T R :
A Ri e Peace S ecia Re Y h Vie he Afgha Peace P ce
Ab ac
Thi e gh e e he h f Afgha i a ' ie a d e ec i e he Afgha eace ce . 187 e de be ee he age f 18-39 e ded he e i ai e a d ided da a f hi e . O e a , he e high igh ed h c ce ega di g e e f i g eace ag ee e i h he Ta iba , b a e f he i i he ha e a effec i e e i he e a . C e e , he h e e ed i ed fee i g ega di g eg ia i i h he Ta iba , hich f i g he i c ea e f i e ce, ea e i e i i f eace. P ic ec e da i i f he e , hich i gge i e e i ed ca i f he h. M e e , ec e da i i be ffe ed eighb i g c ie , i c di g Pa i a a d I a . Thi e gge ha e e ea ch i ece a e e i c i i i he eace ce , i a ici a i f he i hd a a f f eig . A : J a A de a d I abe a Bj a C ib : M jib Fai , Abd Ja i Ziae , Shabi E a , Ah ad M hibi, A efa Ta eb, H a A a , Fahi a Kaiha , H a A a
1. I d c 3
2. D c C a 3
3. C S a C c 4 3.1 I a-Afgha Peace Ta i D ha, Qa a 6
4. T Y , P ac a d S c A da 7 4.1 Y h i Afgha i a 7 4.2 Y h Pa ici a i i he Peace P ce 8
5. I c P ac P c : R W 9 5.1 Neg ia i i h he Ta iba 10
6. T U.S. - Ta ba P ac A 11 6.1 Rei eg a i f F e Figh e 12
7. I ac D S a d 13 7.1 F eig T 13 7.2 I a ic C ie 15 7.2.1 I a 15 7.2.2. Pa i a 16
8. T H P ac C c 17
9. C c a d R c da 20
B b a 24
2 1. I d c i
Af e 20 ea f c f ic , eace a be ee he Afgha g e e a d he Ta iba ha e beg . T decade f a a d e ha a ha f a ce f i ica i abi i ha c ea ed a f agi e Afgha i a . M f he h i he c , hich e e e a a ge a f he a i , ha e i e ed eace i hei i e . The d ea f a eacef Afgha cie , h e e , he fee e c ded f he c e eace ce . The ef e, hi e i f c Afgha i a h a d ha he hi ab diffe e a ec f he eace ce . The e i i a i a de ba ed d , i c di g a e f a e i ai e ha a c ea ed a d di ib ed b Ri e Peace i e i de i Kab be ee 2018-2019.
Af e de c ibi g he da a ed f hi e , a h e ie f he c e a e f he c f ic i be e e ed. The eaf e , he e i c i e i h b ief de c ibi g he Y h, Peace a d Sec i Age da, i c di g h ie f he Afgha eace ce . F i g hi , i i di c he i e f i c i i i h a f c he e f e a d c i e i h he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e , he ei eg a i f f e figh e , he e f f eig , I a ic c ie a d he High Peace C ci .
Fi a , he e i c c de i h a e f ec e da i . The ec e da i i c de i e e i ed ca i f h a d e ecia e , c ea e a ea i gf i c i f h i he eace ce a d c ea e a ab e a d f eace i i i . M e e , he ec e da i high igh he i a ce f he a ici a i f eighb i g c ie i he eace ce , he i a ce f a i g e e a a ec i acc e a i g he i hd a a f f eig , a d ha e e ea ch i eeded i h ega d he ei eg a i f f e figh e i de e e i c i i a i hi ce .
2. De c i i f he Cha
Thi e i i a i a de -ba ed d hich i c e e ed b a e i ai e c ea ed a d di ib ed b Ri e Peace i e i de i Kab 2018-2019. The e i ai e c i f eigh e i i h he e f ca i g g Afgha ie ;
The e f I a ic c ie a d f eig i he eace ce ; The e f e i he eace ce , a d af e he ig i g f a eace ag ee e ; The eg ia i i h he Ta iba a d he i ac f he Ta iba i e e ea e he eace ce ; a d The e f a ce f he High Peace C ci .
