Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 American Imperialism (1900) to War and Terrorism (2000s) Elizabeth A. Clark James A. Diskant Stephen Hendrick Rasé TheCenterforLearning v1.1.1 TheCenterforLearning www.centerforlearning.org Authors: Elizabeth A. Clark earned her M.A. in history from The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. A social studies teacher and freelance writer, she is the coauthor of The Center for Learning units World History and Geography, Books 1 and 2, World History, Books 1–4, and Immigration. James A. Diskant, a Fulbright scholar, earned his Ph.D. in history and his M.Ed. from Boston College. He is an experienced high school history teacher and curriculum developer. He has led numerous workshops at the graduate and postgraduate levels. Stephen Hendrick Rasé, a National Board Certified Teacher, earned his M.Ed. from Geor- gia State University and holds bachelor’s degrees from the University of Texas at Austin. He teaches advanced placement U.S. history classes and has been a reader for the AP U.S. History exam for several years. Contributors: Jeanne M. Kish, M.A. Eileen M. Mattingly, B.S.F.S. Stephen Hendrick Rasé, M.Ed. Editors: Elizabeth A. Clark, M.A. Jeanne M. Kish, M.A. Mary Anne Kovacs, M.A. Tammy Sanderell, B.A. Cover Design: Susan Chowanetz Thornton, B.S. Cover image of abstract blue background © iStockphoto.com/Katrin Solansky ©2011, 2014 The Center for Learning, a division of Social Studies School Service. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The Center for Learning 10200 Jefferson Boulevard, P.O. Box 802 Culver City, CA 90232-0802 United States of America (310) 839-2436 (800) 421-4246 www.centerforlearning.org [email protected] List of credits found on Acknowledgments page beginning on 269. This series is a revision of the 1997 edition created by Augustine Caliguire, Mary Anne Kovacs, Roberta J. Leach, Douglas Miller, and John Ritter. Only those pages intended for student use as handouts may be reproduced by the teacher who has purchased this volume. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means —electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording—without prior written permission from the publisher. Links to online sources are provided in the teacher pages and text. Please note that these links were valid at the time of production, but the websites may have since been discontinued. ISBN: 978-1-56077-911-7 e-ISBN: 978-56004-962-3 Product Code: CFL426 *AP and Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examina- tion Board, which was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product. ii Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 Contents Page Handouts Introduction .............................................................................................v Cross-Reference Section .................................................................vii Part 1: Imperialism to Economic Depression, 1898–1940 1 The Spanish-American War ......................................................3 ............1 2 Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois ........................9 ............2 3 Economic and Political Crisis: 1870–1900 ........................ 19 ............3, 4 4 The Rise of Labor Unions and Workers’ Ambivalences, 1870–1910................................... 31 ............5, 6 5 Social Aspects of World War I ............................................... 39 ............7, 8 6 Literature of the 1920s: The Lost Generation ................... 47 ............9 7 The Twenties: Eyewitness Accounts ................................... 51 ............10 8 Causes of the Depression ....................................................... 59 ............11, 12 9 Traditionalists vs. Modernists ............................................... 65 ............13 10 Isolation: Fact or Revisionist Battleground? ...................... 73 ............14 Part 2: Decades of Uncertainty, 1940–1970 11 Causes of World War II .......................................................... 81 ............15, 16 12 The Decision to Drop the Bomb: Debating the Issues ................................................................. 87 ............17 13 World War II Conferences ..................................................... 97 ............18 14 Military Involvement in Asia: Korea and Vietnam .........109 ............19, 20, 21 15 Cold War Revisited ...............................................................125 ............22, 23 16 The Truman Doctrine ...........................................................131 ............24, 25, 26 17 McCarthyism and the Climate of Fear ..............................139 ............27 18 Literature of the 1950s .........................................................145 ............28, 29, 30 19 Brown v. Board of Education .................................................153 ............31, 32, 33 20 Economic Recovery after World War II ............................161 ............34, 35 21 The New Frontier and the Great Society ..........................169 ............36, 37 22 Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. .............................179 ............38 23 The Impact of the Warren Court ........................................187 ............39, 40, 41 24 Democrats and Republicans: Evolution and Transformation ...........................................201 ............42, 43, 44 Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 iii Part 3: One Century Ends, Another Begins 25 Changes in the 1970s ............................................................215 ............45, 46, 47 26 Nixon, China, and Détente ..................................................221 ............48 27 The Conservatism of Reagan ..............................................227 ............49, 50 28 The Radical Right and Left ..................................................235 ............51, 52, 53 29 The End of the Cold War .....................................................251 ............54, 55 30 Bill Clinton’s Presidency ......................................................259 ............56 31 The War in Iraq .......................................................................263 ............57 iv Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 Introduction Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 is a college-level unit for high school advanced placement students. Lessons require students to process information in order to understand continuity and change in American history. Students use a wide variety of sources to develop reasoning and critical thinking skills. Students develop an understanding of the relation- ships among unit themes and concepts. They analyze documents, read historical interpretations, and write thesis sentences, short essays, and document-based responses. Students use historians’ skills to understand how America has changed and adapted to meet needs that emerged during various periods in the country’s development. Book 3 is divided into three parts. Part 1 examines America’s struggle to make a transition to modernity in the first half of the twentieth century. Lessons consider the problems involved in emerging as a world power and how that new power shaped U.S. foreign policy. This part also focuses on domestic concerns, as Americans faced economic, social, and political crises. Part 2 examines the uncertainty in a world torn apart by World War II, as well as the problem of keeping the peace after the war. The America emerging from four years of war faced new demands for equality regardless of race, color, or creed. Part 3 considers issues such as the end of the Cold War, the rise of the conservative right, and the war in Iraq, as well as the dawn of the twenty-first century. Assumptions and Goals Basic assumptions define the core principles of social studies, while goals clarify how the basic assumptions may be supported. 1. History is evolutionary. To understand that process, students need to analyze how and why changes occur. 2. An understanding of history’s recurring themes enlightens stu- dents’ perspectives on specific events. 3. Developing critical thinking skills is fundamental to understand- ing history. 4. The discipline of history requires reading, writing, and thinking skills, including analysis and synthesis. The following lessons provide practice leading toward mastery in each of these areas. The historical process has evolved over time and is based on recurring concepts and themes, which are supported by the development of certain skills such as reading, writing, mapping, and critical thinking. This process has resulted in the preservation of the human experience for posterity and Advanced Placement U.S. History, Book 3 v reflects the problems and successes people and nations have encountered. Concepts represent things, thoughts, or actions which have certain char- acteristics in common and usually reflect some form of mental or physical interaction. Themes demonstrate a relationship between and among con- cepts. Objectives identify what behavior the student is to demonstrate to indicate a standard of acceptable performance. Objectives 1. To acquire a conceptual knowledge of history 2. To interpret and organize factual material independently as a basis for developing higher-level thinking skills 3. To study historical events and draw conclusions about them 4. To practice skills in clear communication of ideas 5. To improve essay writing skills 6. To understand personal values and their relationship to history