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References Preface, Chapters 1, 2 and 3

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Tiiysiiz 0 (1990) Tectonic evolution of part of the Tethyside orogenic Whitney DL, Teyssier C, Fayon AK, Hamilton MA, Heizler M (2003) collage, the Kargi Massif, northern Turkey. Tectonics 5:1-33 Tectonic controls on metamorphism, partial melting, and intru­ Tiiysiiz 0 (1998) Geological map of Turkey, Sinop sheet, scale sion, timing and duration of regional metamorphism and mag­ 1:500 000 . Istanbul matism in the Nigde Massif, Turkey. Tectonophysics 376:37-60 Tiiysiiz 0 (1999) Geology ofthe Cretaceous sedimentarybas ins of Woodside, JM, Mascle J, Zitter TAC, Limonov AF, Ergiin M, the Western Pontides. Geol J 34:75-93 Vokhonskaya A, PRISMED II Science team (2002) The Florence Tiiysiiz 0,Dellaloglu AA,Terzioglu N (1995)A magmatic belt within Rise, the western bend of the Cyprus Arc. Mar GeoI185:177-194 the Neo- Tethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolu­ Yegorova TP, Kozlenko VG, Makarenko IB, Starostenko VI (1996) tion of northern Turkey. Tectonophysics 243=173-191 Tectonosphere ofthe Black Sea region: three-dimensional den­ Ustaorner T, Robertson AHF (1993) Late Palaeozoic-Early Meso­ sity model for the lithosphere of Europe. In: Volvovsky BS, zoic marginal basins along the active southern continental Starostenko VI (eds) Geophysical parameters of the lithosphere margin of Eurasia: evidence from the Central Pontides (Tur­ of the southern Sector of the Alpine orogen. Kiev, Naukova key) and adjacent regions. Geol J 28:219-238 Dumka, pp 873-892 (in Russian) Ustaorner T, Robertson AHF (1994) Late Palaeozoic marginal Yigitbas E, Elmas A, Yylmaz Y (1999) Pre -Cenozoic tectono­ bas in and subduction-accretion, the Paleotethyan Kiire Com ­ stratigraphic components of the western Pontides and their plex, Cent ral Pont ides, northern Turkey. J Geol Soc London 151: geological evolution. Geol J 34:55-74 291-305 Yylmaz Y,Tiiysiiz 0 , Yigitbas E, Can Gene S, Senger AMC (1997) Ustaorner T, Robertson AHF (1997) Tectonic-sedimentary evolu­ Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: Robinson tion of the north Tethyan margin in the Central Pontides of AG (ed) Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and northern Turkey. In: Robinson AG (Eed) Regional and petro­ surrounding region. AAPG Memoir 68:183-226 leum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. Am Yudin VV (1994) New model of Crimean geology. Priroda 6:28-31 Ass Petrol Geol Memoir 68:255-269 Yudin VV (1995) The foredeep suture of Crimea. Geol J 3-4:56-61 Ustadmer PA, Rogers G (1999) The Bolu Massif: remnant of a pre­ (in Russian) Early act ive margin in the west Pontides, northern YudinVV (1999)Structure and geodynamics of the Southern Crimea­ Turkey. Geol Mag 126:579-592 Northern Black Sea region. In: Shnyukov EV (ed) Geology and Vidal N,Alvarez-Maron J,Klaeschen D (2000) Internal configuration mineral products ofthe Black Sea. Kyiv,pp 61-68 (in Russian) of the Levantine Basin from seismic reflection data (eastern Zakariadze GS, Karpenko SF,Bazylev BA,Adamia ShA, Oberhansli Mediterranean). Earth Planet Sci Lett 180:77-89 RE, Soloveva NA, Lyalikov AV (1998) Petrology, geochemistry, VolvovskyBS,Starostenko VI (eds) (1996) Geophysical Parameters and Sm-Nd age of the pre-Late Hercynian paleooceanic com­ of the South Sector of Alpine Orogen. Naukova Dumka, Kiev plex of the Dzirula Salient, Transcaucasian Massif. Petrology (in Russian) 6(4) :388-408 (in Russian) Wdowinski S,Zilberman E (1996)Kinematic modeling oflarge-scale Zhu L, Mitchell BJ, Akyol N (2003) . The 2003 Western Anatolia structural asymmetry across the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonophysics Seismic Experiment: an integrated study of crust/upper man­ 266:187-201 tle structure and an isotropy in western Turkey (abstract). Weissbrod T, Sneh A (2002) Sedimentology and paleogeography of American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, S21C-03 the late Precambrian-earlyCambrian arkosic andconglomeratic Zonenshain LP, Le Pichon X (1986) Deep basins of the Black Sea facies in the northern margisn of the Arabo-Nubian shield. Geol and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins. In: Survey Israel Bull 87 Auboin J,Le Pichon X,Monin, AS (eds) Evolution of the Tethys. Whitney DL, Teyssier C, Dilek Y,Fayon AK (2001) Metamorphism Tectonophysics 123:l81-211 of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey, influ ­ Zonenshain LP, Kuzmin MI, Natapov LM (1990) Geology of the ence of orogen-normal collision vs. wrench-dominated tecton­ USSR, a plate tectonic synthesis. American Geophysical Un­ ics on P-T-t paths. J Met GeoI19:411-433 ion, Geodynamic Ser ies 21 Index

Note: This index refers to the printed volume only. Africa-Iberia corridor 49 African A -, -Arabian plate 1,28 -, margin 15,18,48 Abadeh 58 -, lithosphere slab 47 accretion - , location 49 -, oceanic 23 -, subducted slab 46 -, tectonic 28 - , paleomargins 6 activity -, plate 4, 7,13,18 -, magmatic 27 - , seismicity 15 -, tectonic 18 Agh-Darband 58 adjustment, isostatic 22 Ajat 58 Adria 7,58,77 Aladag-BoUkardag 58 -, block 44 Albania, paleofaults 60 -, continent 78 Albanian ophiolites 58 -, -Dinarides, boundary 26 Albanides (see also Dinarides-Albanides-Hellenides belt) 5,22,23 -, displacement 23 -, transect 57 -, length 57 Alboran 58 -, microplate 18 -, -Algerian basin, opening 44 -, position 77 - , basin 5 -, rotation 23 -, -Corsica-Sardinian domain 72 -, -Tizia plate 78 - ,domain 8 Adriatic 2 - , microplate 47,48, 57 -, Basin 5 -,region - , section 41 - , roll-back of oceanic lithosphere 47 -, domain, Mesozoic 7 -, slab roll-back 47,48 -, microplate 57 -, subduction of oceanic lithosphere 47 - , plate 38,45,57 -, tomographic interpretation 43 -, magnetic anomalies 15 -, Sea 3,6, 7,18,22 - , platform 5 -, Bouguer anomalies 11 - , region, wave-speed anomaly 38 -, magnetic anomalies 14 -, Sea 3,7 -, structure 7 -, heat flow 11 Alborz 58 -, structure 7 Algeria 6,7 -, sub-plate 5 - , east, wave-speed anomaly 38 Aegean Algerian -, arc 20,23 - , basin 3,6, 9, 11, 20, 47 -, area, seismicity 15 - , heat flow 11 -, back-arc domains 22 -, magnetic anomalies 14,15 - , basin, calcalkaline volcanism 27 -, salt diapirs 22 -,region -, section 39 -, seismic strain rate 16 -, structure 9 - , stress orientation 18 -, slab 50 -, Sea 3,8, 14,22 Algero-Provencal - , Bouguer anomaly 11,14 - , back-arc basin 7,73 -, geodetic velocity field 18 -, basin 11 - , heat flow 11 - , crustal and lithospheric structure 11 -, northern 8 -, lithospheric thickness 11 - , Pleistocene calcalkaline volcanism 27 Alpine -, seismicity 15 -, accretionary prism 73 -, stress orientation 18 - , chain, differences 77 -, structure 8 - , cycle 53 -, subduction zone 20 -,domain 78 Aeolian Islands 27 - , lateral displacement 77 Afghanistan 58 -, -Himalayan orogenic belt 1 Africa -, metamorphic belt 6 -, displacement and rotation 23 -, orogenic wedge 27,77 -, drift pattern 77 -, magmatic associations 27 128 Index

