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Regional Geology Reviews Regional Geology Reviews Series Editors Roland Oberh€ansli Maarten de Wit Francois M. Roure For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8643 . Ja´nos Haas Editor Ja´nos Haas • Ge´za Ha´mor{ •A´ ron Ja´mbor • Sa´ndor Kova´cs{ • Andra´s Nagymarosy • Tibor Szederke´nyi Geology of Hungary Editor Ja´nos Haas Eotv€ os€ Lora´nd University Geological, Geophysical and Space Science Research Group Budapest Hungary ISBN 978-3-642-21909-2 ISBN 978-3-642-21910-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21910-8 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936971 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Introduction ......................................... ix Ja´nos Haas History of Geologic Research ............................ xi Ja´nos Haas Geography and Outline of Geologic Framework .............. xvii Ja´nos Haas Structural Units and Main Stages of the Structural Evolution . xxi Ja´nos Haas 1 Geology and History of Evolution of the ALCAPA Mega-Unit 1 1.1 Austroalpine Units . ........................... 1 Tibor Szederke´nyi 1.1.1 Lower Austroalpine Nappe System ............. 1 1.1.2 Upper Austroalpine Nappe System . 6 1.1.3 Penninic Unit . 6 1.2 Central and Internal Western Carpathian Units . 9 Sa´ndor Kova´cs and Ja´nos Haas 1.2.1 Veporic Unit . ........................... 9 1.2.2 Zemple´nic Unit . 10 1.2.3 Internal Western Carpathian Nappe-Stack ........ 11 1.2.3.1 Bo´dvaNappe...................... 12 1.2.3.2 Torna Nappe ...................... 14 1.2.3.3 Telekesoldal Nappe ................. 15 1.2.3.4 Szo˝lo˝sardo´ Unit . ................. 16 1.2.3.5 Silica–Aggtelek Nappe . .............. 17 1.3 Pelso Composite Unit . ......................... 21 Ja´nos Haas and Sa´ndor Kova´cs 1.3.1 Transdanubian Range Unit ................... 21 1.3.1.1 Variscan Evolutionary Cycle ........... 22 1.3.1.2 Alpine Evolutionary Cycle . .......... 25 1.3.2 Mid-Transdanubian Unit . 56 1.3.2.1 South Karavank Unit . ............... 56 1.3.2.2 Julian–Savinja Unit . ................ 57 1.3.2.3 South Zala and Kalnik Units ........... 57 v vi Contents 1.3.3 Bukk€ Composite Unit . .................... 58 1.3.3.1 BukkUnitss......................€ 59 1.3.3.2 Szendro˝ Unit . 73 1.3.3.3 Uppony Unit ...................... 76 1.4 Accretion of the ALCAPA Mega-Unit . 81 Andra´s Nagymarosy 1.4.1 Paratethys Evolution and Its Consequences for the Palaeogene–Neogene Chronostratigraphic Framework .............................. 81 1.4.2 Hungarian Palaeogene Basin .................. 83 1.4.2.1 General Trends of Evolution and Palaeogeography ................... 84 1.4.2.2 Eocene . ........................ 84 1.4.2.3 Oligocene ......................... 91 1.4.2.4 Late Egerian-Eggenburgian-Earliest Ottnangian . 95 1.4.2.5 Igneous Activity During the Paleogene- Eggenburgian . ................... 99 2 Geology and History of Evolution of the Tisza Mega-Unit .... 103 2.1 Pre-Variscan to Variscan Evolution . 103 Tibor Szederke´nyi 2.1.1 Crystalline Complexes . 104 2.1.2 Lithostratigraphy of the Tectono-stratigraphic Units and Tectono-metamorphic Evolution ............ 105 2.1.2.1 Slavonia–Drava Unit ................. 105 2.1.2.2 Kunsa´g Unit . ................. 106 2.1.2.3 Be´ke´s Unit ........................ 108 2.1.2.4 Outliers . ...................... 109 2.1.3 Protoliths and Polymetamorphic Deformations . 111 2.1.4 Tectono-metamorphic Events . 112 2.2 Post-Variscan Evolution . ....................... 113 Tibor Szederke´nyi 2.2.1 Late Carboniferous–Permian Continental Formations ............................... 113 2.2.2 Late Carboniferous–Permian Cover of the Slavonia–Drava Unit . 113 2.2.3 Permian Cover of the Kunsa´g Unit . 117 2.2.4 Permian Cover of the Be´ke´s–Codru Unit . ....... 118 2.3 Alpine Evolution . ............................. 118 Ja´nos Haas 2.3.1 Fluvial Sedimentation in the Early Triassic . 