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Lundgren-Lindqvist Iea Technology TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL DEMAND SECTOR SUBSECTOR TECHNOLOGY GROUPING TECHNOLOGY SUBTECHNOLOGY COMPONENT OR DESIGN 1 INITIAL IDEA TRANSPORT Road Vehicle and vehicle components Battery electric vehicle Battery Lithium-Ion Basic principles have been deined Truck Solid state + Li-metal 2 APPLICATION FORMULATED Car, light duty commercial vehicle and bus Na-ion Concept and application of solution have been formulated Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle Truck Multivalent ions 3 CONCEPTS NEEDS VALIDATION Methanol-fuelled engine Car, light duty commercial vehicle and bus Li-S Solution needs to be prototyped and applied Ethanol-fuelled engine Fuel cell Li-Air 4 EARLY PROTOTYPE Hydrogen-fuelled engine Hydrogen tank Polymer electrolyte membrane Prototype proven in test conditions Truck 5 LARGE PROTOTYPE Car, light duty commercial vehicle and bus Components proven in conditions to be deployed Gas-fuelled engine Truck Compressed biomethane 6 FULL PROTOTYPE AT SCALE Infrastructure Charging Smart charging Liqueied biomethane Prototype prove at scale in conditions to be deployed Hydrogen refuelling station Fast charging Conductive 7 PRECOMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATION Hyperloop Dynamic charging or electric road system Inductive Solution working in expected conditions Demand Operations Automated and connected vehicles (level 4+) Hardware 8 FIRST OF A KIND COMMERCIAL Truck Platooning and road train Commercial demonstration, full scale deployment in inal form Rail Vehicle and vehicle components Gas hybrid train (internal combustion engine and batteries) 9 COMMERCIAL OPERATION IN RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle The Energy Technology Perspectives — Clean Energy Technology Technologies are structured hierarchically alongside their peers Solution is commercially available, needs evolutionary Battery electric vehicle Guide shows the level of maturity of almost 400 individual delivering the same service. The ETP Clean Energy Technology improvement to stay competitive Infrastructure Magnetic levitation technology designs and components that contribute to reducing Guide can be explored in an interactive framework that includes 10 INTEGRATION NEEDED AT SCALE Shipping Vessel and vessel components Gas-fuelled engine Liqueied biomethane CO emissions along dierent value chains across the whole information not only on the level of maturity of dierent technolo- Solution is commercial and competitive but needs Hydrogen fuel cell electric vessel Proton exchange membrane energy system. gy designs and components but also a compilation of develop- further integration eorts Hydrogen-fuelled engine High temperature proton exchange membrane ment and deployment plans, as well as cost and performance 11 PROOF OF STABILITY REACHED Ammonia fuel cell electric vessel Molten carbonate VISIT ONLINE: WWW.IEA.LICLEANTECHGUIDE improvement targets and leading players in the ield. Predictable growth Ammonia-fuelled engine Solid oxide Battery electric vessel Methanol-fuelled engine Methanol fuel cell electric vessel Kite Foul felease hull coating Rudder bulb Rotor sail/sail Operations Automated and connected ships Cold ironing, alternate maritime power Infrastructure Charging Fast charging Bunkering Ammonia Aviation Aircraft and aircraft components Battery electric aircraft Hydrogen Open rotor Geared turbo fan/ultra-high bypass ratio engine Hydrogen-fuelled engine Blended wing body design Propulsion-airframe integration SUPPLY SECTOR SUBSECTOR TECHNOLOGY GROUPING TECHNOLOGY SUBTECHNOLOGY COMPONENT OR DESIGN Hybrid aircraft Operations Electric taxiing and ground operations ENERGY TRANSFORMATION Power Generation Solar Photovoltaic Crystalline silicon Freight Operations Physical internet Wind Solar thermal electricity Thin-ilm PV Hydropower Onshore Concentrated PV Airborne wind energy system Multi-junction cell Oshore Organic thin-ilm solar cell Geothermal Dry steam Perovskite solar cell Flash process Floating solar PV Organic rankine cycle Solar tower INDUSTRY Ammonia Production Biomass-based Gasiication Chemical absorption Kalina process Parabolic trough Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Physical absorption Nuclear Enhanced geothermal system Linear fresnel relector Electrolytic hydrogen-based produced with variable renewables Physical adsorption Large-scale light-water reactor Seabed ixed oshore wind turbine Methanol Production Biomass-based Gasication Chemical absorption Sodium-cooled fast reactor Floating oshore wind turbine Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Physical absorption High-temperature reactor and very high-temperature reactor Floating hybrid energy platform Fossil-based Methane pyrolysis Physical adsorption Supply Light water reactor-based small modular reactor Electrolytic