-, orogeny 1 - , subduction 31,45 - ,prism 72 - , central-southern 45 - , south 59 -, tomographic interpretation 42 -, Tethys 56,58, 66, 69, 71,78 -, cross section 38 - , as extension of the Central Atlantic 77 - , description 5 - , East, remnant 45, 51 - , -Maghrebides, subduction 9 -, 1 - , magmatic associations 27 -, rift 67 - , mantle structure 38 -, southward subduction 72 - , Neogene 23 -, spreading 67 - , northern - , subduction 45,73, 75 - , mantle structure 38 - , West, remnant 51,52 - , section 40 Alps 4, 23, 33 - , slab 51 -, -Apennines-Tyrrhenean region, sections 52 - , stress orientation 18 -, as orogenic model 1 -, subduction 45,52 - , Bouguer anomaly 11, 13 -, tomographic interpretation 42 -, Carnic 60 - , rocks 5 -, central - , sections 52 - , lithosphere thickness 4 -,segments 5 -, section 41 - , seismicity 15 -, description 4 - , slab 48,50 -, eastern 4, 68 -, southern -, lithosphere thickness 4 -, section 40 - , seismic strain rate 16 -, stress orientation 18 -, Insubric line 24 - , subduction, systems 47 -, Italian-French, seismicity 16 - , tomographic interpretation 33 - , mantle anomalies 38 - , uplift 20 -, North Calcareous 59 -, upper mantl e anomalies 38 - ,origin 4 - , wave-speed anomaly 38 - , pluton s 25 Apenninic - , sections 52 -, accretionary prism 72,73 -, seismic imagery 23 - , northern 73 -, Southern 4, 7 - , southern 73 - , subdivisions 4 - , -Maghrebian orogenic wedge 75 - , Swiss-French, seismicity 16 Apulia 4, 7,58 -, tomographic interp retation 33,42 - , -Adria problem 57 - , western 4 -, Greater, geodynami c evolution 60 -, lithosphere thicknes s 4 - , placing 53 - , stress orientation 18 Apulian Anatolia 9, 23,28 - , microplate 57 - , Bouguer anomal y 14 - , plate (see also African plate) 4,57 -, geodetic velocity field 18 - , platform (see also Adriatic platform) 5 - , heat flow 11 Apuseni 58 -, movement 18 Aquitaine 58 -, seismic strain rate 16 -, basin 4 - , stress orientation 18 Arabian plate, geodetic velocity field 18 -, western arc - , seismic strain rate 16 - , Cretan, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, seismicity 15 -, -trench, migration 21 Anatolian -, volcanic, Srednogorie 68 -, margin 6, 14 - , volcanism 47 -, -Tauric plate 80 area of rapid sedimentation 18 - , Taurus thrustbelt 22 Argoland 58 Anatolide-Tauride block 7 Armorica 58 anhydrite deposition 22 Arna accretionary complex 58 Ankara melanges 70 Arvi 58 anomaly Aspromont e 58 - , Betic-Alboran 38,47 association s, magmatic 27 - , Bouguer 11, 13 Assyrian-Zagros suture, seismic stra in rate 16 - ,map 13 Asterousia 58 - , free-air 11 -,nappe 80 - , gravity 15 asthenosphere, mobile 45 -, magnetic 14,15 Atlantic -, temperature 36, 37 -, central - , upper mantle 38 - ,opening 4 -, wave speed 36, 37 - , sea-floor spreading 66 Antalya 58 - ,North 69 - , convex zone 5 - , Alpine Tethys 1 - ,domain 80 Atlas 2 - , Gulf, subduction 16 - , Middle 3,59 Apennines 4, 5,7,21-23 -, mountains, Bouguer anomaly 13 - , Bouguer anomaly 11 - , Tunisian 3 - , -Calabria Attika 58 -, slab 38, 44, 46 Austro alpine 58 Index 129

-, accretionary wedge, northward vergence 72 -, Crimea-Svanetia back-arc 24 -, -Carpathian -, East Alboran 9 -, evolution 67 -, Eastern Mediterranean 56 -,prism 78 -,Ebro 4 -,system 67 -, Farah 58 -, Longobucco unit 70 -, Guadalquivir foreland 6 -,lower 58 -, Hallstatt-Meliata 64 -, western 59 -, back-arc 24 Austro -, Helvetic -, -Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian domain 45 -, Dauphinois 60 -, -Carpathian -,rim 58 - , domain 67 -, Ionian 1, 9, 46 - ,orogen 68 -, crust 9 Azores, seismicity 15 -, lithospheric thickness 11 -, Karakaya B -, forearc 58 - , -Kiire back-arc 24 Ba'id margin 58 - ,Koufra 58 back-arc -, Levant, lithospheric thickness 11 -, basin, opening 57 -, Ligurian 72 -, Crimea-Svanetia 24 -, Liguro- Provencal 8, 20, 45 -, Halstatt-Meliata 24 -, opening 44 -, Karakaya-Kiire 24 -, section 40 - ,Maliac 24 -, Lombardian 60 , 67, 77 - ,Pindos 24 - , flysch 70 -, extension 20 -, Magura rim 68 -, regions -,Maliac 64 -, passive margin development 20 -, back-arc 24 -, rifting 20 -, Mediterranean -, rifting 28 -, isolation 22 Baer Basit-Hatay ophiolites 58 -, magnetic anomalies 14 Baft ophiolite 58 -, Permian sea-floor spreading 57 Balearic -,sediments 28 -, block 9, 21 -, western 11 -, continental 11 -,Meliata 67 -, Islands 8, 49 -, Molasse foreland 77 -, microterrane 20 - , Mour souk 59 -,margin 49 - ,Owen 59 Balkan 63 -, Pannonian 3 Balkanic - , heat flow 11 -,orogen 78 -, wave-speed anomaly 38 -, orogenic event 78 -,Pindos 64 - ,suture 79 -, back-arc 24 Balkanides 4, 5, 58 -, closure 78 -, description 5 -, subduction 80 - ,domains 5 -, Po Band e Bayan 58 -, Bouguer anomaly 11 Band e Ziarat ophiolite 59 -, plain foreland basin 77 Band-e-Turkestan 58 -, Pre-Rif foreland 6 Bangong-Nuijang ophiolites 58 -, Provencal 3, 9, 20, 21 basalts - , heat flow 11 -, ocean ridge 27 -, structure 9 -, subalkaIine 27 -, Pyrenees basement, oceanic 79 -, foreland 4 bas in - , -Valais bas in -, Adriatic 5 - ,Reggan 59 -, section 41 -, Rhadames 59 -, Aegean , calcalkaline volcanism 27 -, Shemshak foreland 59 -, Albian rift 4 -, Sicanian 66 - ,Alboran 5 -, Subbetic 59, 60 -, Alboran-Algerian, opening 44 -, Subbrianconnais 60 -, Algerian 3,6,9,11,20,47 -, Taoudeni 59 -, salt diapirs 22 -, Tethyan , opening and closure 54, 55 -, Algero-Provencal -, Thrace 59 -, back-arc 7,73 -, Tindouf 59 -, crustal and lithospheric structure 11 -, Tyrrhenian 21 -, lithospheric thickness 11 - , calcalkaline volcanism 27 -, Aquitaine 4 -, generation 8 -, back-arc 1 -, lithospheric thickness 11 - , Bay of Biscay-Pyrenean 8 -, magnetic anomalies 15 -, Bechar 58 -, opening 44 -,Beykoz 58 -, section 40 - , Black Sea, back-arc 78 -,Valencia 43 -, Caspian 59 - ,Vienna 4 130 Index

