The Acoustic Behavior of the Katydid Amblycorypha Parvipennis and the Function of Acoustic Interaction in Sexual Selection
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1993 The coua stic behavior of the katydid Amblycorypha parvipennis and the function of acoustic interaction in sexual selection Patrick LeRoy Galliart Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Galliart, Patrick LeRoy, "The ca oustic behavior of the katydid Amblycorypha parvipennis and the function of acoustic interaction in sexual selection " (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10232. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10232 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 The acoustic behavior of the katydid Amblvcorvpha parvitpennis and the function of acoustic interaction in sexual selection by Patrick LeRoy Galliart A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Zoology and Genetics Major: Zoology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1993 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DISSERTATION ABSTRACT V GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 1 Sexual Selection in Singing Orthoptera 2 PAPER 1. ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF AMBLYCORYPHA PARVIPENNIS (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE). 14 ABSTRACT 15 INTRODUCTION 17 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22 RESULTS 25 Solo Song 25 Male Chorusing 32 Female Sounds 38 Male-Female Acoustic Interaction 38 DISCUSSION 44 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 51 REFERENCES 52 PAPER 2. THE RELATION OF MALE AND FEMALE ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS TO FEMALE PHONOTAXIS AND PHONORESPONSE IN THE KATYDID AMBLYCORYPHA PARVIPENNIS. 55 ABSTRACT 56 INTRODUCTION 57 MATERIALS AND METHODS 65 iii Subjects and Housing 65 Female Phonotaxis Experiments 66 Data Analysis 69 RESULTS 73 DISCUSSION 80 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87 REFERENCES 88 PAPER 3. THE ROLE OF SOME PARAMETERS OF CONSPECIFIC MALE SONG IN ELICITING PHONOTAXIS AND PHONORESPONSE IN FEMALE AMBLYCORYPHA PARVIPENNIS. 91 ABSTRACT 92 INTRODUCTION 94 MATERIALS AND METHODS 103 Subjects and Housing 103 Construction of the Computer Generated Calls 103 Female Phonotaxis Experiments 108 Data Analysis 109 RESULTS 111 DISCUSSION 115 REFERENCES 121 PAPER 4. THE EFFECT OF INTERNALS DISTANCE AND FEMALE PRESENCE ON THE NATURE OF CHORUSING BY PAIRED AMBLYCORYPHA PARVIPENNIS (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) MALES. 122 ABSTRACT 123 iv INTRODUCTION 124 MATERIALS AND METHODS 129 Subjects and Housing 129 The Effect of Intermale Distance and Female Presence on Paired Male Chorusing 129 Data Analysis 131 RESULTS 134 DISCUSSION 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 149 REFERENCES 150 MALE COMPETITION FOR SINGING SITE 153 Materials and Methods 153 Results 155 MALE MATE CHOICE 159 Materials and Methods 159 Results 159 MALE SINGING PERSISTENCE 160 Materials and Methods 160 Results 161 GENERAL DISCUSSION 162 REFERENCES 176 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 181 V DISSERTATION ABSTRACT The sounds of Amblvcorvpha parvipennls Stâl katydid males consist of sequences of 4-5 s phrases consisting of an average of 24 phonatomes (20-25Oc). Phonatomes consisting of 3-4 pulse trains generated during a single wingstroke, were produced at average rates of 4.5-5.5/s. Adjacent singing males alternate and overlap phrases and, where phrases overlap, phonatomes are synchronized. A. parvipennis females produce ticks which fall between male phonatomes. Trials in which paired chorusing males were recorded at intermale distances of 3.3 m and 40 cm with and without a ticking female present revealed that female presence elicited an increase in phrase rate and overlap and a decrease in phrase interval. In contrast, shortening the distance between males in the absence of a female elicited a reduction in phrase rate and overlap and an increase in phrase interval. The increase in phrase interval and reduction in phrase overlap when males are moved closer together in the absence of a female is explained by enhanced inhibition that the phrase of one katydid has on the phrase production of his chorusing partner. The increase in phrase rate and phrase overlap in the presence of a female may be a byproduct of the two males competing acoustically for the female or as indicated in a study on male competition, for a singing site. Another study involving two-choice vi discrimination tests, demonstrated that females moved to louder males and males that produced longer phrases, and that females tick more in response to the male they eventually move toward. A further study involving two- choice discrimination tests using computer-generated male calls also demonstrated female preference for loud calls, calls having long phrases, and calls containing phrases that did not overlap the ends of other phrases. It was also shown that females prefer phrase beginnings to endings and prefer phrases with fast phonatome rates similar to the rate at a phrase's beginning. Apparently, singing males compete to avoid overlapping the portion of their phrase that is most attractive to the female. The roles of the above male and female acoustic attributes in sexual selection are discussed. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Dissertation Organization The subject of this dissertation is the acoustic and reproductive behaviors of the bush katydid Amblvcorypha parvipennis Stâl, with reference to the operation of sexual selection in this species. Three manuscripts of published papers and one manuscript of a paper to be submitted have been included as a large portion of this work. The manuscripts deal separately with 1) a description of the acoustic behavior of &. parvipennis. 2) the relation of male and female acoustic parameters to female phonotaxis 3) the role of some male song parameters in eliciting female phonotaxis and phonoresponse as determined using two-choice computer-playback experiments and 4) the effects of female presence and distance between males on the acoustic behavior of A. parvipennis. The manuscripts are preceded by a general introduction that includes this explanation of dissertation organization and a review of chorusing behavior and the subject of sexual selection and how it may operate in singing Orthoptera. Immediately following these manuscripts are three short sections dealing with the methods and results of experiments performed in order to examine male competition for singing sites, male mate choice and male singing persistence. The final section of the dissertation will be a general summary 2 that presents my ideas concerning the operation of sexual selection in this species. The general introduction and the general summary also serve as the introduction and discussion for the three short sections. References cited in the general introduction, general summary and the three short sections follow the general summary. Sexual Selection in Singing Orthoptera Charles Darwin (1871), in an attempt to explain the existence and evolution of maladaptive male characteristics proposed the process of sexual selection. Darwin recognized that the elaborate sexual behaviors and costly male ornamentation found in many species must serve to increase male reproductive success even though they may be detrimental to survival. Sexual selection can be viewed as a subcategory of natural selection which deals exclusively with characteristics that are only useful in the context of influencing variation in reproductive success among males. Sexual selection operates in two ways: 1) intersexual selection involves