 Iberian basins 372-374, 376 422 reconstruction 84, 87-91 Iberian Massif 345-351 Kazakhstan arc 58 tiffing 293 structure 346, 349 Kazakhstan plate 26, 409-411,416 Variscan 333 Iberian Peninsula 223-231 Kazakhstania 84, 86, 87, 94 [ammonoid] 338 compression, Cenozoic 224-227 Kazbek volcano 284 graben 97, 151,266, 267, 270, 363 mantle plume 351 Kazda~ metamorphic rocks 395, 396 18, 65, 393 Mesozoic extensional basin 223-224, 230 Kempersai massif 443 Variscides 70, 338, 339 basins 227 Khanty-Mansi ocean 58, 71 plutonism, Pontides 395-396 inversion 230-231 Khoreyver Domain 533 granitoid, Fennoscandia 545,635-639 tectonic map 226 Kimzha graben, seismic profile 530 granitoid, Uralian 411,414 topography 223,227-231 Kipchak arc 58 103, 243, 298, 337, 338 Variscan basement 228 Kir~ehir Massif 389 Lapland Belt 528, 579, 581,582, 585-589 Iberian belt 349, 351 Kola deep borehole 524 Lapland and Umba terrane 591 IBERSEIS seismic profile 20, 346-348, 351 Kolva deep well 471 Lithuanian 602-603 Iceland plume 50 Kujandaspis [trilobite] 513 Pontides 395, 398 ILIHA seismic profile 20, 25 Kuloy graben, seismic profile 530 Urals 425 imbricate thrust 227 Kumba gabbro, age 446 graphite as conductor 542, 544, 545 Indonesian archipelago 570, 574 Ktire 62, 63, 64, 71 gravitational collapse 171, 174, 203, 217 inselberg pattern 195-196, 196 Ktire complex 397-398 Fennoscandia 569-570, 573, 592-593 Insubric Line 131,135, 171 Kttre ophiolite 238 gravity 18, 27, 32, 253 intermontane basins 227, 231,373 Kytlym dunite 446-447 Danube Basin 198 intraplate lithosphere 113-119 East European Craton 600-615, 616 Intrapontide Ocean 67 maps of 3, 7, 18, 295 inversion 122, 208, 209, 281 lacustrine deposits NW Russia 523 Cenozoic 283-286 Iberia 226 375-376 Iberian 230-231 Oligocene 226 Timan Range 531 Laramide 155 lamproite 174, 176, 177, 178 Uralides 26-27 460 153 Greater Caucasus Pannonian Basin 195-196, 208, 214, 216, 219 Lapland-Kola orogen 579-593 chronology of tectonic events 285 Polish Basin 378-379 cooling age 592 compression (mid Jurassic) 281-282, 283 Tethyan 50 Laramide basin inversion 155 compression, Cenozoic 283 Tornquist 319 Larnaca Basin 270 Eo-Cimmerian 278-280 Ionian Basin 171,263, 264-265 Latakia Basin 270 extension (early Jurassic) 280-281 IPL-ALCAPA project 207 399, 400

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Laurentia 5, 24, 293, 507, 508, 509 Variscan foreland (externides) 362-367 metamorphic sole/ophiolite 239, 243, 244, 246 palaeoequator 89 Variscan internides 367-374 metamorphism 61, 63, 65 reconstructions 83, 84, 85, 86 Whin sill 361 Armorican Terrane 327, 329 Laurussia 57, 58, 93, 99, 392, 400 magnetic anomaly 532, 533 Fennoscandian 584, 636-639 collision 355, 356, 379 Massif Central 48 Maksutovo Complex 408-409 palaeogeography 394 48 Pontides 395-396 passive margin 327, 328 Saar-Nahe 103 Variscan 57, 328, 333,337-339 reconstructions 85, 86 magnetic map meta-sediments, Archaean 631-634 Leshukona-Pinega Rift 531 Arctic 514 metasomatism 170 leucities 150, 176 East European Craton 601 meta-volcanics and intrusions Levant margin, seismic profile 267 Europe 2 Archaean 629-634, 640 Levantine Basin 266-268, 270 NW Europe 294 522, 523-525, 528-530, 531 Ligeran Phase 356 NW Russia 522 Mid-German Crystalline High, Variscan Graben 97, 103, 114 magnetite 634 297, 333, 335 Linosa, magmatism 153 magnetotelluric (MT) studies 29 cooling age 370 Linosa, seismic profile 269 Magnitogorsk arc 407-411,413 Mid-German Crystalline Rise, Cenozoic 99, 100 listric fault 199 Magnitogorsk block 27 Midland Valley, Scotland 45 LITHOPROBE 15, 19 Magnitogorsk-Tagil island arc 422, 424-425 296, 301 lithosphere 472, 474, 475 Main Caucasian Thrust 278, 279 mid-ocean ridge basalt 158, 173 conductivity 545 Main Uralian fault 27 trace element 169 folding 117-119, 124 seismic interpretation 436-437 mid-ocean ridge basalt, Palaeotethys 69, 70 profiles 23 suture 407, 414, 421,443 Mid-Polish Trough 375, 376 strength 117-119 Maksutovo Complex, radiometric age 409 Milankovi6 cyclicity 196 lithosphere structure, Svecofennia 561-562, Maksyutov Complex, subduction 421-422 mineralization 6 