hydrogen-based produced with variable renewables Fusion Ethylene Production Biomass-based Bioethanol route Fermentation Coal CCUS Post-combustion/chemical absorption Benzene, toluene and xylenes Production Biomass-based Lignin Lignocellulosic gasiication Natural gas or coal CCUS Post-combustion/membranes polymeric Methanol-based Natural gas CCUS Oxy-fuel High value chemicals Production Fossil- or biomass-based CCUS Chemical absorption Biomass CCUS Pre-combustion/physical absorption Steam cracker electriication Physical absorption Hydrogen Hydrogen-ired gas turbine Chemical looping combustion Naptha catalytic cracking High-temperature fuel cell Supercritical CO cycle Plastics End-of-life New recycling techniques with reduced downcycling Chemical depolymerization for PET Hybrid fuel cell-gas turbine system Post-combustion/chemical absorption Chemical depolymerization for polystyrene Ammonia Co-iring in coal power plant Pre-combustion/physical absorption Solvent dissolution for PP Cracking into hydrogen for gas turbine Post-combustion/chemical absorption Solvent dissolution for PET Ammonia turbine Thermal decontamination in a vacuum reactor with integrated nitrogen lushing for PET Ocean Ocean thermal Pyrolysis Ocean wave Hydrothermal upgrading Salinity gradient Iron and steel Production Blast furnace Hydrogen enrichment + CO removal → use of works arising gases CCUS Tidal Tidal stream/ocean current Partial electrolytic hydrogen replacement of injected coal Tidal range Partial torreied biomass replacement of injected coal Storage Battery storage Redox low CCU Conversion of steel works arising gases to fuel Lithium-ion (grid-scale or behind-the-meter) Smelting reduction Enhanced smelting reduction Conversion of steel works arising gases to chemicals Mechanical storage Flywheel Smelting reduction based on hydrogen plasma CCUS Pumped storage Direct reduced iron CCUS Chemical absorption Compressed air energy storage Reduction using solely electrolytic hydrogen Physical adsorption Liquid air energy storage Based on natural gas with high levels of electrolytic hydrogen blending Infrastructure Integration Virtual inertia/fast frequency response Ore electrolysis Low temperature alkaline electrolysis (110°C) Smart inverter High temperature molten oxide electrolysis (> 1500°C) Transmission Ultra-high voltage Manufacturing Reducing metal forming losses and lightweighting Additive manufacturing Flexible high-voltage grid Cement Production Cement kiln CCUS Chemical absorption, partial capture rates (less than 20%) Superconducting high-voltage Electriication (direct) Chemical absorption (full capture rates) Flexible alternating current transmission system Electrolytic calcium carbonate decarbonation Calcium looping Dynamic line rating Partial use of hydrogen Oxy-fuelling Distribution Transactive energy Direct heat from variable renewables Novel physical adsorption (silica or organic-based) Heat Generation Large-Scale heat pumps Grinding Advanced grinding technologies Direct separation Solar thermal district heating Raw material Alternative cement constituents Membrane separation Storage Latent heat storage Ice storage Aqueous salt solution Alternative binding material Concentrated solar power-generated heat Sensible heat storage High-temperature Concrete curing CO sequestration in inert carbonate materials Calcined clay Thermochemical heat storage Chemical reactions End-of-life Unhydrated cement recycling Carbonation of calcium silicate Sorption process Concrete ines recycling Magnesium oxides derived from magnesium silicate Biofuels Production Biogas Micro-algae and macro-algae Anaerobic digestion Pulp and paper Production Pulping Deep eutectic solvent Alkali-activated binders (geopolymers) Biomethane Non-algae feedstock Anaerobic digestion End-of-life Waste product conversion to energy and chemicals Black liquor gasiication Organic solvent Biomass gasiication – small-scale Lignin extraction Precipitation and acidiication Biomass gasiication and catalytic methanation Aluminium Production Primary smelting Inert anodes Biomass gasiication and biological methanation Multipolar cell Biomass gasiication and methanation CCUS CCUS Anaerobic digestion and CO separation CCUS Alumina reining Biomass-based or electriication of the Bayer process Anaerobic digestion and catalytic methanation with hydrogen Demand response Integration of heat exchangers to vary energy consumption and production level Bioethanol Lignocellulosic Gasiication (syngas fermentation) Manufacturing Reducing metal forming losses and lightweighting Additive manufacturing Bioreining Sugar and starch from agricultural crop Enzymatic fermentation Metallic products Manufacturing Reducing metal forming losses Ring rolling with variable wall thickness Biodiesel Fatty acid methyl ester Folding-shearing Double-cropping (sequential cropping) Hydrogenated
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