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University of Education Lahore A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTRACTUAL AND REGULAR TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE NASIR MAHMOOD Reg. No. 0499041 DIVISION OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE 2011 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTRACTUAL AND REGULAR TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE NASIR MAHMOOD Reg. No. 0499041 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education at the Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore 2011 ii iii DEDICATION Dedicated to my parents, especially my mother (Late, may Allah rest her soul in peace and calm) a very pious and nice lady and very kind to me, whose prayers and affections are the source of strength and impetus for me in every step of life. My success is really the fruit of their devoted prayers and the blessings of Almighty Allah. iv PhD Thesis Certificate of Acceptance Name of Student Student No. Programme Nasir Mahmood 03-PhD-097 PhD (Education) TOPIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTRACTUAL AND REGULAR TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE Date of Acceptance: d-m-y THESIS COMMITTEE SR. # NAME POSITION SIGNATURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher offers his most modest and honest thanks to Almighty Allah, the most compassionate and merciful, whose bounteous blessings enabled him with the potential and ability to make some contribution to the already existing ocean of knowledge in the realm of education. The researcher greatly appreciates the encouragement and commitment of his research supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Saeed for the completion of this study. His guidance and support proved a great asset for the researcher from the beginning to the completion of this doctoral dissertation. The researcher is proud to write here that he dragged him out of his state of inertia and put him in the right path. His hyperactive personality with dedication, devotion and objective oriented attributes were always a source of motivation and guidance for him. The researcher pays his gratitude to Professor Dr. Alistair Ross, Dr. Uvanny, Dr. Sue Mei and Miss Sara a PhD research scholar for their ever-available help and critical guidance and feedback during his visit at London Metropolitan University, London, UK. The researcher extends his thanks to all the faculty members and the Director of Division of Education who provided resources and guidance when needed. The researcher also pays gratitude to Dr. Khalid Rashid, Prof. Dr. Irshad A. Farrukh, Dr. Muhammad Bashir Gondal, Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid, Dr. Muhammad Khalid Mahmood, Dr. Mushtaq-ur-Rehaman Siddiqui, Dr. Khushi Muhammad, Dr. Muhammd Iqbal, Dr. Shahbaz Khan, and Dr. Skindar Hayat for their professional guidance during the course of study. The researcher offers his special prayers and thanks to Late Dr. Mian vi Muhammad Izhar-ul-Haq whose encouragement and helping attitude kept him on the path of this struggling effort. May Allah rest his soul in peace. (Ameen). Acknowledgement is also due to all the participants of this study who responded to the questionnaires and provided valuable information during interviews. The researcher is also thankful to his friends and colleagues Naseer Ahmad Salfi, Shahid Javed, Ijaz Ahmad, Dr. Azhar Mumtaz Saadi, Dr. Ashiq Hussain Dogar, Amjad Tufail, Muhammd Yousaf, Khalil-ur-Rehman, Abdullah Faisal, Naveed Khurshid Mustafa, Saleem Ullah Jundran, Muhammad Azeem and Ayaz Muhammad Khan for their encouragement and professional support during the course of the study. The researcher acknowledges the financial support of the Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan to undertake this research on fellowship and Govt. of the Punjab for granting him study leave to complete this task. Last but not the least, the researcher recognizes the patience, encouragement, support of his wife, a loving and caring lady, his sweet daughters and loving son as they were victimized of ignorance on his behalf when he had to work late at night to complete this research activity. Finally, researcher thanks to his father, brothers, sister and brothers in law for their moral, economic and every kind of support. Nasir Mahmood vii A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTRACTUAL AND REGULAR TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE Researcher: Nasir Mahmood Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Saeed ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among professional attitude of teachers, their job satisfaction and job performance and their comparison between regular and contractual teachers in Pakistan. The study was delimited to the contractual (SSEs) and regular (SSTs) teachers and head teachers of government secondary schools of