571-573 Maladiodella [trilobite] 513 volcanic activity 149, 150 lithosphere thickness 24, 31, 97 Maliac 62, 63, 64 Mobil Search, seismic survey 15 East European Platform 27-28 back-arc basin 70 Moesia terrane 85, 298-299 Iberia 229-230 ocean 73 Moesian Platform 298, 326, 391,392 Pannonian Basin 201,202 Malopolska Terrane 85, 293, 295 Moho depth 348, 566, 609 south Europe 25-26, 27-28, 31 Malta Trough 269 Adriatic 133, 134, 135, 138, 141 lithosphere, Baltica 459-460, 542-546 seismic profile 270 depth controls 43-45 lithosphere, East European Craton 291 Mamonia Complex 252 East Barent Sea 471,474 lithosphere, Fennoscandia 579-593 mantle conductivity 545 Fennoscandia 547, 548 lithospheric mantle composition 31-32, 117 mantle convection 156, 162 Liguria 133, 138 Lizard 45, 99, 333 mantle diaper 147, 162 NE Baltica 523, 528, 531,533 MORB 71 mantle discontinuity 553 Pannonian Basin 199, 200 ophiolite 394 mantle events, Svecofennia 566 103 293, 297, 300, 327 mantle experiments 542 post-Variscan 97, 98, 101,375, 376 Lizard-Rhenish suture 358 mantle model, East European Craton 611 seismic 104 London-Brabant Massif 45, 117 mantle 552 temperature 15, 102 strength of lithosphere 123 mantle plume 30, 46, 51 topography 131 - 134 Lower Rhine Graben 97 Archaean 632 Uralides 416 Lower Rhine Lineament 297 Cenozoic 115, 122, 123, 157 Moho offset 131,133, 138, 139, 141 Lviv slope, carbonate 456 rift-related 97, 101, 103 Tornquist Zone 300 Lycian domain 63 subduction-related 175, 181, 182 Moho reflector, TOR data 318- 319 ocean 66, 67, 75 Mesozoic 360, 380, 584 Mohorovirid discontinuity see Moho ophiolote 245, 246, 247 Palaeozoic, East European Craton 473 455 Lyciam nappes 64 mantle plume dynamics 345-355 Carboniferous 335, 336 lydites 70 mantle properties 542, 546-547 Cenozoic 193 Lysogory terrane 85 mantle reflector 15, 566 Permian 400 mantle structure 11-33, 549, 551 Moldanubian ocean 336, 337, 338, 339 magma mantle temperature 12-14 Moldanubian Terrane 100, 293,298, 305 geochemical characteristic 157-160 mantle wedge 410 Moldova carbonate platform 455, 456 subduction-related 158, 167-203 marginal ocean sequences 71-75 MONA LISA Working Group 19, 20, 25 magmatic fields Massif Central 101,336-338, 367-370 East European Craton 297, 299-301 Permo-Carboniferous 76, 48-49, 339 geophysical data 21 Mont Dore, Cenozoic volcanism 152 Oligocene 49 lithosphere thickness 24 Monte Vulture, magmatism 153, 174 magmatic underplating 547, 548, 551 lithosphere strength 123 Moravian Suture 300 magmatism, age 172 Permo-Carbioniferous trough 107 Moravicum 326 Carboniferous 99 uplift 149 Moscow Basin 449, 454, 457 Carboniferous-Permian 97, 101-102, Variscan basement 152, 155 inversion 460 104 volcanic activity 31, 51, 148, 152 isopachs 455 Cenozoic 4, 31, 114 mechanical strength of lithosphere 115-119 Mugodzhar-Khanty-Mansi ocean 71 Devonian-Carboniferous 6, 348, 349 Mediterranean basins 52 Mut Basin 270 Permo-Triassic 5 deformation front 263, 264, magmatism, Armorican Terrane 327 265, 265 Nagorskaya drilling project 508 magmatism, Cenozoic intraplate 147-162 264-265 nappes age 150-155 Mediterranean, geophysical model 28-29 Alpine and Carpathian 51 and basement uplift 155-157 mrlange 327, 410 Austroalpine 135, 199 geochemistry 157-160 east Mediterranean 239, 243,245,246 Helvetic 129 geodynamic setting 147-150 collapse of platform successions 240, 242 Lyciam 64 source 160-161 Tanaelv 592 Moravicum 326 magmatism, Greater Caucasus 280-282 Meliata 62, 63, 64 Pindos 68 magmatism, Variscan 359-362, 380-381 Meliata-Hallstatt ocean 72 Semail 69 distribution map 360 melilite 151, 152, 161, 174, 181 NARS seismic profile 20 foreland 359 melting curves 160 Neogene basins, Iberian Peninsula 223, Germany 361 Menderes Massif 390 226, 227 Iberia and west Mediterranean 362 Mersin ophiolite 245, 247 Neogene uplift 113, 114 Massif Central 362 Mesozoic basins, east Mediterranean 263-268 Neoproterozoic accretion 484-486 Scotland Midland Valley 361 Messinian salt 264, 268, 270 Neoproterozoic subduction 392