3 The e i ai e a a e ed b 187 e de , he aj i be ee he age f 18 a d 39. A i a e , 24 e ce f he e de a e g e hi e 76 e ce a e g e , hich i i he ibi i ge e a i e i hi he g g e i Afgha i a . I addi i , he e i i i ed e de a e di g i e i , he ef e i ca ge e a i e a g he g h i Afgha i a . He ce, e e ea ch i eeded ca e he diffe e g f h, ch a h e h a e a e di g i e i a d h e h i e i i ce he ha Kab . T ide a e ie f he e , he a e a e e e ed i cha ha ca be f d de he diffe e ec i . I addi i , a fe e a e e e ed h gh he e f he high igh he ie f h.
3. C e S a e f he C f ic
The e i begi i h a b ief a f he c f ic bac g d eadi g he i a-Afgha eace a i D ha, Qa a .
I age 1: M dified ic e h i g he diffe e e h ic g i Afgha i a (Na i a Ge g a hic, 2020).
A h i I age 1, Afgha i a i ade f a diffe e e h ic g hich h gh he ea , ha e ed a i e a gg e i hi he c (Peace I igh , 2020). Diffe e g ha e ba ed he egi e a d each he i a e c he c (UCDP, 2020a). D e i ge g a hica i i , Afgha i a ha f a g i e bee ed a a ba eg d b e e a e f a egic a (Peace I igh , 2020). Thi
4 i c de he c e i i f i f e ce i he egi b R ia a d he U i ed Ki gd (UCDP, 2020b). I he a e 1970 , Afgha i a C i Pa had diffic ie c i g a a ea . Re i a ce b c e a i e ibe i he c ed he i a i f he S ie U i i 1979, a e a he i e a i a i a i f he c i i i Afgha i a (CR, 2018, .3). I he id 1990 , c ai i g e he c I a (CR, 2018, .3), he Ta iba a ea ed a a e ac a a e f di c e i h he e f ca a d . The Ta iba c ed he g e e be ee 1996-2001 a d e ab i hed a ic I a ic a e ba ed he Pa h a ach ha ia a (UCDP, 2020b).
I 1999, he U i ed Na i (UN) i ed a c i b h he Ta iba a d a -Qaeda, h ha e a g hi i Afgha i a , da i g bac he S ie i a i . B h g e e b e e c a ified a e i ga i a i . I e e he 9/11 a ac ca ied b a -Qaeda i 2001 - hich ha ed he f e f Afgha i a f a g i e c e - he U.S. P e ide Ge ge W. B h a ced he Wa Te . Le ha a h a e , he U.S. a ed b bi g Ta iba f ce i Afgha i a . I N e be 2001, he Ta iba had bee ed. O e h a e , he UN i i ed he N he A ia ce, a e i a ce g agai he Ta iba , a d he B , Ge a , f a c fe e ce he e-c ea i f he a e Afgha i a , i c di g he c ea i f a e c i i . The di c i d i g he c fe e ce ed he ig i g f he B Ag ee e (CFR, 2020).
Af e he Ta iba fe Dece be 9, 2001, a e c i i a ad ed i 2004 i h he i e i i e he c diffe e e h ica g . La e ha ea , Ha id Ka ai beca e he fi de c a ica e ec ed e ide , a d he a a e e-e ec ed i 2009. Te ea af e he B Ag ee e , a e c fe e ce i B ace i h he a e di c he i ica ad a i Afgha i a . H e e , hi a e fai ed. I 2017, he e f- c ai ed I a ic S a e Kh a a P i ce i c ea ed i We e Afgha i a , a d he Ta iba ee ed be ge ha e e i ce he i g i 2001. I 2018, he a be ee he U.S. a d he Ta iba a ed, a d ea a e , he ig ed he Ag ee e f B i gi g Peace i Afgha i a , he eaf e efe ed a he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e (Ag ee e f b i gi g eace Afgha i a , 2020; CFR, 2020, MEI, 2020).