Punjab province, the most populated province of Pakistan. It was carrying mixed-methods research approach i.e. data were qualitative and quantitative. For the qualitative data, an interview protocol was designed for the executives i.e. DPIs, Addl. DPIs, EDOs and DEOs. Some open-ended questions were also included in the questionnaire to collect the qualitative data of the study. The quantitative data were collected from a sample of 332 regular teachers, 313 contractual teachers and 645 head teachers of secondary schools through developing three questionnaires on five point rating scales; two for the teachers (to measure their professional attitude and job satisfaction) and one for the head teachers (to rate teachers job performance). The instruments were duly validated through expert opinions and the reliability was established through pilot study on a small sample in two districts Kasur and Lahore. The reliability of the final questionnaires was established at .784, .780 and .944 for professional attitude, job satisfaction and job performance respectively. The quantitative data of the two questionnaires were analyzed on the basis of mean, standard deviation, viii Independent Samples t-test (Levene’s test and 2-tailed t-test) and Pearson Correlation. Qualitative data were analyzed by converting raw data into frequencies and placing in identical categories of responses. Results were presented in tables and with frequencies and the opinion of respondents was calculated in percentage to draw the inferences. The key findings of the study revealed that professional attitude of teachers had positive relationship with job satisfaction and job performance; job satisfaction of teachers had positive relationship with their job performance. Professional attitude in combination with Job Satisfaction appeared to have more significant positive relationship with job performance. Regular SSTs teachers had better professional attitude, job satisfaction and job performance level than contractual SSEs teachers; female teachers had relatively better professional attitude, job satisfaction and job performance level than male teachers and urban teachers had more positive professional attitude, job satisfaction and job performance level than rural teachers. Majority of the teachers liked their children or relatives to join teaching profession; although they showed dissatisfaction with the existing pay scale and financial package for teachers and suggested for recruitment of teachers on regular basis. Most of the head teachers disagreed that teachers should be recruited on contract basis. They thought that contractual teachers do not perform well due to their low salary package and unsecured job. The educational managers i.e. EDOs, DEOs, DPI and Addl. DPI were of the view that regular (SSTs), female and urban teachers have more positive attitude towards teaching profession, better job satisfaction and job performance than their contractual (SSEs), male and rural teachers counterparts. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Topic Page No i Title i, ii ii Dedication iv iii Approval Sheet v iv Acknowledgement vi vi Abstract viii vii Table of Contents x viii List of Tables xv x List of Figures xvii ix List of Appendices xviii I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem 6 1.2 Significance of the Study 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study 7 1.4 Research Questions of the Study 8 1.5 Hypotheses of the Study 8 1.6 Delimitations of the Study 10 1.7 Operational Definitions of the Terms 10 1.8 Acronyms 11 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12 2.1 Education 12 2.2 Concept of teaching 15 2.2.1 Teaching effectiveness in teaching 16 x 2.2.2 What is profession 17 2.2.3 Teaching as a profession 17 2.2.4 Approaches to professionalism 18 2.2.5 Factors diminishing professionalism 19 2.3 Conceptual Dimensions of Attitudes 20 2.3.1 Definition of attitude 20 2.3.2 Components of attitude 22 2.3.3 How attitude function 23 2.3.4 Attitudes and behavior 25 2.3.5 The Structure of attitudes 26 2.3.6 Attitude formation 27 2.3.7 Attitude change 28 2.3.8 Attitude source 30 2.4 Teachers Professional Attitudes 32 2.4.1 Professional attitude and teacher commitment 33 2.4.2 Professional attitude and teacher personality 34 2.4.3 Professional attitude and teacher effectiveness 35 2.4.4 Professional attitude models of teacher effectiveness 37 2.4.5 Predispositions and attitude: power of predispositions in 39 shaping experience and behaviour 2.4.6 Teachers attitude towards teaching 40 2.4.7 In-service teachers beliefs and attitudes about teaching 48 2.4.8 Determinants factors of teaching as a career choice 48 2.5 Recruitment of Contractual Teachers in the Punjab 52 2.5.1 Historical background of contract mode of recruitment 53 2.5.2 Rationale for recruitment on contract mode 53 2.6 Teachers job satisfaction
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