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Neotethys 5, 59, 104, 130, 399 passive margin (Oman-type) 235-237, 238, thermomechanical modelling 207-219 active margin 249, 251,252 240, 244 296, 328 closure 283 volcaniclastic sediments 249, 250 break-up 299, 303 evolution 70-71 orogenic chains 224 Pantelleria, magmatism 153, 174 mrlange 244, 245 orogenic magma 168, 178, 181 Panthalassic Ocean 86, 87, 359 nomenclature 66-69 orogenic wedge 191,203 Paphlagonian Ocean 71 opening 358, 359 Oslo Graben 47-48 [trilobite] 326, 513 ophiolite emplacement 237, 238, 248 Oslo Rift 365-367 stages, 195 reconstructions 61-68 geophysics 376 Paris Basin 50, 104, 119, 376 rift 50 Palaeozoic 27-28 magnetic anomaly 49 rotation 253 post-Variscan reactivation 380 subsidence curve 106, 107 nephelinite 150, 151, 152, 161 rheological model 377, 378 Parnassus block 239 Nevadella [trilobite] 513 sedimentary fill 363 partial melting 158 New Red Sandstone 94 volcanism 360-361 and conductivity 542 NFP transect, Alps 134, 136, 139, 143 and velocity 156 seismic profiles 130, 132, 135, 142, 131 PACE network 300 Partnach Basin 72 Nicholsonella [trepostom] 513 Pagetiellus [trilobite] 513 passive margin 6, 120, 123,359 Nordaustlandet Terrane 507-508 Palaeocene volcanic activity 148 Arabia 237 Normannian complex 300 palaeogeography Caledonian collision 320 North Aegean Trough 272 Baltic Basin, Silurian 458-459 East European Craton 327, 328, 475-476 North African plate margin 247 Devonian 464 east Mediterranean 267, 272 272 East European Craton depocentres 451 Eurasian Arctic 509 North Atlantic 120 Laurussia 394 inversion 122 rift system 59 Oman ophiolite 239 Neoproterozoic 313 opening 51-52 Palaeotethys 398, 399 ophiolites 235-237, 238, 240, 244 uplift 123 Permian 355-359 Ordovician 486 North Danish Basin 47-50 Tethys 399 peri-Tornquist 449-454, 457 North Danish-Polish Trough 117 Palaeolenus [trilobite] 513 passive rift 27-28, 30 North German Basin 356, 360, 378 palaeomagnetism 193 inversion 208, 209 North Kara Terrane 508, 510-513, 515 Neotethys rotation 253 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Profile sedimentary succession 512 plate reconstruction 83-94 17, 26 suture 511 Palaeoproterozoic basement 389 Pechora Basin 470-472, 522-525, North Sea Rift System 29, 50, 117, 123 Palaeotethys 5, 57, 58, 94, 99 531-534 North Sea subsidence 52 accretionary complex 75 igneous rocks 533 Northern Permian Basin 49, 355, 363, 365 closing 358, 359 sedimentary cover 533 Northumberland graben 45-46 forearc sequence 69-70 Pelagian block 268, 269, 270, 272 Norwegian-Greenland Sea 508 mid-ocean ridge basalt 69 delamination 273 Novaya Zemlya 509-510 nomenclature 66-69 Pelagonian carbonate platform 240, 241 nuclear explosion, Murmansk-Kizil 523 opening 333, 337, 339, 359, 357 Pelgonian terrane 59, 390 ophiolite emplacement 237-238, 239 Peltura [trilobite] 513 obduction palaeogeography 398, 399 Penninic front 368 Apulian plate 153 reconstructions 60-68, 91-93 Periadriatic Line 200 Beja-Acebuches 348, 351 sequence in Iran 69 magmatism 171, 172, 177-179 Lizard complex 300 subduction 59, 281 Periadriatic Lineament 140 Saxo-Thuringian ocean 338 Palaeozoic orogens 19-28 Peri-Caspian Basin 451-452, 456-457, Urals 423, 424 Panafrican deformation 468 -470 Occam model 547 see peridotites 30, 158, 160 Ocean Island Basalt 157, 172, 174, 177, 179, 181 PANCARDI project 192, 207 mantle temperature 15 oceanic spreading 487-490 57, 86, 104, 355,359, 416 peri-Uralian basins 449-451,456-457 octupole component 86 break-up 5, 50, 75, 266, 363 Permian basin evolution 355-381 512 formation 293 Permian basins (Silurian) 455 reconstruction 92-93, 94 basin fill 355, 362 Oligocene volcanic activity 149 Pannonian Basin 4, 29-30, 52, 117 chronology 363 Oligocene-Miocene continental deposits 226, 227 crustal thickness 200 development 376-380 olistolith 71 extrusion tectonics 202 367-370 olistostrome 72, 227, 283, 398 geophysical data 21, 23 Iberian succession 373, 374 see also debris flow deposit lithosphere strength 123-124 isopach maps 364 conductivity 547 lithospheric structure 200-202 magmatism 358 Oman-type ophiolite 235-238, 240, 244, 253 lithosphere thickness 24, 201, 202 marine deposits 373 sedimentary