Batain 58 break -up Bator-Szarvasko ophiolites 58 - , between North America and Greenland 69 Bayof Biscay 2, 24 - , Pangean 69 -, opening 4, 23 Brianconnais 58 -, -Pyrenean basin 8 -, domain, insertion in West Alpine domain 78 Bechar basin 58 -,margin 67 Bela 58 -, peninsula 69, 70 belt -, terrane 4,77,78 -,Alpine, metamorphic 6 Bruno-Vistulian 58 -, collisional 23 BS2000model 31,32, 43,52 -, fold-and-thrust (see fold-and-thrust belts) -, interpretation 33 -, Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan ophiolite 6 - , nonlinear inversion 32 -, orogenic -, parameterization 33 - , Alpine-Himalayan 1 Bucovinian 58 - , discrete 1 Budva 58 -, Pieniny Klippen 4 BUkk 58 -, thrust 5 Bulgaria 5,9 Benioff plane 8, 20 Burma 58 Bernina 58 Betic 58 c - , -Alboran -, anomaly 38, 47 Cadomia 58 - , mantle, imaged str ucture 33 Calabria 48,70 - , region, section 39 -, arc 20 - , slab 47-50,52 - , detachmen t gap 46 - , subduction 31 -, subduction zone 18,20 - , Cordillera 22,48 - , autochton 58 - , Bouguer anomaly 1l,13 -, microterrane 20 -, description 5 - , -Peloritani terra ne 3,5, 6, 9, 21,58 -, shortening 27 - , magnetic anomalies 15 - ,orogen 48 - , seismicity 16 -, -Rif -, subduction 16 -, -Alboran region 43 -, section 39 - , orocline 6, 7 - , slab 48,52 - , roll-back of oceanic lithosphere 47 -,subduction 38,46, 48 - , slab, geometry 48 -, tomographic interpretation 43 - , subduction of oceanic lithosphere 47 - , wave-speed anomaly 38 -, tomographic interpretation 43 Camargue 8 Bey Daglari 58,80 Campania-Lucania 58 - , massif 57 Campanian 6 Beykoz basin 58 Canary Islands 66 Beyshehir 58 Canavese 58 Bihar 58 Cantabria -Asturia 58 biostratigraphy 23 canyons, development 22 Birjan ophiolite 58 carbonatites 25 Biscay 58 Caribbean 1 -,ocean 69 Carnic Alps 60, 66 Bisitoun seamount 58 - , seismicity 15 Bitlis Carolina 58 -, suture 27 Carpathian -, -Zagros collision zone 18 - , orocline 20 Black - , orogen 68 -, Sea 3,5-7,9,24,28,63 Carpathian s 4, 23,77 - ,back-arc basin 78 - , Bouguer anomaly II -, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, description 4 - , flooding 22 - , Eastern 68 -, heat flow II -,Inner 4 - , isolation 22 - , Outer 4, 23 -, Late Cretaceous opening 68 - , Romanian sector 4 -, structure 7,9 -, subduction 16 block Caspian - , Adria 44 -, north 59 - , Balearic 21 - , Sea 24 -,continental II Catalan Coast Range 3 -, Corsica-Sardinian 13 Catalonian Coast Range 7 -, tilted 22 Caucasus 6,63 blueschists 4 Central Atlantic 66, 67 borehole breakout s 18 - , opening 67 Bosnia 58 - , rift 57 Bouguer anomalies n , 13 Central Massif, seismicity 16 - , map 13 Cetic 58 boundary, Adria-Dinarides 26 Chagai arc 58 Bozdag-Konya forearc 58 Chain, Iberian 2,3 Bracco ophiolitic ridge 72 Channel 58 Index 131

Chehel Kureh oph iolite 58 -, reflection-seismic 28 Chios-Karaburun region 60 - , stratigraphic 53 Chortis 58 deforestation 28 Chuchi 58 deformation Cimmerian -, Cimmerian 63 - , collisional -, front, submarine 3 -, deformation 24 Denizgoren ophiolite 58 -, orogeny 24 Dent Blanche 58 -, composite terrane 24 deposits, Messinian 1 -, continent 24 deta chment -, northward drift 57 -, hypothesis 46 - , cycle 53 - , zone 45 -, deformation 63 development, microplate 28 -, event 60, 62 dewatering 22 -,orogen 65 diapir -, tectonic elements 24 - ,mud 22 -, terrane 24,53,78 - , salt 22 Ciotat flysch 58 Dinaride-Hellenide margin, passive 67 circum-Rhodope 58 Dinarides Codru 58 - , -Albanides collision, continent-continent 1 - , uplift 20 complex, accretionary 7 - , -Hellenides belt 5,7 - ,Arna 58 - , -Hellenides 23,58 -, Mamonia 59 - , Oligocene magmatism 27 -, western-Crete 59 -, ophiolites 58 concept -, orogenic wedge, magmatic associations 27 -, plate tectonic 60 - , seismicity 15 -, single Tethys 23 -, southern, seismic strain rate 16 continent-continent collision 28 -, subduction zone 57 convergence displacement, lateral 80 - , Mesozoic 2 Dizi accretionary complex 58 - , Paleogene 2 Dniepr-Donetz rift 58 core complexes, metamorphic 22 Dobrogea 58 Corinth-Patras rift 8 domain Corsica 9 - , Adriatic, Mesozoic 7 -, magnetic anomalies 15 - , Aegean back-arc, exposure of metamorphic core complex 22 -, rifted margins 20 - , Alboran 8 Corsica-Sardinia 48 -, -Corsica-Sardinian 72 - , block 5,9, 11,13 - , Alpine 78 -, magnetic anomalies 15 -, lateral displacement 77 -, margin, magnetic anomalies 14 -, Antalya 80 craton, African 1 -, Austro-Alp ine-Carpathian-Pannonian 45 Cretaceous Oceans 69 -, Austro-Carpathian 67 Cretan - , Balkanides 5 - , are, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, Brianconnais, insertion in West Alpine domain 78 - , Sea, Bouguer anomaly 14 - , Cycladic 80 Crete 3, 60, 80 -, Helvetic 68 -, -Cyprus arcs 9 -, Iberia 44 Crimea 2,3 -, Iberia-Africa-Adria 44 -, -Svanetia back-arc basin 24 - , Kiire 68 crisis, Messinian 28 - , Ligurian-Adria 45 cross section - , Lycian 78 -, lithospheric 80 -, Maghrebian 6 -, technique 23 - , Mediterranean 1, 2 crust -, lithosphere 7 -, continental, extension 22 -, marine basins 7 -, European, pre-orogenic thinning 4 -, paleogeographic reconstruction 24 -, structure 11 - , paleotectonic evolution 53 crystalline massifs 77 -, Meliata-Maliac 67 Cyclades 80 -, closure 72 Cycladic domain 80 - , Neotethyan 56 Cyprus 3,57 - , oceanic 1 - , Arc, magnetic anomalies 15 -, neotethyan 2 -, Bouguer anomaly 11,14 -, Paleotethyan 56 -, magnetic anomalies 15 - , Pontides 61 - , seismic strain rate 16 - , Pyrenean 69 - , closing 69 D - , Sesia, metamorphism 70 -, Taurides 61 Dacides 58 -, Tethyan Dalmatian coast, magnetic anomalies 15 -, geodynamic evolution 53 data -, -Mediterranean domain, palinspactic reconstructions 24 -, palaeobiogeographic 53 -, Valais 77> 78 -, paleomagnetic 23,60 - , closing 78 132 Index