Si ce 2001 a d he i e e i f a U.S.- ed i a i a f ce, he e ha bee hea figh i g be ee he Ta iba a d he i e a i a bac ed egi e. S b e e , he d ha ee a c i a i f he Ta iba e e (UCDP, 2020a). I 2019, he c f ic c i ed e ca a e a d he Ta iba c ed e e i ha d i g a he ea i ce he i a i ed b he g e e f he U i ed S a e f A e ica i 2001 (UCDP, 2020a). A h i I age 2, i 2020, he Ta iba c ed e e a a f he c . Thi i c ded he b de eighb i g c ie f I a a d Pa i a .
5 I age 2: Wh c ha i Afgha i a (a -Ja ee a, 2020a).
Se e a eace c fe e ce ha e bee he d i de fi d a i ica e e e he c f ic i Afgha i a (UCDP, 2020a). The U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e ecified ha eace a a g he a ie d begi i Ma ch 2020 (ICG, 2020a). H e e , d e a di ag ee e e a i e e cha ge, i i Se e be 12, 2020, f e e e a i e f he Afgha g e e ge he i h Ta iba e be ga he i D ha, Qa a , f i a-Afgha eace a (F c i & Qa i, 2020).
3.1 I a-Afgha Peace Ta i D ha, Qa a
The i a-Afgha a e e e a i e i each a eace ag ee e a d cha ge he c e ea i f c f ic , hich i ha a Afgha ha e e e ie ced hei h e i e (C daid, 2020; ICG, 2020b). Bef e a i g di c i e ch a e e a i f e ce a d i e f e , he a ie eeded c e a ag ee e ega di g he e a d ced e f he a , hich he did i Dece be 2020. Thi i a e e ed he d f di c i ab b a i e i e , i c di g he ed c i f i e ce (W de , 2020a).
6 Th gh he ea , he eace ce i Afgha i a ha ecei ed c i ici f bei g i c i e (I e a i a A e , 2020). I a ic a , Afgha e ha e a hi f bei g e c ded f eace a a d i ica ce e de i e hei ig ifica i e e i b i gi g eace a d de e e Afgha i a (IPI, 2020). I hi a ec , he h a e a he g i h a hi f ge i g i ed i i ic a d a i g a diffe e ce (CR, 2018, .3). H e e , he a e e ee ea i gf a ici a i i he eace ce , i c di g i ica di c i (CR, 2018, .9).
4. The Y h, Peace a d Sec i Age da
F i g he W e , Peace a d Sec i Age da, hich e ed he ace ec g i e - adi i a eace a d ec i i e a he UN Sec i C ci (UNSC), he Y h, Peace a d Sec i Age da a e ab i hed i h he e f he i c i a d a ici a i f h. Thi a achie ed b he ad i f he UN Sec i C ci (UNSC) Re i 2250 (UNSCR 2250, 2015), hich ec g i ed f he fi i e ha g e e a a i a a d i i e e i he ai e a ce a d i f i e a i a eace a d ec i (Be e , 2020). Af e UNSCR 2250, he UNSC ha ad ed UNSCR 2419 (UNSCR 2419, 2018) a e a UNSCR 2535 (UNSCR 2535, 2020).
Th gh he fa , i i ib e c c de ha i c di g h i eace ce e i e i e i c i e a d e e e a i e g e a ce c e ha i f e e eacef cie ie (Be e , 2020). M e e , Re i 2250 i gi g e be a e e echa i ha d e ab e g e e a ici a e ea i gf i eace ce e a d di e e i (Ah adi & S a i ai, 2018, .2). The a e bec e e ecia i a i c ie i h a g a i , ch a Afgha i a , d e h e c ie ha i g a i c ea ed i f c f ic (Ah adi & S a i ai, 2018, .2).