cover 244 magmatism 179, 181, 195, 196-198 modelling and basin history 376-379 ophiolite 4, 71, 72, 398 MORB diagram 173 palaeogeography 355-359 Anatolides 63 pre-Neogene basement 194 rifting 379-380 Arabian 69 seismic reflection section 197, 199 syn-rift sequence 71 Archaean 565, 627, 632-634, 640 stratigraphy 195, 196-198 Switzerland 367, 368 Baer-Bassit 271 tectonic framework 192-193, 195 Variscan foreland (externides) 360, 362-367 Balkan 238-244 topography 215 Variscan internides 367-374 Bay of Islands 235 volcanic deposits 195 Permian orogens 5 Croatian 73 volcanism, Cenozoic 152, 154 Permian peri-glacial fauna 71 Guevgueli 248 Pannonian, basin evolution 207-208 Peronopsis [trilobite] 326 Palaeozoic 70, 99, 286, 356 back-arc extension 170 Perunica (Bohemia) 85, 89, 293 Uralides 515 deformation 198-200, 214-216 petrogenesis, Cenozoic magma 178-182 ophiolite obduction depositional environment 195, 196 Phlegrean Fields, volcanism 175 Apulian plate 153 formation 191-203 phonolite 152 Beja-Acebuches 348, 351 inversion 195-196, 208, 214, Piedmont-Ligurian ocean 129 Dinarides 59, 75 216, 219 Pindos 63-67, 70 ophiolite protolith, Bohemia 298 rifting 208-209 domain 73 ophiolite, east Mediterranean 235-254 Pannonian-Carpathian system nappe 68 active margin (Cordilleran-type) 237, lithosphere strength 213-215 ophiolite 238, 239, 242, 243 247-253 subsidence 208, 209, 211,212 Pindos Zone 390 collision-trench 235-237 stretching 209, 210, 214, 216-217 plate margin, Anatolia 389

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plate reconstruction 57, 498 Rayleigh wave 313, 315, 317, 552, 553 magmatism Armorican Terrane Assemblage 325 Rechnitz window 193 calc-alkaline magmatism 178, 179 84, 87-93 reconstruction see plate reconstruction intraplate 153, 155 Carboniferous 91, 92 57, 58, 293, 327, 333, 349 Sarmatian terrane 605-606, 617 Cretaceous 225 suture 46, 83, 88-89, 327, 359 map 7 Gondwana 84, 87-91 Rheic Suture 297, 299, 300 Saros Trough 272 Neotethys 60-68, 83-94 Rhenish Massif 97, 336 Saxo-Thuringian Basin 100, 335 Ordovician 88-89 volcanic centre 51 ocean closure 336, 338, 339 Palaeotethys 60-68, 91-94 Rheno-Hercynian Belt 45 Saxo-Thuringian Suture 300 Pangaea 92-93 Rheno-Hercynian Ocean 58, 71,334, 375 Saxo-Thurngian terranes 297, 305 Permian 5, 92, 93 subduction 336, 338 Scandian event 293 Permian-Triassic 359 Rheno-Hercynian Shelf 45 Scandian orogeny 455, 460, 509 485 Rheno-Hercynian suture 48, 103 Scandinavian basin 453-454, 455 Silurian-Devonian 90, 91 Rheno-Hercynian terrane 85, 90, 93, 94 516 Tethys 60-67 rheology 116, 123,213-215,218, 319 as conductor 544 Urals 416 Rhine Graben 30, 150, 154 Schmidtiellius 296 Vendian 84 lithosphere thickness 24 Scythian Platform 3, 5, 7, 277, 279, 391,400 plate tectonic evolution 208 Rhine Rift System 117 sea-floor spreading 584-585,593 Precambrian 15 Rhinish Massif, volcanism 148, 150, 155 east Mediterranean 272 Svecofennia 571-573 Rhodes Basin, seisnfic profile 272 sedimentary basins 470-472 Urals 424 Rhodope Massif 398, 399 East European Craton 449-460 Variscides 334, 336, 351 dome 362 subsidence curves 450, 453, 454 plateau basalt 152 rift basin 49-59 Iberia 225, 226-227 platform carbonates Norwegian 120, 121 sedimentary sequence 493, 490-493 Palaeozoic 450 Permo-Triassic 5, 7 Eurasian Arctic 508, 511-513 and ophiolites 240-242, 245, 249 rifting 104-105, 333, 488-490 Permian basins 362-374 platinum-bearing belt, Urals 443-447 Caucasus 278, 280-282 Permo-Triassic 491 playa lake 363 Cenozoic 99 Proterozoic 529, 530, 531,533 Plinian eruption 150 and magmatism 149-150, 154 sedimentary succession, post-rift volcanic activity 149 Cretaceous-Palaeocene 50-51 Greater Caucasus 282-283 plume activity 379 East European Platform 18 seismic activity, Vrancea 201,213, 216 plume induced magmatism 328 Fennoscandia 583-585 seismic data/studies 6 plume-related structures 20 Levantine Basin 266-267, 272 East European Craton 15-17, 608-615 geophysical data 21 and lithosphere strength 121 Fennoscandian Shield 547-554 Po basin 29 maps 47-48 Iberia 346-348, 351 Po Plain 131, 153 Mesozoic 266 NW Russia 523-525 Podlasie