-,Vardar 77 F -, closure 72 -, Variscan 53 Falknis nappe 78 - , West Tethys 53 Fanuj 58 Domar 58 Far East I, 24 Dras-Naktol arc 58 Farah basin 58 Drina- Ivanjica 58 Fatric 58 DSDP/ODP sites 1 fault Durance valley,seismicity 16 -, active 79 Durmitor 58 - , listric 22 dynamics, global 18 - , North Anatolian 1,8 Dzirula 58 -, -slip analysis 18 -, transform 79 E fauna, benthic 23 field, magnetic 14 Earth, structure 31 Flamish cap 58 earthquake (see also seismicity) 15,18 Flooding 22 -, focal depths 16 fluid -, focal mechanisms 18 -, pore-pressure evolution 20 East Alboran basin 9 -, transfer 20 East Algeria slab 52 fold-and-thrust belt 2,6,28 East European Platform 3 -, Apenninic, magnetic anomalies 15 Eastern Mediterranean -, Dinaric, magnetic anomalies 15 -, basin -, Mediterranean 2 -, geophysical characteristics 56 Fore-Balkan 5 -, opening 56 foredeep, peri-Adriatic 5 -, -Ionian sea basin, opening 56 foreland basin - , -Neotethys Connection 56 -, Guadalquivir 6 -,Ridge 22 - ,Pre-Rif 6 Eastern-Alp s-Dinarides-Pannonian system, positive anomaly 52 fossils, pelagic 23 Ebro basin 4 fracture Egypt, magnetic anomalies 15 -, development 20 Elba Island, exposure of metamorphic core complexes 22 -, drilling-induced 18 equilibrium, isostatic 56 free-air anomaly 11 Eratosthen 58 Eratosthenes G -, seamount, magnetic anomalies 15 -, trench, magnetic anomalies 15 Gandese arc 58 eruption, volcanic 18 Gargano 7 Esfandareh ophiolites 58 Gascogne 58 estimates, paleobathymetric 23 - , -Cuvierland 58 Eurasia 1,53 Gavrovo-Tripolitza 58 Eurasian Gemeric 58 - , margin 24, 57 geodynamics, 2-D approach 80 - , plate 1,2,28,45 geology, Tethyan 56 -, seismicity 15 Getic 58 Europe Geydag-Anamas-Akseki 58 -, heat flow 11 Gibraltar -,Variscan 4 -, arc (see also Betic Cordillera and Rij) 5, 6, 11, 20, 23 European - , exposure of metamorphic core complexes 22 -, continental -, orocline 20 -, lithosphere 52 -, seismicity 15 - ,margin 77 -, strait, closure 22 - , crust, pre-orogenic thinning 4 -, stress orientation 18 - , Hunic terranes 60 -, subduction 16 - , margin 4,38, 69, 77 Giessen 58 -,Moho 4 gliding, gravitational 22 - , passive margin 77 global -, plate 2, 4, 18,23 -, tomography model BS2000 (see BS2ooo) 32 evaporites 1 -, warming, key analogues 18 event Gondwana 1,53,57,60,71 -, Cimmerian 62 Gondwanan margin 24 -, magmatic 53 Gory-Sovie 58 -, orogenic, Balkanic 78 GPS 16,17 -, Pietra Verde 65 Grand Banks 58 - , Taconic 60 gravity 11 -, tectonic 53 -, anomal ies 15 evolution -, field 11 - , Cenozoic, reconstruction 44 - ,map 13 -, geodynamic 72,7l>78 Greater Apulia 80 -, paleotectonic 53 Greater Caucasus 2,58 - ,map 21 Greece -, Phanerozoic,western Tethyan region 53 - , paleofaults 60 -, pre-Cenozoic, reconstruction 44 -, subduction zone 20,57 Index 133

