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GTH 2021 State of the Art—Cardiac Surgery: the Perioperative Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery

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GTH 2021 State of the Art—Cardiac Surgery: the Perioperative Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery Review Article 59 GTH 2021 State of the Art—Cardiac Surgery: The Perioperative Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery Laura Ranta1 Emmanuelle Scala1 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Address for correspondence Emmanuelle Scala, MD, Centre Anesthesia, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH 05/300, 1011 Switzerland Lausanne, Suisse, Switzerland (e-mail: [email protected]). Hämostaseologie 2021;41:59–62. Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe, immune-mediated, adverse drug Keywords reaction that paradoxically induces a prothrombotic state. Particularly in the setting of ► Heparin-induced cardiac surgery, where full anticoagulation is required during cardiopulmonary bypass, thrombocytopenia the management of HIT can be highly challenging, and requires a multidisciplinary ► cardiac surgery approach. In this short review, the different perioperative strategies to run cardiopul- ► state of the art monary bypass will be summarized. Introduction genicity of the antibodies and is diagnostic for HIT. The administration of heparin to a patient with circulating Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe, im- pathogenic HITabs puts the patient at immediate risk of mune-mediated, adverse drug reaction that paradoxically severe thrombotic complications. induces a prothrombotic state.1,2 Particularly in the setting The time course of HIT can be divided into four distinct of cardiac surgery, where full anticoagulation is required phases.6 Acute HIT is characterized by thrombocytopenia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the management of and/or thrombosis, the presence of HITabs, and confirma- HIT can be highly challenging, and requires a multidisciplin- tion of their platelet activating capacity by a functional ary approach. diagnostic test. In subacute HIT A, platelet count has nor- In HIT, IgG antibodies (HITabs) bind to heparin-PF4 com- malized after discontinuation of heparin but platelet acti- plexes and the FcγRIIa receptor on platelets, inducing strong vating HITabs are still present and induce platelet platelet activation and aggregation. The resulting expression aggregation in functional tests. In subacute HIT B, HITabs and release of procoagulant factors induces a state of hyper- are measurable in the patient’s plasma, but they do not coagulability that leads to thrombosis.3 Although a high induce platelet activation in functional tests. And finally, in proportion of patients treated with heparin develop HITabs, remote HIT, HITabs are no longer detectable after an acute platelet activation and thrombotic complications occur only HIT episode. This can usually be expected 3 months or later in a small fraction of them.4 This implies that the mere after an acute HIT. This categorization is highly relevant for presence of circulating HIT antibodies is not a diagnostic for the management of patients who need to undergo cardiac This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. the HIT syndrome. The laboratory diagnosis of HIT is based surgery. Elective surgery should be postponed until HITabs on the detection of HITabs using immunoassays and on the are no longer detected to minimize the risk on intra- demonstration that these antibodies can induce platelet operative thrombosis and to reduce the need for the trans- aggregation in functional tests.5 In the latter, plasma from fusion of platelets, contraindicated in acute HIT. If surgery the patient containing HITabs is mixed with platelets from a cannot be postponed for at least 3 months, or if antibodies donor and with heparin. Aggregation of the platelets or are still detected in spite of a 3-month delay since the secretion of serotonin by the platelets confirms the patho- diagnosis of HIT, alternative anticoagulation strategies must received © 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved. DOI https://doi.org/ November 1, 2020 Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 10.1055/a-1336-6116. accepted after revision Rüdigerstraße 14, ISSN 0720-9355. December 13, 2020 70469 Stuttgart, Germany 60 GTH 2021 State of the Art—Cardiac Surgery Ranta, Scala be adopted in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative period, kinetic profiles, the lack of antidotes, and ineffective moni- respectively.7 toring make them less suitable for intraoperative use. According to the guidelines of the American Society of Argatroban is an L-arginine analog that reversibly binds to Hematology, alternative anticoagulation strategies must be thrombin and inhibits thrombin-mediated platelet aggrega- used for