basin 449 Neotethyan 264, 270, 271 Strait of 269-270 Poland, seismic profile 375-376 Palaeozoic 27-28, 463-476 Urals 27 transect 303 Pannonian Basin 208 Variscides 25 POLAR seismic profile 583 Strait of Sicily 268-270, 272 seismic profile Polish Basin 364-365 Triassic 223, 400 Antalya Basin 271 cross-section 365 Urals 450-451,457 Baltic Basin 456 inversion 378-379 Variscan 358, 363, 376-380 Fennoscandia 582 Polish Trough 49-50 Ringkcbing-Fyn High 313, 314, 319 Ionian Basin 265 POLONAISE seismic survey Roccamonfina, mantle-source Levant margin 267 East European Craton crustal model 304, 304 contamination 179 Linosa Trough 269 Fennoscandia 6, 26, 313, 314 Rockall-Faeroe Bank 51 Malta Trough 270 Trans-European Suture Zone 318, 319 Rockall-Faeroe Trough 50 Pannonian Basin 197, 199 interpretation 375,608-615 3, 7, 296 Rhodes Basin 272 Pontes Basin 226 break-up 299, 303, 449-454, 457 Skagerrak Graben 367 Pontide volcanic arc 170 Roer Valley Graben 120 Urals foreland 429 Pontides 63, 93, 389-390, 391-396 roll back 35,273 seismic velocity and temperature 115 molasse, end-Variscan 400 Carpathians 210 seismic, deep sounding Caucasus 278 suture 393 Pannonian Basin 191, 193, 202, 203 Semail nappe 69 Pontides, Karakaya Complex 238, 249, 250 Roman province 174 Semail Ocean, subduction 71 pop-up structure 226 Romanian Terrane 298 Semail ophiolite 235,244 potential field data 521-522 Rondonian event 323, 326, 328 serpentinite 123,243, 251 Precambrian 422 Rondonian-type crust 296, 305 Urals 407, 423 lithosphere 11-17 rotation Severnaya Zemlya archipelago 511, 512, see also Archaean, Neoproterozoic and Baltica 447 513, 515 Proterozoic East European Craton 293 wave velocity 6 Precordillera Terrane 87 Neotethys 253 Shelvian deformation 297 Proterozoic crust, East European Craton 606-608 Troodos 251 soft collision 301 Protoatlantic 99 Rotliegend 363, 365, 366 Shemshak basin Iran 59 pull-apart basin 101, 195 depth to base (Upper) 365 shield volcano 150 pull-apart structure 361 volcanism 376 shoshonite 99, 181 Cornwall 380 Russia, northwest 507, 508 Pyrenees 65 geological provinces 525, 528 Siberian terrane 86 Carboniferous-Permian rocks 373 geophysical provinces 522 Siberian traps 94 225 geophysical studies 541 Sibumasu Terrane 87 geophysical data 22 state geophysical company 524 Sicily lithosphere thickness 24 intraplate magmatism 153, 155 rift 75 Saalian 362 270 volcanism 372 Saar-Nahe Basin 49, 370, 371 Silurian collision 328 pyroclastic deposits 153, 154 Saar-Nahe Trough 103 Sitia microcontinent 73 Permian 361 sabkha 365 Skagerrak Graben 363, 365, 366, 367 Sakarya domain 72 slab detachment 28, 29, 47-49, 52 Racha-Lechkhumy Fault 278, 279, 283 Sakarya Zone 328, 389-391, 395-397, 400 Alpine arc 139, 143 radiolarites 238, 240, 243 Sakmara arc 447 Alpine 157, 167, 176, 181 Ran Ocean 86 salt see Cenozoic rift 97, 101

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Iberia 51 Uralian 1,414, 415, 443 thermal sag basin 49-50, 107 magmatism 169, 175 Variscides 333, 334 thermal structure 116 Pannonian 52, 191,192, 196, 202 suture zones 356, 357 thermal subsidence Permian 379 suture, East European Craton 299-300 intra-cratonic basins 44-45, 50 Rheno-Hercynian 99, 103 Svecofennia, geological map 563 Pannonian Basin 195 seismicity 170 Svecofennian orogen 561-574 Rotliegend 363 Variscides 351,358 Svecofennian Province thermal subsidence and rifting 104-105 slab extrusion, Urals 423 geophysical data 21-22 thermal thickness 30 slab roll-back 57, 59, 60, 62, 167, 171 lithosphere thickness 24 thermal thinning 124 see also roll-back SVEKALAPKO 313, 320, 521-536, 579 thermal-mechanical controls on Alpine slope stability 219 participants 555 deformation 113-123 soft collision 291,293, 297, 301 Sweden, TOR project 314 thermo-mechanical model Solenopleura [trilobite] 513 Switzerland, Permo-Carboniferous basin 367 Pannonian- Carpathian system 207 - 219 Sorgenfrei Line 47 Permian basins 377 Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone 291,301,300 Tagil arc 422, 424-425 thermotectonic age 118-119 South Hewett Lineament 297 arc-continent collision 407-408, 410 thickness