greenhouse effects, key analogues 18 intra-Pontides 58 Guadalquivir foreland basin 6 inversion, nonlinear, BS2000 32 Guleman ophiolites 58 Ionian 58 Gulf of Biscay 69 - , basin 1,46 Gulf of Corinth 20 - ,crust 9 Gulf of Genoa 4 -, lithospheric thickness 11 Gulf of Lions 2, 8, 9 -, -Libyan Sea 9 -, heat flow 11 -, structure 8 - , salt diapirs 22 -, rift 57 Giimiishane-Kelkit 58 -,Sea 2,3,7, 14,24, 73 gypsum, deposition 22 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, crustal and lithospheric structure 11 H - , floor 57 -, geophysical characteristics 56 Hadim 58 - , heat flow 11 Hallstatt-Meliata basin 24,64 -, magnetic anomalies 15 Harz 58 -, seismostratigraphy 57 heat flow 11,15 -, subduction zone 8 - , data 10 -, zone, paleofaults 60 Hellenic Iran 24,53 - , -Aegean orogen, magmatic associations 27 Iranshar ophiolite 58 - v arc Ishim-Ishkeolrnes 58 -, Bouguer anomaly 11 island are, Paikon 59 -, subduction 15,16 isochrone, synthetic 53 -, -trench system 22 Israel -, subduction zone 18 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, trench 8 -, magnetic anomalies 15 Hellenides (see also Dinarides-Albanides-Hellenides belt) Istanbul 58 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 -,Zone 6,9 Helvetic Istria 7 -, Dauphinois basin 60 Italian-French Alps, seismicity 16 - ,domain 68 Italy 7 - ,margin 69 -, southern, subduction zone 20 -, partial inversion 77 -, western, section 41 -, shelf 77 Izrnir-Ankara Hercynian European lithosphere, magmatic associations 27 -, -Erzincan ophiolite belt 6 Herodotus abyssal plain 22 -, ocean 58,78 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, suture 6,7 High Atlas 7,58, 60 Izu-Bonin subduction 44 High Plateaux 3 Hindu-Kush 58 J Hronicum 58 Huglu-Boyalitepe 58 [adar 58 Hun superterrane 60 Jeffara rift 58 Hydra 58 Jolfa 58 Jura -, mountain range 77 -, Mountains 77 Iberia 58 -, seismicity 16 -, -Africa-Adria [uvavic 58 - ,domain 44 -, -Corsican-Brianconnais micro-continent 77 K -, crustal stretching 23 -, displacement and rotation 23 Kabul block 58 -, drift pattern 77 Kabylian terrane 7 -, microplate 18 Kabylies 6, 21,46, 48, 58 - , NW allochthon 58 -, micro terrane 20 - , placing 53 Kalnic 58 -, rotation 4, 69 Kanty-Mansi 58 Iberian Karabogaz Gol 58 -,Chain 3,7 Karaburun 58 -, coast 11 Karakaya -, mainland 8 -, forearc 58 -, margin 43,44, 46 -, -Kure back-arc basin 24 -,Moho 4 Karakoram terrane 58 -, peninsula, Bouguer anomaly 11 Karakum-Turan 58 -, plate 2, 6, 72,77 Karawanken Alps 66 -, rotation 69 Karpinski 58 Igal trough 58 karst, high 58 image, blurring 31 Kazakhstan 58 imagery, seismic 28 Kerrnanshah ophiolite 58 Indochina 58 Khost 58 Insubric line 3,78 Kirsehir 58 intra-Dinarides peri-Adriatic line 24 -, Massif 3, 6, 80 134 Index klippen, tectonic 68 Longobucco 58 Kohistan arc 58 Lusitanian 59 Konya region 61 Lut 59 Kopet-Dagh 58 Lycian Korab 58 -, back-arc ocean , opening 78 Kotel -, do main 78 - , flysch 58 -, nappe 80 -, -Stranja, rift 58 -,obduction 80 Koufra basin 58 - , ocean 78 Kunlun - , slab, roll-back 78 - , north 58 Lysogory-Malopolska 59 -, -Qaidam 58 -, south 58 M Kura 58 Kiire Macedon ia 28 -,domain 68 macrofauna, pelagic 57 -, ocean 58 Maghrebian orogen, seismicity 15 Kiitahya-Bolkardag zone 80 Maghrebide ocean 67 Maghrebides 23 L -, description 6 - vlate Miocene magmatism 27 Lagonegro 58 -, Sicilian 3, 6 Lamayuru seamount 59 - , seismicity 16 lamproites 25, 27 -, uplift 20 Languedoc-Provence orogen 2 magma Laurussia 60, 71 -, calca1kaline 27 Lesbos ophiolites 58 - , shoshonitic 27 Lesser Caucasus 5 magmatic, rocks map 25 Levant magmatism 21 -, basin, litho spheric thickness 11 - , Cenozoic 24 - , Sea 3 -, extension-related intra-plate 27 -, magnetic anomalies 15 -, orogenic, subduction/post-collisional 27 lherzolite 23,69 - , Variscan 53 Libyan Sea 3,7, 14, 15 magnetic anomalies, map 14 Ligerian 58 Magnitogorsk back-arc 59 Ligur ian 59 Magura rim basin 68 -, -Adri a domain 45 Maizuru arc 59 - , -Adriatic lithosphere 45 Maliac -, basin 72 - , back-arc basin 24 -, ocean 49 - , basin 64 - , area 49 -, ocean 56, 59 -, configuration 49 - , rift 59 - , destruction 31 Malta -, opening 44 - , escarpment 27 - , reconstruction 32 - , graben 22 - , remnants 44 - , Pliocene rifting 22 - , roll back 46 Mamonia complex 57 -, subduction 31,45,49 Mangysh lak rift 59 -, surface area 48 Mani 59 -, surface reconstruction 31,50, 51 mantle -, -Piedmont-south Penninic ocean 24 - , Betic-Alboran , imaged structure 33 - , Sea 11 - , cross sections 52 -, magnetic anomalies 15 - , lithospheric, delamination 43 Liguro-Provencal basin 8,2 0,45 -, structure -, opening 44,45 -,imaged 33 - , section 40 - , Mediterranean 32 limestones, Hallstatt-type 57 -, tomography 21,23, 28, 42 line, Insubric 3 map Linosa graben 22 -, Bouguer anomalies 13 lithofacies 23 -, gravity 13 lithosphere -, Mohorovicic discontinuity 12 -, Adriatic 38 -, paleotectonic evolution 21 -, Adriatic continental, subduction 46 -, rocks, magmatic 25 - , continental, removal 43 - , seismicity 16 - , Europ ean continental 52 - , stress 19 -, oceanic, subduction 47 -, tomographic 36, 37 -, rupture 51 - , vector velocit ies 17 -, structure 11 margin -, subducted 43, 44 - , active 18 loading, sedimentary 22 - , African 15,18,48 Lombardian 59 -, lithosphere slab 47 - , basin 60, 67,77 - , location 49 - , flysch 70 - , subducted slab 46 - , rift 57,73 - , Anatolian 6, 14 Index 135

- ,Ba'id 58 - , geological record 18 - , Balearic 49 - , mantle structure 32 -, Brianconnais 67 -, marine basins 7 -, continental -, Neogene extens ion 21 -, Gondwanan 2 -,orogens 1 -, restoration 23 - ,region -, Corsica, rifted 20 - , digital terrain model 3 - , Corsica-Sardinia, magnetic anomalie s 14 -, extension 1 -, Dinaride-Hellenide, passive 67 -, geodetic vector velocities 16 -, Eurasian 2, 24, 57 - , geological structure 1 - ,Eu ropean 4, 38,69,77 -, intraplate basins 7 - , continental 77 - , lithospheric structure 11 -, depth 45 - , stress field 18 - , passive 77 -, Ridge 18, 22 -, Gondwanan 24 -, Sea 1 - , Helvetic 69 - , Bouguer gravity anomalies 11 -, partial inversion 77 -, present-day 2 - , Iberian 43,44,46 -, sea level, drop 22 - , Margna-S ella 59 -, southeastern 1 - , Meliata 68 -, tomographic studies 31 -, -Maliac 77 -, western -, Neotethys, passive 79 -, basin 18 -, North African 46 - , cross sections 41 - , Paleotethys, northern 60 - , cru stal and litho spheric structure 11 - , passive -, geodynamic evolution 44 , 48 -, development 20 -, geodynamics 31 -, Dinaride-Hellenide 67 -, magnetic anomalies 14 -, North African-Libyan-Sicilian 20 - , Mantle 33 -, Pontides 80 -,map 32 - , Provence, rifted 20 -, sections 52 -, Rif 48 - , seismic profiles 20 -, Sardinian - , seismic wave-speed anomalies 33 -, magnetic anomalies 15 - , stress orientation 18 -, rifting episodes 20 -,structure 51 -,Sinai 56 -, subduction history 31 -, Sumeini 59 -, tectonic evolution 31 Margna-Sella margin 59 -, tectonic reconstructions 32 Masirah 59 - , tomographic interpretation 33 Maskutan ophiolite 58 - , tomographic map 36, 37 Massif - , upper mantle anomalies 38 -, Central Meglenitsa ophiolite 59 -, heat flow 11 Meguma 59 -, volcanism 27 Meilleret flysch 78 -, Kirsehir 3 Melanesian Arc 44 -, Rhodope 3 Meliata - , Sesia 78 - , basin 67 Mediterranean -, margin 68

