Hybrid Vehicles

BIS TERM PAPER HYBRID VEHICLES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE SUBMITTED TO:- DR. PRITHWIS MUKERJEE BY Anindita Choudhury B10002 ABSTRACT Hybrid vehicles are those which use two sources of energy to power the running of the vehicle. The source of power may be rechargeable energy storage system, petrol, hydrogen, compressed air, liquid nitrogen, wind, electricity, solar power, etc. Hybrid vehicles reduce our dependence on conventional sources of energy like petrol. Though the adoption rate of hybrid vehicles is low it has got tremendous untapped potential. In this paper I will look at the all types of hybrid vehicles their market potential their current status, their economic standing, current standing in the market and the biggest challenges that they face and how they can overcome them. INTRODUCTION Hybrid vehicles use two distinct sources of energy. Hybrid vehicles will become a force to reckon with in near future as the conventional sources of energy like petrol are depleting fast and we need an alternative source to meet the needs of fuel that is where hybrid vehicles come into picture. These vehicles are not only providing us the opportunity to use an alternative source of energy but also most of the energy it uses is also environment friendly .Environment has become a growing concern for the entire world and will be more so in the years to come .Burning of fuels like petrol lead to emission of carbon dioxide which is one of the major greenhouse gases which cause global warming. Therefore the need of the hour is to substitute fuel with alternative sources of energy to minimise the risk to our survival. The recent Copenhagen summit shows that the world has finally woken up to the global warming problem and is ready to make amends for its thoughtlessness over the years which has lead to the culmination of the environmental problems. In such a situation an alternative source of fuel is a welcome change. Almost 10% of the global carbon dioxide emission is due to automobiles. Therefore Hybrid vehicles will gain much popularity and has a huge market potential in the current scenario. CURRENT SCENARIO A hybrid vehicle normally refers to hybrid electric vehicles. This kind of vehicles moves with the help of age-old internal combustion engine and electricity. Since it moves with the help of electricity it ensures better fuel usage and is both environment and pocket friendly. Technology required The various types of hybrid vehicles and the technology they use is listed below Hybrid cars Hybrid cars require a internal combustion engine and a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS).They have a electric motor engine. In addition to this there is a battery pack which gives energy to the motor which gets recharged when the car decelerates. The gas engine helps the battery to get charged. This helps the car to do away with the need to use an external source of energy According to Wikipedia” Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into battery-replenishing electric energy, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably-sized gasoline car, as an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably-sized pure gasoline-burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.” Hybrid cars are of two types:- 1. The first one is called Mild Hybrid in which there is the conventional gas engine and there is the electric motor which assists the gas engine. The electric motor cannot operate the vehicle all by itself. The main source of power is the gasoline engine. Example of such a car would be Honda’s Civic and Insight. 2. The second type of hybrid cars is called Full Hybrid. Here the gasoline engine and motor engine operate separately and the motor engine is capable of running the vehicle at low speeds when high speed is needed one has to switch on to the gasoline engine. Example of such cars would be Toyota Prius and Ford escape. Toyota Prius plans to use solar panels in the roof of the cars to support air-conditioning of the car. The solar panels will have cooling fans running on the roof even when the car is off and locked such that when one steps inside the car he/she does not have to switch on the A.C which consumes a lot of power. The only disadvantage of such a car is its high cost. Consumers might not be willing to shell out such a large amount for a car. Other type of hybrid vehicles are:- Hybrid train Hybrid trains are designed on the same lines as that of a hybrid car. Compared to cars railways do not emit much of carbon dioxide which leads to global warming. It only accounts for 4% of the transportation related carbon dioxide emissions. Diesel electric trains use dynamic braking, where the electric motors are used as brakes. In dynamic braking, the motors act as generators, creating large amounts of power. With a conventional diesel- electric locomotive, though, this power is wasted. The diesel engine of the train runs only when there it has to climb a hill or when the battery runs low. The batteries get recharged when the train slows down. After the power is switched off, the motors continue to turn for a while, and that energy - wasted in a non-hybrid train gets used to recharge the batteries of the hybrid train. The conductor of the hybrid train has a touch panel monitor which has arrows which shows the flow of energy, it has connecting boxes that represent the engine, generator, Working of a hybrid train Motor and battery, busily changing direction every few minutes. As the train balances on two sources of power there is a computer monitoring the action so that waste is minimised. The very high and is a major hurdle in the adaptability of these trains. First operational train in Japan was KiHA E200.It used lithium ion batteries which were used on the roof tops of the train to conserve energy. In the U.S the hybrid trains had a large set of nickel chloride batteries which captured and stored energy during dynamic breaking or when the train coasted downhill. However the cost of operating these trains is very high. Hybrid ships In the early stage ships with mast-mounted sails and stream engine were built. A diesel electric submarine is also an example of a hybrid ship. These kind of sub-marines run on battery and the battery gets recharged when the ship is on surface. Hybrid aircraft A hybrid aircraft combines both heavier than air and lighter than air technology .Hybrid aircrafts are heavier than air and somewhat similar to a normal aircraft. The idea behind a hybrid aircraft is to combine lift from a lighter-than-air gas such as helium with lift from aerodynamic forces. The rest of the lift is comes from vertical thrusters such as helicopter-like rotors, or a lift-producing shape (like a wing) combined with horizontal thrust, or a combination of the two. The aerodynamic approach is very similar to that of a conventional l Lifting body aircraft. The hybrid aircraft technology has a wide range of flight performance behaviours ranging from heavier than air to near buoyant characterizations. Two wheeled and cycle type vehicles According to Wikipedia” Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles. In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torqueses are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and for more information. In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing. The first known prototype and publication of an SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie MacDonald conceived the ElectriliteSH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Müller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188).

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