119 2.3.2 Transgression in the Anisian – Siliciclastic Ramp Sedimentation . 120 Contents vii 2.3.3 Shallow Carbonate Ramp Evolution in the Middle Triassic . 122 2.3.4 Differentiation of the Facies Zones of the Tisza Mega-Unit . .............................. 124 2.3.5 Mecsek Facies Unit ........................ 124 2.3.5.1 Intensification of Continental Input in the Late Triassic . ................... 124 2.3.5.2 Coastal Swamp and Shallow Marine Siliciclastic Ramp in the Early Liassic . 125 2.3.5.3 Pelagic Marl Facies in the Middle Liassic to Early Dogger Interval . ........... 127 2.3.5.4 Siliceous and Carbonate Deep-Sea Facies in the Late Dogger to Malm Interval ..... 128 2.3.5.5 Basaltic Magmatism in the Early Cretaceous . 129 2.3.5.6 Tectogenic Episodes and Flexural Basins in the Late Cretaceous . 130 2.3.5.7 Palaeogene Flysch Deposition in the “Szolnok Flysch Trough” . 131 Andra´s Nagymarosy 2.3.5.8 Continental Palaeogene Basin in the Mecsek . 137 Andra´s Nagymarosy 2.3.6 Villa´ny–Bihor Facies Unit . 137 2.3.6.1 Coastal–Terrestrial Sedimentation in the Late Triassic . ............... 137 2.3.6.2 Discontinuous Shallow Marine Deposition in the Jurassic . 138 2.3.6.3 Carbonate Platform Development in the Early–Middle Cretaceous ........ 138 2.3.6.4 Pelagic Basin Formation at the End of the Mid-Cretaceous . 140 2.3.6.5 Senonian Basin Evolution . ........... 141 2.3.7 Be´ke´s–Codru Facies Unit ................... 142 2.4 Regional Geological Cross-sections .................. 142 Ja´nos Haas and Ge´za Ha´mor 3 Genesis and Evolution of the Pannonian Basin ............ 149 Andra´s Nagymarosy and Ge´za Ha´mor 3.1 Concept of the Pannonian Basin . .................... 149 3.1.1 Subsidence History and Tectonics of the Pannonian Basin . 151 3.1.2 Stratigraphic Considerations . 155 3.2 Early Miocene . 156 3.2.1 Post-Eggenburgian Early Miocene Formations in the ALCAPA Mega-Unit . ................ 156 3.2.2 Ottnangian Formations . ................ 159 3.2.2.1 Continental Formations, North Hungary . 159 viii Contents 3.2.2.2 Brackish to Marine Formations, North Hungary . 159 3.2.2.3 Marine Formations, Va´rpalota Basin . 160 3.2.3 Karpatian Formations . ..................... 161 3.2.3.1 Northwest Hungary .................. 161 3.2.3.2 Northeast Hungary .................. 162 3.2.4 Early Miocene Formations in the Tisza Mega-Unit . 163 3.2.5 Igneous Formations in the Early Miocene ........ 166 3.3 Middle Miocene . ............................... 168 3.3.1 Formations of Large Lateral Extension . ..... 170 3.3.1.1 Badenian Formations ................ 171 3.3.1.2 Sarmatian Formations . ............ 172 3.3.2 Regional Units . ........................... 173 3.3.2.1 Sopron Mountains . ................ 173 3.3.2.2 Little Hungarian Plain . ........... 174 3.3.2.3 Transdanubian Range . ............ 174 3.3.2.4 Northern Hungary (North Hungarian Range) . 176 3.3.2.5 Mecsek Mountains and Southeast Hungary . 177 3.3.2.6 Zala and Drava Basins . .............. 180 3.3.2.7 Basins in the Great Hungarian Plain ..... 181 3.3.3 Igneous Activity in the Middle Miocene . ..... 182 3.4 Late Miocene and Pliocene ........................ 186 3.4.1 Late Miocene or Pannonian . ................ 186 3.4.1.1 Marginal Sequences . 191 3.4.1.2 Sequences of the Deep Basins . 194 3.4.2 Pliocene . ................................ 197 3.4.3 Volcanic Activity in the Late Miocene-Pliocene .... 198 4 Quaternary Evolution ............................... 201 A´ ron Ja´mbor 4.1 Significance of the Quaternary Formations . 201 4.2 History of Quaternary Research in Hungary ............ 202 4.3 Major Characteristics of the Quaternary Depositional Areas .............................. 204 4.4 Volcanism . .................................. 211 4.5 Tectonics . 211 4.6 Present-Day Soils ............................... 211 4.7 History of Evolution ............................. 212 References ..........................................
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