-J area - , ocean 4,56, 59 - , heat flow 11 - , rift 59 -, seismicity 15 -, suture 4, 77 - , basins Meliata-Maliac -, isolation 22 - ,domain 67 -, magnetic anomalies 14 -, closure 72 -, Permian sea-floor spreading 57 - ,margin 77 - , sediments 28 Menderes 59 - , western 11 Mersin 59 -, -Carpathian area 21 Meseta, Moroccan 3 -, central, stress orientation 18 Messinian - ,domain 2 - , crisis 20, 22, 2 8 - , lithosphere 7 - , salt 20, 22 -, marine basins 7 metamorphism -, paleogeographic reconstruction 24 -,HP-LT 68 -, paleotectonic evolution 53 - , Variscan 53 -, eastern 24 method - , Bouguer anomaly 14 - , imaging 31 -, geodetic velocity field 18 -, plate reconstruction 53 - , heat flow 11 microfauna, pelagic 57 - , mud diapirs 22 microplate -, salt diapirs 22 - ,Adria 18 -, stress orientation 18 -, Adriatic 57 -, structure 8 -, Alboran 47,48 -, subduction 20 - , Apulian 57 - , tecton ism 20 -, Iberia 18 - , flooding 22 microterrane, continental 20 136 Index

Middle Atlas 3 North Anatolian Fault 1,8 Mirdita autochton 59 -, system 18 Misfah seamount 59 -, seismicity 15 model North Pyrenean Fault 23 - , BS2000 31,52 Northern Calcareous Alps 77 -, cell-parameterization 34 -, continental drift 53 o -, digital terrain 3 -, kinematic 31 Oaxacan-Arequipa 59 -, palinspastic 53,60, 80 ocean -, plate tectonic 53,80 - ,Biscay 69 -, synthetic 33 -, abortion 69 - , sensitivity tests 51 -, Cretaceous 69 -, tomographic 33,42 - ,Izmir-Ankara 58,78 modelling, numerical 46 -, Jurassic 66 Moesia 59, 68 -,Kiire 58 Moesian Platform 3,5, 6, 9 -, Ligurian 48, 49 Mohorovicic discontinuity -varea 49 -, depth 11, 12 -, configuration 49 -, European 4 -, subduction 49 -, Iberian 4 -, surface reconstruction 50 Molasse foreland basin 77 -, -Piedmont-south Penninic 24 Moldanubian 59 -, Lycian 78 Mongolia 58 -, back-arc, opening 78 Monte Amiata 66 -, Maghrebide 67 -, forearc 59 -, Maliac 56,59 MORB, Triassic 57 -, Meliata 4,56,59 Moroccan Meseta 3, 59 -, Mugodzhar 59 Moroc co 5, 7,66 -, Nan -Uttaradit-Ailoshan 59 motion, vertical 21 -,Okhotsk-Chukotka 59 mountain belts, Neogene 21 -, Paphlagonian 59 Moursouk bas in 59 -, Penninic 59 Mozdak 59 -, -Vahic 68 Mrzlevodice forearc 59 -, peri-Gondwanan 53 Mt, Etna 27 -, Piedmont 31,45,51 Mt, Vesuvius 27 - ,extent 45 mud diapir 22 -, Piemont 69,70 Mugodzhar ocean 59 -, oceanic accretionary prism 77 Munzur dag-Keban 59 -, subducted 73 Muslim-bagh ophiolites 58 -, Piemontais 59 -, Pindos 56, 59 N -, Portuguese-Galician 69 -, Pyrenean 69 Naga Hill ophiolite 59 -, extension 69 Nain ophiolite 59 -, Rheno-Hercynian 59 Nakhlak forearc 59 -, Semail 78 Nan-Uttaradit-Ailoshan ocean 59 -, spreading, rates 53 Neapolitan area 25 -, Tethyan 1 Neotethyan domain 56 -, remnants 1 Neotethys 1, 2, 9, 24, 28, 53,79 -, Triassic marginal 62 -, opening 57 - , Valais 4, 23,69 -, passive margins 79 -, middle Cretaceous -, peri-Gondwana 56 -,Vardar 56, 59 -, realm 56 -, closure 78 -, remnants 2, 24 -, subducted 78 Neyr iz -, subduction 78 -, ophiolite 59 - ,Wa ser 59 -, seamount 59 Odessa shelf 6, 9 Nice 77 Okhotsk-Chukotka ocean 59 Niesen flysch 59,78 olistostromes 1 Nile Oman 57 - ,cone ophiolites 1, 5 -, magnetic anomalies 15 oph iolitic complex -, delta 18, 22 -, Lizard 59 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 - , Lycian 59 -,River Ordenes ophiolites 59 - , clast ics 22 orogen Nilufer seamount 59 -, Austro-Carpathian 68 Nish-Troyan trough 59 -, Balkanic 78 Njurol massif 59 -, Betic 48 noise, Gaussian 33 -, Cimmerian 65 North Atlantic 69 -, collisional 23 North Afghanistan 58 -, Languedoc-Provence 2 North African Margin 46 -, Mediterranean 1 Index 137