of lithosphere 12, 16, 20, 24, 156 South Portuguese Zone 351 crustal structure 414-415 Variscides 25 Southern Pennine Basin 49, 355, 359, 363, 376 platinum-bearing belt 421 thickness, Variscan crust 103, 104 crustal thinning 102-104 seismic 437 thinning of crust 44, 49-50 Spain, Cenozoic volcanism 153, 155 Taimyr Terrane 510, 515, 516 tholeiite 150, 153, 162, 174, 243 spinel (xenolith) 161 geology map 511 Archaean 630-634 Sporades Trough 272 Tajo Basin 226-227, 228, 231 tholeiitic basalt 172, 421 Srednogorie arc 61, 62-63 Tauern Window 136, 140, 193, 200, 201 Thor Suture 313, 314, 317, 319, 320 Strandja Massif 389, 391,395, 397 Tauric- 64 East European Craton 297, 299-300, accretionary complex 398 Tauride carbonate platform 245, 246 301,304 152, 177 Tauride ophiolite 247, 248, 249, 252 Thor-Tornquist suture 45 strength and deformation 115-119 Tavas Nappe 69 thrust faults 284 in 121 tectonic evolution 11-33,488 thrust systems, Iberia 224, 226 strength lithosphere Pannonian-Carpathian tectonic map Thulean flood basalt province 122 213-215 Anatolia 392, 393 Timan Range 523, 524, 525, 530-531 strength map 118, 208 east Mediterranean 236, 237, 266, 390 seismic profile 533 strength models 116 Europe 1, 12 Timanian Ocean 449 stress field 123,214, 216, 218-219, 284 Fennoscandia 580-581 suture 452 map 115 Greater Caucasus 280 Timanian Orogeny 3-4, 86, 532 strike-slip faults 284 Urals 422 470, 507-516, 530 Pyrenees 370 tectonic units 483 Timanides 1, 4, 5, 6 Stromboli, volcanism 174, 175, 179 tectono stratigraphy Tisza-Dacia terrane 193, 194, 200, 202 structure, Greater Caucasus 278 Evia ophiolite 240, 241 extrusion tectonics 202 structure, Pannonian Basin 194 Lycian ophiolite 245, 246, 247 tomography 6, 11, 13, 16 subduction 358 Mersin ophiolite 245, 247 Fennoscandia experiment 549-554 Cenozoic 29-30 Oman ophiolite 236 high-resolution teleseismic 129-143 Carboniferous 489 Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone 27, 33,314 lower lithosphere structure 137-138 Palaeotethyan 69 East European Craton 291,300 mantle model 136, 137 subduction and conductive material 546 Tekirova ophiolite 251 thermo-mechanical controls 119 subduction and ophiolite emplacement 235, 236 temperature, mantle 12-14 see also TOR project active margin (Cordilleran-type) 247-253 terrane analysis 293-294 topographic map mid-ocean ridge 237, 238, 240, 243 terrane defined 389 East European Craton 483 suprasubduction zone 237, 239-240, 245 terrane reconstruction see plate reconstruction Europe 114, 148 subduction polarity 167,201,203,327, 349 terranes 84, 498 southeast 483 Bohemia 298 Caledonide 1 Greater Caucasus 278 Western and 139-140, 143 East European Craton 291-293,602-606 Iberian Peninsula 228 subduction processes 167-203 Fennoscsandian Shield 564-565,568, 569 Netherlands 120 active zones 170, 175 terranes, timing of break-up topography and tectonics 337 zones and migration 170 Vendian-Permian 84 Alpine deformation 113, 114, 123 subduction relicts 553 TESZ see Trans-European Suture Zone Greater Caucasus 284 subduction zones Tethyan collision zone 154 Iberian Peninsula 223, 227-231 Avalonia 329 Tethyan inversion 50 Pannonian Basin 215, 216 Calabrian-Hellenic arcs 264 Tethyan Ocean 223,396-399 Variscan 338 247 closure 400 TOR project 313-319, 320 European plate 134 evolution 65-75 314, 315, 319 Fennoscandia 585-589 Tethyan oceans 359 P-wave travel time residuals 316 Kazakhstan 26 age of 398 intraplate magmatism 156 Palaeoproterozoic 12, 15 reconstructions 60-67 lithosphere thickness 24, 31 Uralides 421-424 Tethyan ophiolite 239, 248 seismic experiment 551, 552 Variscides 338, 339 Tethys rift system 59 seismic, Pannonian Basin 200-202 subduction zone, properties of 19 Tethys suture 68, 277 seismograph location 314 subduction-related magmas 178 thermal age 208, 215 subduction and magmatism 171, 176, subsidence curve 105, 106-107 thermal anomaly 156, 376 177, 180 Norwegian margin 122 thermal data 16, 17 tomography experiment 18, 32-33 Pannonian- Carpathian 211, 212 Uralides 26 Tornquist Ocean 83, 88, 89 Pechora Basin 450, 453 thermal decay curve 99 293,296 subsidence