4.1 Y h i Afgha i a
D e he c f ic i Afgha i a , a i a e i i e e ha e bee i ed, e a i i di ab ed ha ed a d a a he c e e ce, ea ge e a i ha e g ded b c f ic (Ah adi & S a i ai, 2018, .1).
Peace is er important for the outh and emplo ment ill lead to de elopment of the countr . Male, BA, 24 ears old.
C e , e 60 e ce f Afgha i a a i i de he age f 25, a d gh 46 e ce i de he age f 15 (UNFPA, 2020). Beca e f c f ic , g e e i Afgha i a face ig ifica cha e ge e a ed hea h, ed ca i , e e a d ge de
7 i e a i (UNFPA, 2020). The e ha e bee decade f ed ca i a i ie a d e a i e e e hich c bi ed i h i ec i a d g i g i e ce, ha e aced a e e d b de he h a i , a ic a g e h a e f e f ced a e he e f b ead i e a a e g age (Ah adi & S a i ai, 2018, .1). A a c e e ce f high e e a e , a ig ifica be f Afgha h ha e bec e i ed i ga i ed c i e he i ega a d f e i e ac i i ie f fi hei e cei ed b iga i a d d ie fa i (Ah adi & S a i ai, 2018, .2). E a , he e a e ecific cha e ge faci g g e beca e f hei ge de , i c di g di ec i e ce a d e e ha a e . I , hi i affec i g hei i ie a ici a e ea i gf i i ic , b i hei a ici a i i cie (CR, 2018, .8).
4.2 Y h Pa ici a i i he Peace P ce
Re ea ch h ha h i Afgha i a fee e ed f he g i g eace jec a d ha he ha e had i e i e e i he i ica di c i a d he eace ce (CR, 2018, .9). Y g e e ecia , fee e ic ed a e a i eace ce e a a ca a d a i a e e (CR, 2018, .9). F he e, e ea ch h a f di ag ee e a g h i Afgha i a i h ega d hich g ha b b a e f he c e i abi i ie i he c . H e e , he e a e c i ica e i e a d he g e e a d c i . Thi i ai i e e g e e hi i g bec i g i e i ed i h c i f ca eade . A a c e e ce, he e i di f he eade a d he e a a i he ide c ce i g he g i g i ica i a i i he c (CR, 2018, .5-6). A h i Cha 1, e e h gh he aj i f he a ici a e ded ha he had i e ed eff e e eace i Afgha i a , a 30 e ce e ded ha he ha e . Thi igh be e ai ed b he ac f i hei eade .
Cha 1: Vie eff f e i g eace i Afgha i a .
The e i a e ce i a g h i Afgha i a ha de eade de i e ge eade a d ha he e i e a ce f he . I ead, acc di g e h hei i i i e a i e e , hei fa i ie a d h e e d hei e (CR, 2018, .8).
8 Thi high igh he diffic ie ha h e e ie ce he i g e e he i ica ace. I addi i di i he g e e a d he i e f e , he e a e c i ica ie a g h a d i e a i a ac i Afgha i a , he e Pa i a a d he U.S. ha e bee ee a e e a f he c f ic . Wi h ega d e e a ac , he e i a a ge e a idea ha i e a i a e e ce i he c ha bee e f he e fa e f Afgha , b e f e a gai f h e ac (CR, 2018, .6-7).
L i g a i c i i a d h i Afgha i a , g e face ecific cha e ge beca e f hei ge de , a i g he e e c ded f diffe e ce e c a ed hei a e c e a . The ef e, he i e f ge de e a i , e igh , a d e e, a e f g ea i a ce i he c e eace a . Thi i e ecia i a i ce e ea ch h ha a b ad b -i f cie i i a f a e cce f i e e a i ha e af e a eace ag ee e ha bee eached (UN, 2012). Thi i i addi i he i g b i d egi i ac f he eace ag ee e (K a e, K a e & B f , 2018) a d he ce a a h e (B e, 2002).