- ,Rif 48 Pienniny rift 59 -,Variscan 60 Pietra Verde event 65 -, collapse 24 Pindos orogeny 1 -, back-arc basin 24 - ,Alpine 1 -, basin 64 -, Cimmerian collisional 24 -, closure 78 -, Panafrican 1 -, subduction 80 -, Pyrenean 7,49 - , flysch 80 -, Senonian-Paleogene Pyrenean 4 -, nappe 79 oscillations, sea level 22 -, ocean 56, 59 Ossa-Morena 59 -, rift 59 Othrys-Evia-Argolis ophiolites 59 plain Otztal -Silvretta 59 -, Herodotus abyssal , Bouguer anomaly 14 overpressure, local 22 -, Tyrrhenian bathyal, magnetic anomalies 15 Owen basin 59 plane, Benioff 8 plate p -, Adriatic 38,45,57 -, Adria- Tizia 78 paleogeography 23 -,Adriatic 38,45,57 paleomargins, Africa n 6 -, magnetic anomalies 15 Paleotethyan domain 56 -, African 4, 7,13,18 Paleote thys I, 24, 28, 53,60, 79 - , -Arabian 1,28 -, closure - , -Iberian 4 -, final 61 -, seismicity 15 - , Triassic 57 -, Anatolian-Tauric 80 -, evolution 60 -, Apulian (see also African plate) 4,5 7 -, northern margin 60 -, rotation 57 -, opening 60 -, Arabian, geodetic velocity field 18 -, roll-back 64 -, boundaries, dynamic 53 -, suture 53,57,80 -, buoyancy 53 Palmyra rift 59 - , collision 18 Pamir 59 -, dynamics 23 Pamphylian 79 -, ancient 23 -, suture 80 -, Eurasian 1, 2, 28, 45 Panafrican orogeny 1 -, seismicity 15 Pangea 4,7, 24 -, European 2, 4, 18,23 -, break-up 56 -, Iberian 2, 6, 72, 77 -, Permian 53 - , rotation 69 Panjao 59 -, kinematics, control 53 Pannonian basin 3 -, lithospheric 53 -, heat flow 11 -, model, constraints 56 -, wave-speed anomaly 38 - , recon struction 53,56 Panormides 59 -, Tauric-Anatolian 80 Pantelleria graben 22 -, Tauride 80 Paphlagonian ocean 59 -, tectonic Para tethys 18 -, concept 60 passive margin, development 20 -,model 80 pattern, geodetic 18 - , Tethys, Western , tectonic constraints 56 Paxi 59 platform Pelagian shelf 3 -, Moesian 3, 5 Pelagonia 80 -, Saharan 3 Pelagonian 59 plutons, calcalkal ine 25 -, terrane 67 -, acidic 26 Peloritani 58 Po peninsula -, basin, Bouguer anomaly 11 -, Italian 41 -, plain 33,45 -,Puglia 7 -, foreland basin 77 Penninic - , sections 52 -, Austroalpine prism 72 Poland 4 -,ocean 59 Ponti des 7,9 - ,prism 72 -, description 6 -, suture 4,77 -,domain 61 - , -Vahic ocean 68 -, eastern 9,58 peri-Gondwanan ocean 53 -,margin 80 Piedmont ocean 31,45,51 Porcupine bank 59 -, extent 45 Portuguese-Galician ocean 69 Piemont Pozanti ophiolites 59 - , area Pre- Rif foreland basin 6 -, flysch 70 prism, accretionary 6, 77 -, ocean 69,70 processes -, oceanic accretionary prism 77 - , active 1,18 -, subducted 73 - ,deep 28 Piemo ntais ocean 59 -, geodynamic 28 Pieniny Klippen Belt 4 -, surface 28 138 Index promontory, Adriatic 5 -,system Provencal Basin 3, 9, 20, 21 -, Ionian 57 - , heat flow 11 - , Triassic-Cretaceous 4 -, structure 9 -,zone,Pyrenean,development 24 Provence 9 rifting 20, 23 -, -Languedoc 2 -, recent 18,22 - , rifted margins 20 rock, ophiolitic 2 Puglia peninsula 7 Rockall-Hatton bank 59 Pyrenean rocks -,domain 69 -, calcalkaline 27 -, closing 69 - , igneous 26 -,ocean 69 -, ignimbritic 25,26 -, extension 69 -, lamproites 26 -,orogeny 7 -,magmatic -, rift 59 -, calcalkaline 27 -, closure 24 -, distribution 26 -, system 71,78 -, time-space-composition 25 -, zone, development 24 -, plutonic , late Cretaceous-Paleocene 26 Pyrenees 2, 23 -, pyroclastic 25,26 -, Bouguer anomaly 11, 13 -, ultrapotassic 26 -, crustal - , volcanic, late Cretaceous-Paleocene 26 -, root 4,11 roll-back 21,47,51 -, shortening 23 Romania 4, 5, 9 -, description 2 Russian platform 9 - , foreland basins 4 Rustaq Seamount 59 -,origin 4 Ruwaydah Seamount 59 - , orogeny 49 -, -Valaisbasin s -, closure 44 Sabzevar ophiolite 59 Q Saharan platform 3 Sakarya 59 Qamar 59 -,Zone 6 Qilian 59 salinity Qinling -vcrisis 22 -, north 59 -, Messinian crisis 22 -, south 59 salt -, deposition 22 R -, diapir 22, 65 -, diapirism 22 R/VJOIDES Resolution 1 -, diapirs 22 Ra's Madrekah ophiolites 59 -, Messinian 22 Ragusa plateau 27 -, tectonics 22 reconstruction Salum 59 -, paleotectonic-paleogeographic 61-73,80 Samothace ophiolites 58 -, palinspastic 28 Sanandaj-Sirjan 59 -, tectonic 44 Santorini Volcano 27 Reggan basin 59 Sardinia 21 restoration, palinspastic 23 -, -Corsica Reunion hot-spot 59 - , microterrane 20 Rhadames basin 59 -,segment 49 Rheno-Hercynian ocean 59 -, flood basalts, Silurian 60 Rhine Graben - , volcanism, Oligocene 73 -, seismicity 16 Sardinian margin -, volcanism 27 -, magnetic anomalies 15 Rhodope 59 -, rifting episodes 20 -, Massif 3,5,8 satellite laser ranging (SLR) 16,17 Rhone valley, seismicity 16 Sava zone 25 Ridge, Mediterranean 22 Saxo-Thuringian 59 Rif Scutari-Pec transversal tectonic structure 5 -, chain, seismicity 16 Scythian platform 59 -, description 5, 6 sea -, external 59 -, Adriatic 3 -, flood basalts, Silurian 60 - , heat flow 11 -, internal 59 -, Aegean 3,7,14 - ,margin 48 - , Bouguer anomaly 14 -vorogen 48 -, Alboran 3, 22 rift -, Black 3,5,6, 24 - ,Alpine Tethys 67 - , back-arc basin 78 - , Central Atlantic 57 -, heat flow 11 -, Corinth-Patras 8 -, Caspian 24 -, Lombardian 57,73 -, Cretan, Bouguer anomaly 14 -, Pyrenean 71 - , Ionian 3,14,24, 73 - , closure 24 -, Bouguer anomaly 14 Index 139

-, crustal and lithospheric structure 11 - , location 51 -, heat flow 11 Slavonia 59 - ,Levant 3 Slovakia 4 -, level Solonker arc 59 - , changes 22 Sosio complex 57 - , eustatic oscillations 28 south -,oscillations 22 - , Portuguese 59 -, rise 18 -, Tibet 59 -, Libyan 3,14 - , Caspian basin 59 -, Tyrrhenian 3 southern Mongolia 59 - , Bouguer anomaly 13 south -Karawanken forearc 59 - , crustal and lithospheric structure 11 Spain 5 - , exposure of metamorphic core complexes 22 spike test 52 sea-floor spreading 18,57,64,69 spreading centers, oceanic 27 seismic wave 31 Srednogorie 5 - , speed anomaly 33,35 -, -Pontides volcanic arc 78 seismicity 15 -, rift-arc 59 -, Aegean area 15 - , volcanic arc 68 -,Apennines 15 St.Tropez canyon 22 -, Carnic Alps 15 Stara Planina 5 -,Dinarides 15 Stoechades canyon 22 -, distribution 15 Strait of Gibraltar 6 - , events, geographic distribution 15 Strandja 59 - , Maghrebian orogen 15 stress - , map 16 - , axis, orientation 18 -, Mediterranean area 15 -, fields 21 - , Sicily 15 - , indicators 18 -, strain rates 16 - , in-situ measurement 18 Semail ocean 78 -, map 19 Senonian-Paleogene Pyrenean orogeny 4 -, orientation 18 sensitivity test 35 - , tensional 50 Serbo-Macedonian 59 stretching, crustal 23 -, -Rhodope block 5 Stromboli Island 27 Serravallian 6 structure Sesia 59 -, crustal 11 -, domain, metamorphism 70 -, lithospheric 11 -,Massif 78 Subbetic basin 60 Sevan 79 sub-Betic rim basin 59 -, ophiolites 59 Subbrianconnais basin 60 Severin ophiolites 59 subduction 18 Seward 59 - , Alpine-Tethys 45 Seychelles 59 - , Apennines-Calabria 31, 45 Shaksgam 59 -, Apennines-Maghrebides 9 Shemshak foreland basin 59 - , Betic-Alboran 31 shortening, crustal 23 -, reconstruction 32 shoshonites 25-27 - , Calabria 38,46, 48 Sibumasu 59 - , interpretation with BS2000model 33 Sicanian 59 - ,I zu-Bonin 44 -,basin 66 -,Northern Apennines 45 Sicilian Maghrebides 3 - , passive 28 -, seismicity 16 - , remnants 31 Sicily 6, 27, 57 - , roll-back 21 -, seismicity 15,16 - , systems, Ligurian 31 -, uplift 20 - , Tonga-Kermadec 44 signatures , volcanic 27 - ,Vardarsupra- 67 Silicicum 59 -, zone 57 Sinai margin 56 - , Calabrian 18 Sitia 59 -, Hellenic 18 -, terrane 64 - , roll-back 21 slab sub-plate, Adriatic 5 - , Algerian 50 subsidence - ,Apennines 48, 50 - , analysis 57 - , -Calabria 44, 46 -, history 23 - , Betic-Alboran 47,48,50,52 -, pattern 53,56,66 -, Betic-Rif, geometry 48 Sumeini margin 59 -, Calabria 48,52 suture -, detachment 21,31,45,46 -, Balkanic 79 - , East Algeria 52 -, Bitlis 27 - , roll-back 44,48,49,51 -,Izmir-Ankara 6,7 - , kinematic model 31 - , oceanic 23 -, tomographic evidence 44 -, ophiolitic 23 -, subducted - , Pyrenees-to-Alps 49 - ,3-D geometry 33 -, western Tethys 79 -,flatten 44 Svanetia rift 59 140 Index