patients in the acute and subacute A phases. Heparin tion, fibrinogen cleavage, and the activation of factors V, VIII, may be safely used during CPB in patients who are in the XIII, and protein C. It is eliminated through hepatic hydrox- phases of subacute HIT B and remote HIT.7 They do, however, ylation and has a terminal half-life of 40 to 50 minutes.17 state that the level of evidence supporting this recommen- Hillebrand et al18 reported on a series of seven patients dation is very weak. The American College of Chest Physi- benefiting from left ventricular assist device implantation cians recommends using standard heparin-based under CPB using argatroban anticoagulation. The initial anticoagulation during CPB only for remote HIT patients. target aPTT was 50 to 60 seconds and, due to massive For all patients in higher categories, the ACCP recommends intracardiac thrombus formation in one patient, the target alternative anticoagulation strategies.6 Regardless of the was increased to 70 to 80 seconds in subsequent patients. HITabs status of patients with a history of HIT, alternative Four patients suffered bleeding complications leading to anticoagulants, such as argatroban or danaparoid, must be postoperative reexploration. Other authors also reported used if pre- or postoperative anticoagulation is indicated.8 on severe bleeding complications, accentuating the inappro- priateness of argatroban for intraoperative anticoagula- 19,20 Alternative Anticoagulation Strategies tion. Danaparoid is a mixture of heparan, dermatan, during Cardiac Surgery and chondroitin sulfates from animal origin and inhibits Factor Xa indirectly via antithrombin III21 and can destroy For anticoagulation during CPB, two possible alternatives to the antigenic complex of heparin and PF4.22 It is primarily standard high-dose heparin are proposed,7 the choice of excreted by the kidneys and is characterized by a long which should be based on a thorough evaluation of the elimination half-life of 24.5 hours, making its usefulness patient and a multidisciplinary consensus between the for intraoperative use highly questionable. The few cases surgeon, anesthesiologist, hematologist, and perfusionist. reported were complicated by severe hemorrhage and the In the first strategy, an alternative anticoagulant to hepa- need for reintervention.23 rin is used during CPB. Today the direct thrombin inhibitor The second strategy aims to prevent HIT-mediated plate- bivalirudin is the most used and probably the best studied let aggregation by combining a potent antiplatelet agent with agent. Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor with a standard heparin-based anticoagulation.7 relative short half-life of 25 minutes. It is for 80% cleared This strategy offers the advantages and safety of heparin by plasmatic enzymatic proteolysis and for 20% through anticoagulation management, namely, the ease of monitor- renal excretion.9 Interestingly, the molecule binds with ing and titrating anticoagulation level using ACT and its high affinity to thrombin’s fibrin-binding site and to its complete reversibility with protamine sulfate, while the catalytic site. Bivalirudin is cleaved by thrombin at the antiaggregant agent protects the platelets against activation catalytic site, rendering active thrombin to the circulation. by circulating HITabs–PF4/heparin complexes. Several stud- The enzymatic degradation of bivalirudin is responsible for ies using the prostacyclin analog iloprost or the GP IIb/IIIa the gradual clearance of the drug in stagnant blood, which inhibitor tirofiban in this context suggest the ease and safety – can lead to clot formation in parts of the CPB machine or of this strategy.24 27 nonperfused cardiac cavities and vessels during bypass. The Tirofiban depends largely on renal clearance for its elimi- authors of one study on 50 patients, with acute HIT or with nation and evidence for the safe use of tirofiban in this subacute HIT, concluded that bivalirudin can safely be used setting in patients with renal failure is limited to a few during CPB instead of heparin.10 However, the results show case series.24,25,28 that some patients required transfusion of very large quan- Due to its long half-life (1.4–1.8 hours) relative to the fi fi tities of blood products. Several case reports con rm the risk duration of bypass during surgery, the tiro ban perfusion This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. – of bleeding when bivalirudin is used during CPB,11 13 par- must be interrupted 1 hour prior to the end of CPB to allow at ticularly in situations where the team lacks experience with least partial recovery of platelet function and reduce the risk this drug. The peculiar pharmacokinetic properties of biva- of major hemorrhage. lirudin require adaptations to the CPB circuit and surgical Iloprost has a very short half-life and is primarily elimi- techniques.
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