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Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear

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Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear Article Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear Graphical Abstract Authors Jinsei Jung, Jee Eun Yoo, Young Ho Choe, ..., Joo-Heon Yoon, Young-Min Hyun, Jae Young Choi Correspondence [email protected] (Y.-M.H.), [email protected] (J.Y.C.) In Brief Jung et al. show that the cleaved cochlin LCCL domain enhances innate immune responses in the inner ear by aggregating infiltrated bacteria and recruiting innate immune cells. This spatiotemporally protective function of LCCL protects hearing function in the organ of Corti against effects of bacterial invasion in the inner ear. Highlights d Cleaved inner ear cochlin LCCL secretes to perilymph space post-bacterial infection d LCCL induces bacterial aggregation in the scala tympani d Spatiotemporal innate immune response by LCCL protects the sensory organ of Corti À À d LCCL rescues Coch / mouse post-Pseudomonas inner ear infection hearing loss Jung et al., 2019, Cell Host & Microbe 25, 1–13 April 10, 2019 ª 2019 Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.001 Please cite this article in press as: Jung et al., Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear, Cell Host & Microbe (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.001 Cell Host & Microbe Article Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear Jinsei Jung,1,2,7 Jee Eun Yoo,1,2,7 Young Ho Choe,3,4 Sang Chul Park,1 Hyun Jae Lee,1,2 Hack June Lee,1,2 Byunghwa Noh,1,2 Sung Huhn Kim,1,2 Gyeong-Yi Kang,3,4 Kang-Mu Lee,5 Sang Sun Yoon,4,5 Dong Su Jang,6 Joo-Heon Yoon,1,2 Young-Min Hyun,3,4,* and Jae Young Choi1,2,8,* 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 2Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 3Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 4Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea 6Department of Sculpture, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea 7These authors contributed equally 8Lead Contact *Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.-M.H.), [email protected] (J.Y.C.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.001 SUMMARY terial and viral invasion along with endogenous host-derived molecules associated with acoustic overstimulation (Cai et al., In the inner ear, endolymph fluid surrounds the or- 2014; Vethanayagam et al., 2016). The innate immune response gan of Corti, which is important for auditory func- eliminates apoptosis-derived antigens from endogenous tis- tion; notably, even slight environmental changes sues by toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 2 mediated by trauma or infection can have signifi- (TLR4-MD2) signaling. The rapid recruitment of phagocytes, cant consequences. However, it is unclear how such as macrophages and neutrophils, during the innate im- the immune response is modulated in these tissues. mune response is important for promptly eliminating invaded pathogens and induces the inflammatory changes responsible Here, we report the local immune surveillance role Limulus for the subsequent architectural damage of the organ of Corti of cleaved cochlin LCCL ( factor C, Cochlin, (Woo et al., 2015). Thus, the innate immune response requires Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lgl1) during infection fine regulation and spatiotemporal control to efficiently elimi- in the cochlea. Upon infection, the LCCL domain is nate pathogens while avoiding damage to the sensory hair cells cleaved from cochlin and secreted into the peri- and preserving the endolymph space harboring the organ of lymph. This cleaved fragment sequesters infiltrating Corti. However, the mechanisms modulating this tight control bacteria in the scala tympani and subsequently re- are largely unknown. cruits resident immune cells to eliminate the bacte- Cochlin, encoded by the COCH gene, is abundantly ex- ria. Importantly, hearing loss in a cochlin knockout pressed in the inner ear, eye, and spleen (Robertson et al., mouse model is remedied by treatment with a co- 1994). Its protein structure consists of a Limulus factor C, Co- chlin LCCL peptide. These findings suggest cleaved chlin, and Lgl1 (LCCL) domain and two von Willebrand factor A-like (vWFA) domains that presumably bind to extracellular ma- cochlin LCCL constitutes a critical factor in innate trix components. The LCCL domain has strong homology to immunity and auditory function and may be a po- Limulus factor C, an endotoxin-sensitive serine proteinase that tential therapeutic target to treat chronic otitis me- is involved in the immune response in the horseshoe crab, dia-induced hearing loss. possibly functioning as an anti-bacterial