modelling 105 thermal destabilization 101, 103, 107 closure 299, 301 Sudetian Phase 356 thermal evolution and tiffing 120 Tornquist Zone 325, 358 sulphide deposits 349, 351,634 thermal model 15, 16, 551 inversion 319 as conductor 542, 545 lithosphere thickness 24, 26, 27-28, 31 subduction 326-327 suture 45, 99, 459 southern Europe 30 TOR data 314, 316, 317, 318, 320 Belarus 605 Variscides 25 Tornquist-Sorgenfrei Line 49 Bohemian-Moldanubian 45 thermal regime Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone 377, 379 east Mediterranean 237, 238 Bohemian Massif 337 trace element ratio 158, 160 Iberia 348, 351 Palaeoproterozoic terranes 603 trace elements, data sources 157

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TRANSALP transect, Alps 117, 131, 136, Uralide orogen 444, 507 velocity indicating partial melting 156 138-143 Uralides 4, 6, 24, 26-27 velocity model seismic profile 130, 132, 135 Maksyutov Complex 421-422 EUROBRIDGE 612 working group 29, 200, 201 subduction and collision 421-425 Fennoscandia 549-550, 553, 554, 555 transects Uralides tectonism 409-417 velocity variation, P-wave 137, 138, Adriatic microplate 136 arc-continent collision 407-409 140, 142 Alps 131, 132, 141, 142 crustal features 434-436 Veneto province 153, 154 Avalonia- Rhenohercynian 302 folds and thrust belt 411-413,416-417 vent, volcanic 154 Caledonide 304 granitoid emplacement 411,413-415 Veporic nappe 75 Carpathian-Libyan 74 ocean closure 414-416, 443-447 Vestfold Graben 365, 366 Danube Basin 198 seismic profile 439 Vesuvius, volcanism 175 Dniepr-Donets Basin 466, 468 strike-slip faulting 411,413-416 Viking Graben 30 East European Craton 301, 302, 303 subduction 409-411 micro seismic activity 379 Fennoscandian Shield 567, 573, 582, Urals 26 Vivarais, Cenozoic volcanism 152 617, 618 geophysical data 21 Vogelsberg volcanic complex 150, 155, 162 German Variscides 305, 335 lithosphere thickness 24 volcanic arc 168 Greater Caucasus 279, 280 Urals foreland basin 533 volcanic fields 150-155 Iberian Massif 346, 347, 350 Urals seismic reflection survey 427-440 in Europe 148, 149, 151, 168 Lod~ve Basin 371 crustal root 439 Greater Caucasus 280-282, 285 Massif Central 369 crustal structure 433-438 Iberia 230, 231, 360, 372 Montagne Noire 369 mantle reflectors 438-439 Mid-German Crystalline High 327, 329 North Sea 304 URSEIS seismic survey 407, 408, 411,421,422 Norwegian margin 122 Pechora Basin 472, 510, 534 interpretation 414-416 Oman 240 Peri-Caspian Basin 469 seismic profile 20, 26 Polish Basin 364 Polish Trough 365 Vardar zone 247 Sarmatia 617 Valais ocean (Alpine Tethys) 129 volcanicity 349-351 southern France, Permian Basin 371 Valence graben 114 Cenozoic 154-155 Svecofennia 567 Valencia Trough 226, 227, 230, 231 chronology 150 Timan Range 534 Vardar 64-66 Permian 365, 376 Urals 410, 412, 413, 415, 422 Vardar Ocean 170, 248, 253 Tremadoc 513 Variscan 303, 305 subduction 59, 61-63, 65, 67, 75 Permo-Carboniferous 102 Trans-European Suture Zone Mesozoic-Cenozoic 176 Variscan 335, 336, 360-361,362 Baltica 516 volcanism 247, 248 volcanoes, active 153, 174, 175,280 East European Craton 291 Vardar zone volcanism 247-253 Volgo-Uralia 7 Trans-European Suture Zone 11, 83, 364 variation diagrams 158-160, 161 Vosges magmatism 148, 151,338 defined 1-2 Carpathian-Pannonian region 173, 180 Vosges-Black Forest arch 52, 53, 97 location 5, 7, 12 Variscan cycle 43, 45, 57 Voykar massif 443,447 dispersal, peri-Tethyan 299 Variscan Deformation Front 98, 100, 356, 363, 375, Vrancea slab 196, 202 gravity 17 376 Vulcano, volcanism 174 seismic velocity 18 Variscan foreland 305 Vulsini, mantle source contamination 179 crustal thickness 18, 22 Variscan orogen 97, 333-340 crystalline crust 375 Cenozoic Rift System 97-101, 104 wedge structures, lower crust 134-135 lithosphere properties 18-24 Balkans and Black Sea 399-400 wedges, orogenic 62 lithosphere, deep 313,319, 362 Iberia 345-351 Wessex Basin 50 Palaeozoic accretion 323 Variscan orogeny, 277, 325, 327, 355-359 West Ny Friesland Terrane 507 transform fault, Strait of Sicily 270 East European Craton 297 Westerwald volcanic