Swiss-French Alps, seismicity 16 -, subducted lithosphere 31 syn -rift evolution 56 -, West Alpine, remnants 44 system -, Western -, Mediterranean orogenic fold-and-thrust belts 2 - , major sutures 79 -, tectonic 15 -, plate tectonic constraints 56 -, reconstructions 76 T thickness -, elastic 56 Tabas 59 -, lithospheric 11 Taconic event 60 tholeiites 25 Taimyr 59 Thrace basin 59 Talea Ori 56, 59 thrust belt 1 Taoudeni basin 59 -,Alpine 2 Tarim -, Anatolian Taurus 22 -, block 59 -,Balkan 5 -, north 59 -, collisional 23 -, south 59 -, intracontinental 23 Tatric 59 thrusts 79 Tauern window 70 Tibet, north 59 Tauric- 80 Timor 57,59 Tauride plate 80 Tindoufbasin 59 Taurides 5, 6 Tirolic-Bavaric 59 -, description 6 Tizia 59 - ,domain 61 tomogram, interpretation 31 Taurus 59 tomographic imaging 31 Tavas 59 tomography -,region 64 -,mantle 23 -, seamount 59 -, seismic 31,44 Tavsenli zone 80 Tonga-Kermadec subduction 44 tectonics, active 23 tracing of subducted lithospheric material 23 Tell 6 Transcaucasus 59 -, chain, seismicity 16 Transdanubian 59 -, description 6 transect temperature anomalies 36, 37 -, Albanides 57 terrane -, pal inspastic model 53 -, accretions 53 -, peri-Mediterranean 53 -, Brianconnais 4,77,78 TRANSMED transect 2,3 ,28,53,71,74,75,80 -, Calabria-Peloritani 3,6,9,21 -,Alpine 78 -, seismicity 16 -,I 71- 73, 75, 77 -, stress orientation 18 - , II 2,4,6,15,23 ,71-73,75,77 -, Cimmerian 24,53,78 - , III 5,7,8,13,71-73,75,77,78,80 -, composite 24 - ,IV 77>78 -, collision 53 -,V 77>78 -, distribution 56 - ,VI 77>78 -, European Hunic 60 - , VII 5,8,11,15 ,78,80 -, imbrication 78 - , VIII 7,15,78,80 -, intra-alpine 58 travel time, seismic 31 -, Kabylian 7 trench, Hellenic 8 -, motions 80 Troodos ophiolite 59 -, Pelagonian 67 Tuarkyr 59 -, peri-Mediterranean 1 Tunisia 6 -, Sitia 64 Tunisian -,Variscan 53 -,Atlas 3 Tethyan -, Ieffara rift 56 -, area, geology 80 Turan 59 -, basins, opening and closure 54, 55 Turkey 5, 24, 78 -, domain, geodynamic evolution 53 -, geological structure 6 -, -Mediterranean domain, palinspactic reconstructions 24 turtle-back feature 22 -,oceans 1 Tuscan 59 -, ancient dynamics 23 -, -Campano-Lucanian block 73 -, evolution 23 Tuscany 38 -, realm 53,57,77 -, coast 5 -, western, microplates 57 Tyros forearc 59 Tethys 4, 28, 53 Tyrrhenian -, Alpine 4,28,44,56,58,66,69,71,78 -, basin 18,20, 21 -, as extension ofthe Central Atlantic 77 -, calcalkaline volcanism 27 -, destruction 44 -, generation 8 -, middle Jurassic 1 -, lithospheric thickness 11 - , rift 67 -, magnetic anomalies 15 -, southward subduction 72 -, opening 44 -, spreading 67 -, section 40 -, subduction 73, 75 -, coast, Bouguer anomaly 11 -, model, palinspatic 60 -, mantle, section 39 -,realm 56 -, Sea 3,5, 7.8, 22 Index 141

-,Bouguer anomaly 13 very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 16, 17 - , crustal and lithospher ic struct ure 11 Vienna Basin 4 - , exposure of metamorphic core complexes 22 volcanic vent alignment 18 -, heat flow 11 volcanics 25 -, magnetic anomal ies 15 - , anorogenic 27 - , Moho thicknes s 11 - , calcalkaline 25, 26 - , Pleistocene calcalkaline volcanism 27 - , intraplate 25,26 -, structure 8 - , tholeiitic 27 -, volcanism 27 -, ultrapotassic 25 volcanism u - , alkaline 47 - , rift-related 27 Ukraine 4 -, subduction-related 28 Umbria-Marche s 59 volcanoes 25, 26 unit, geological, duplication 80 Vourinos {Pindos)-Mirdita ophiolites 59 uplift, thermal 60 Vrancea subduction 16 upper [uvavic 59 Vulcano Island 27 Ust-Yurt 59 w v Wartovsky massif 59 Valais Waser ocean 59 - , domain 77,78 wave -, closing 78 -, seismic, speed anomalies 33,38 - , ocean 4, 23, 69 -, speed, map 36, 37 - , middle Cretaceous 1 - , speed anomaly 36,37 -, trough 24,59 -,model 32 - , closure 24 - , negative 33 Valencia - , positive 33 - , basin 43 Waziristan ophiolites 58 - , Trough 3,8, 2 0 wedge -, magnetic anomalie s 14 - , accretionary 3, 22 -, structure 8 - , Hellenic Valerianov-Chatkal 59 -, accretionary 57 Var canyon 22 -, orogenic 57 Vardar 66, 79 wedges, tectonic 22 - , arc, remnants 68 West Carpathian 59 - , area 70 West Alpine-Tethys 45 - ,domain 77 - , anomaly 52 - , closure 72 - , destruction 31 - , ocean 56, 59 -, remnant 31 - , closure 78 - , slab 32 -, remnant 68 - , subduction remnants 31 - , subduc tion 78 West Tethys domain 53 -, region 69 Western -, East-west shortening 78 - ,Alps 4,67 -, supra-subduction 67 - , Klamath 59 Variscan - , Mediterranean, sections 39, 40 -, cordillera 71 - , Sumatra 59 - , collapse 78 Western Tethys, plate tectonic constraints 56 - , system 60 World Stress Map 18 -, cycle 53,71 - ,domain 53 x -, magmatism 53 -, metamorphism 53 Xigaze island-arc 59 - ,orogen 60 - , collapse 24 y - ,orogeny 8 -, terranes 53 Yazd 59 vector Yucatan 59 - , geodetic -, directions 16,18 z -, magnitude 18 - , velocities 16 Zlatibar ophiolites 59 - , velocities, map 17 zone velocity, seismic 45,56 -, Houillere 59 Veneto volcanic district 25 -, Ionian subduction 8 Veporic 59 Zonguldak 59