peptide (Muta et al., 1991; Robertson et al., 1998). Notably, mutations in COCH are linked to inherited progressive sensorineural hearing loss INTRODUCTION (DFNA9), indicating that normal cochlin expression in the inner ear is critical for maintaining auditory function (Robertson Sensory organs, such as the inner ear and the eyes, are crucial et al., 1998). In addition, accumulated cochlin in the eye is asso- for auditory and visual perception. In these highly differentiated ciated with glaucoma (Bhattacharya et al., 2005b). As the inner and sensitive organs, even minimal damage resulting from ear and eye are similar with regard to the presence of a fluid infection or trauma may irreversibly deteriorate hearing or visual compartment (i.e., the perilymph space and anterior eye cham- function. For example, the endotoxin generated during a middle ber, respectively) that expresses abundant cochlin (Bhatta- ear bacterial infection can compromise the round window charya et al., 2005b; Ikezono et al., 2004), it is speculated that membrane, leading to inflammatory damage of the cochlear cochlin may have an as-yet undefined physiological role in sen- structures and sensory cells and sensorineural hearing loss sory organs. (Engel et al., 1995; Kawauchi et al., 1989; Moon et al., 2006). It has been reported that cochlin in the spleen promotes sys- In the cochlea, the immune response protects the sensory or- temic innate immunity against bacterial infection (Py et al., gan of Corti, an essential inner ear compartment, against bac- 2013). Indeed, the LCCL domain is cleaved from spleen-derived Cell Host & Microbe 25, 1–13, April 10, 2019 ª 2019 Elsevier Inc. 1 Please cite this article in press as: Jung et al., Cleaved Cochlin Sequesters Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Activates Innate Immunity in the Inner Ear, Cell Host & Microbe (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.001 Figure 1. Cochlin in the Cochlea Protects Hearing Function during Bacterial Infection (A) Overview of the cochlea. The mammalian cochlea consists of the scala media that harbors the sensory epithelial structure organ of the Corti (filled with endolymph) and the scala tympani/vestibuli (filled with perilymph). The lateral cochlear wall is surrounded by spiral ligaments consisting of fibrocytes and various types of collagen. (B) Cochlin protein (green) is distinctly expressed in the spiral ligaments in the lateral wall and many supporting cells along the basement membrane of the cochlea and crista ampullaris but is not expressed in cochlin knockout mice (CochÀ/À). Myosin7A expression (red) indicates cochlear hair cells. Nuclei are stained in blue (DAPI). Cochlin mRNA is dominantly expressed in the spiral ligament at 8 weeks of age (lower panels). Scale bars, 50 mm. (C–E) Representative traces of auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests (C) performed in both Coch+/+ and CochÀ/À mice at 4 weeks of age with and without P. aeruginosa infection. The response to click stimuli (n = 13 mice in each group) (D) and tone-burst stimuli at 4000, 8000, 16,000, and 32,000 Hz (n = 4 mice in each group) (E) was evaluated during the ABR tests. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. See also Figure S1. cochlin and secreted into the blood; then, it accumulates in the ment and interleukin (IL)-1b/IL-6 cytokine secretion. These inflammatory lesions in other bacteria-infected tissues such as findings demonstrate a surveillance role for cochlin in the inner the lung, promoting the innate immune response (Py et al., ear and show that the cleaved LCCL domain helps to preserve 2013). Although this previous study again indicates an essential critical sensory organs, including the organ of Corti, and audi- function for cochlin in the innate immune response, how the tory function. cleaved fragment increases local pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and recruits innate immune cells is not well under- RESULTS stood. In fact, the LCCL domain itself does not appear to exert bactericidal effects by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and Cochlin Protects Hearing during Infection cannot promote cytokine secretion from macrophages (Py The cochlea consists of the scala media (harboring the organ of et al., 2013), suggesting that other mechanisms are involved. Corti surrounded by endolymph) and the perilymph-filled scala In the present study, we investigated the role of cochlin in tympani and vestibuli (Figure 1A). In wild-type mice, cochlin pro- the inner ear during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of tein is primarily expressed in the spiral ligament, limbus, and the perilymph, which is the initial site where pathogenic bacte- crista ampullaris of the semi-circular
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