4923 The Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4923-4937 Published by The Company of Biologists 2006 doi:10.1242/jeb.02608 Generation of extreme ultrasonics in rainforest katydids Fernando Montealegre-Z1,*, Glenn K. Morris2 and Andrew C. Mason1 1Integrative Behaviour and Neuroscience Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, M1C 1A4 and 2Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6 *Author for correspondence: (e-mail:
[email protected]) Accepted 19 October 2006 Summary The calling song of an undescribed Meconematinae species make pure-tone ultrasonic pulses. Wing velocities katydid (Tettigoniidae) from South America consists of and carriers among these pure-tone species fall into two trains of short, separated pure-tone sound pulses at groups: (1) species with ultrasonic carriers below 40·kHz 129·kHz (the highest calling note produced by an that have higher calling frequencies correlated with higher Arthropod). Paradoxically, these extremely high- wing-closing velocities and higher tooth densities: for these frequency sound waves are produced by a low-velocity katydids the relationship between average tooth strike movement of the stridulatory forewings. Sound production rate and song frequency approaches 1:1, as in cricket during a wing stroke is pulsed, but the wings do not pause escapement mechanisms; (2) a group of species with in their closing, requiring that the scraper, in its travel ultrasonic carriers above 40·kHz (that includes the along the file, must do so to create the pulses. We Meconematinae): for these katydids closing wing velocities hypothesize that during scraper pauses, the cuticle behind are dramatically lower and they make short trains of the scraper is bent by the ongoing relative displacement of pulses, with intervening periods of silence greater than the the wings, storing deformation energy.