activity 150, 155 transpression 6 compression rate 357 Whin Sill Complex 361,381 Variscan 345-351 final stage 372 Wilson cycle 277, 584 Transylvanian Basin 202, 215- 216 fracture system 359 wrench faults 268, 380, 416 Cenozoic volcanism 152 lithosphere 379 Carboniferous-Permian 45, 48 trapdoor basin 49, 101 magmatism 359-362 Cenozoic Rift System 97, 99, 100-102 trench-passive margin collision 247 Massif Central 367 map of Europe 48, 49 Triassic basin, isopach map 105 molasse 335, 336, 400 trilete spores 93 plate configuration 359 xenolith 12, 13, 15, 381,590 trilobite provinciality 89, 298 reactivation 103 anorthosite 302 328, 513 suture 357 Cenozoic Rift System 103 Troodos ophiolites 235, 247, 252, 253 tectonic map 356 crustal 361,380 rotation 251 unroofing 101, 102 garnet 196 Tulcea Terrane 298 Variscan plate model 334, 335, 339 lherzolite 25, 161,553 389-410 Variscan terranes mantle 31, 156, 361,551,554 Tyrrhenian Basin 272 boundaries 102 ultramafic 172, 176 collision chronology 348-350 Xystridura [trilobite] 513 11,463 cross-section 350 ultramafic complex 443-447 depositional history 348 unconformity Variscan thrusts, Germany 303 Zagrab Fault 193, line 201 Bathonian 281 Variscides (Hercynian) 20, 93, 333, 334, 337 Zechstein salt 365, 375, 379 Kan'on River 513 development 3-6 Zechstein Sea 59, 94 Oligo-Miocene 283 geophysical data 21 zircon age 326, 327, 333,336-338, 362 Pechora Basin 450 Himalayan-type and Andean-type 101 Anatolia 390, 392, 395, 396 Vendian 515 location map 1 Archaean 564, 632, 635 underplating 45, 574 lithosphere thickness 24, 19-28 Dnestr 457 magmatism 584 seismic model 25 East European Craton 292, 293, 296, 297 Upper Rhine Graben 51, 52, 97, thermal model 26 Fennoscandia 583, 586, 587, 588 103, 107 Variscides orogen 97 Proterozoic 532 Cenozoic tectonism 114, 120 terrane 100 see also isotope age Urach province 151, 159 VARNET seismic profile 24 zircon analysis, U-Pb 443-447 Uralian Ocean 515, 516 Velay, Cenozoic volcanism 152 zircon, detrital (Palaeozoic) 513 subduction 509 velocity 531-532 zircon, U-Pb isotope data 445, 446 86, 93, 476 TOR data 313-319, 320 zircons, inherited 380

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Edited by D. G. Gee and R. A. Stephenson

Europe provides an outstanding field laboratory for studying lithospheric processes through time, for tracing the tectonic evolution of crust and mantle from the present far back into the early Precambrian. Two things are particularly striking: the importance of during the Phanerozoic and through the Proterozic into the Archaean, and the significance of tectonic inheritance, older structures and rheologies guiding the younger evolution.

'European Lithosphere Dynamics' grew out of a major European Science Foundation programme, EUROPROBE, with participation of many hundreds of Earth scientists from all over Europe. The main research activities focused on specific target areas and involved integration of geological, geophysical and geochemical methods. Defining surface-depth relationships was a prerequisite for interpretation of the processes, present and past, responsible for the formation of the lithosphere.

This Memoir addresses the major features of the European lithosphere and is aimed at giving the reader an overview of their development and growth during three billion years of Earth history.

Visit our online bookshop: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop

Geological Society web site: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk

The European Science Foundation, International L~thosphcrc Programme and the Ncthcrlands Rescarch Centre for Integrated Solid Earth Sciencc arc thankcd for generous contributions towards production costs

Cover illustration: The Blue Next Generation from NASA's Earth Observatory. This image shows Europe in June 2004. For more information see: Stockli, R., Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon, R. 8 Herring, D. 2005. The Blue Marble Next Generation - A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/BIueMarble/bmng.pdf

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