5. I c i i i he Peace P ce : he R e f W e
Hi ica , e i Afgha i a ha e a ed a e i he deci i - a i g ce e a d c f ic e i , i c di g he adi i a ji ga e 1, he e he ha e c ib ed e i g i e i hei e a ife, he da gh e (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020, .5). Th gh hei i he ji ga a d ca c ci , e a a ac i e e i c f ic e i a d ca eace ce e ha a e e f h di g c a eace (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020, .47). M e e , he c ib e b i gi g eace a d de e e hei c (IPI, 2020; La & Ra b ha , 2018, .63) f e a e, b eg ia i g i h ca Ta iba g e ca i e (Ka a , 2019).
C a ed he he Ta iba e e i e i he 1990 , da , e i Afgha i a ha e bee e e ed a d he ha e e e ged a e i ib e eade a diffe e e e f cie , i c di g cc i g 25 e ce f he ea i he a ia e (IPI, 2020). De i e hi , a e e e ie ce a ac f ba ic cia a d ega igh , e c i f eace a a d he i ica ce e (IPI, 2020). C a ed hei a e c e a , e a e e ic ed f a ici a i g i ea i gf e i cie a d i hi i ica c e (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020, .47).
5.1 Neg ia i i h he Ta iba
1 Ji ga i a i f a b d c ed f de , i f e ia a d ed ca ed e e i a c i hich de a e c f ic a d di e e i h gh a bi a i (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020).
9 Whi e he e i a ge e a acce a ce ha a eg ia ed eace i e ai he a ici a i f [ he] Ta iba i i i i f g e a ce (APPRO, 2019, .55), a e igh ac i i a e ied ha hei igh a e be c i ed a eg ia i c i e (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020, .8). The a e c ce ed ha he Ta iba ha e cha ged hei ie e igh , e a ici a i i cia i ica affai a d ha he bjec e i c i i he eace ce (A ad a e h & Ghaf i, 2020, .47). Thi i a ef ec ed i he a e f he di ib ed e i ai e , a ee i Cha 2 be , i h a aj i f e de hi i g ha e e i dec ea e i Afgha i a af e a eace ag ee e . H e e , e ea ch a gge ha Ta iba eade a e e a ed ac edge e igh a d ed ca i (ICG, 2020c, .32).
Cha 2: Vie h he e f e i be affec ed b a eace ag ee e .
F eace be ai ab e, i i i a ha e a i c i e ce i h ega d h i i ed i he e i f a eg ia i , he i e di c ed a e a h i i i g a he eg ia i ab e (UN, 2012). F he e i Afgha i a , he a e a e high i e f ha igh be he e f he eace ce (IPI, 2020), a d c e , he e a e f e i he Afgha g e e eg ia i g ea (ICG, 2020b) h ca b i g e e ec i e he eace a . Thi i c de a g ea e f c i ica a d ega ef , cia a d ec ic ec e a e a a i i a j ice (IPI, 2020). I addi i , he e e b a e a d e igh ed ca i , , a d e f ee (Wi Ce e , 2020). Wi h ega d e e i he eace ce , a ee i cha 3 be , he aj i f he e de e e f he i i ha e ha e a effec i e e, hich ca be ee ef ec e e i e i g i e i cie . H e e , he e ca a be ee ef ec e f he c e i ie i h ega d e igh i Afgha i a .
10 Cha 3: Vie e e i he eace ce .
The e ec i i f c he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e hich ha bee ie ed a a i a e i g f he eg ia i i D ha, b a he a e i e, i ha a bee c i ici ed, a g he hi g , f e i i g e igh .
6. The U.S. - Ta iba Peace Ag ee e
I addi i e ab i hi g a 14- h i hd a a i e i e f U.S. , he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e ig ed i Feb a 2020, ag ee e a ec i h ega d c e e i a d ec i . M e e , i c i he Ta iba begi i a-Afgha eg ia i i h Afgha i ica a d ci i cie eade a d g e e e e e a i e . F he e, i e ab i he a c ehe i e cea e-fi e be a i e he age da f h e eg ia i . I addi i , i c e he e ea e f Ta iba i e he d b he g e e a d g e e i e he d b he Ta iba .
E e h gh he ag ee e i ie ed a a i a e i g i h ega d he c e eg ia i (W de , 2020b), i ha bee c i ici ed f efe e ci g e igh , ac i g a a g age f Afgha i a e ai i g a de c ac a e a decidi g e ea e i e bef e eace a begi (Ge ge, 2020a). F e Afgha fficia a d ci i ia , he ag ee e ha bee ie ed a a be a a (Ge ge, 2020b), a d he e i addi i a c i i e a i g ha i de a ded i e f he Ta iba i e f he e i f U.S. f ce (Ge ge, 2020c). M e e , i i ie ed a b e a ic ha f i g he ig i g f he ag ee e , Afgha i a i e ed a i c ea e i i e ce (Ge ge, 2020a), hich de i e he egi i ac f he eace a i D ha (SIGAR, 2020, .69). I , hi ca e ai he i ed ie a h i Cha 4, he h e e a ed he he eg ia i i h he Ta iba i b i g eace he c .
11 Cha 4: Vie if he eg ia i i h he Ta iba i b i g eace Afgha i a .
The U.S. and Afghanistan should agree on a peace deal that ill result in "real" peace in Afghanistan. Female, college, 20 ears old.
A a ead e i ed, he ag ee e add e e a i e e ea e, a cea e fi e, U.S. i hd a a , a e a Ta iba c e e i g a a ee a d i a-Afgha eg ia i . I i a i g ha he e a e i e e a ed a d ha he h d be i e e ed i acc da ce i h i ag eed i e i e a d ag eed e , b i e i e a d e a e e i ed (W de , 2020b). L i g ecifica a he i e e ea e, he e ea e f c ba a d i ica i e a a c fide ce-b i di g ea e (SIGAR, 2020, .106) ha ha bee e i h a f c ce , e ecia e a i g a ac f a defi ed a eg h d Ta iba i e e figh i g (T Ne , 2020). I , hi c d he e ai e de ie a h i Cha 5 be .
Cha 5: Vie he i ac f he Ta iba i e ' e ea e f he eace ce .
6.1 Rei eg a i f F e Figh e
12 Rei eg a i f f e figh e a d hei fa i ie i cie , b h cia a d ec ica , i i a f ai ab e eace. Sh d hi be he ca e, he e i a i ha he e i di id a a e e e ab e ec i e b c i i a g e i ga i a i (SIGAR, 2019, .1). P e i Di a a e , De bi i a i a d Rei eg a i (DDR) g a 2 ha e had i i ed effec , b h d e he Afgha g e e diffic ie i ad i i e i g he g a a e a he Ta iba figh e i e i e e i defec i g (D bbi , Ca e , Mi e & Zi e a , 2020, .11). P i e e ie ce i Afgha i a a de a e he i a ce f e i g ha c i ie a a e i a i g a d e ec i g a ei eg a i g a (SIGAR, 2019, .96), high igh i g he i a ce f i c i i i hi ce . M e e , he g a h d de i e be efi f e c ba a a d he c i ie ha ecei e he . If , hi ca c ea e e ce i f fa i i a d f e c i e e e , hich i a e i de ai i g he ei eg a i ce (SIGAR, 2019, .96).
Wi h ega d DDR g a , i e a i a a i a ce, i c di g a i a ce f he U.S., i he h d he a ie e ib e ca ha he ag ee (D bbi , Ca e , Mi e & Zi e a , 2020, .10). Gi e ha Ta iba figh e a e a e f Pa i a , e e a ac ch a Pa i a a a i a e i e eei g he ei eg a i f Ta iba figh e h ch e e ai i he c he eaf e (D bbi , Ca e , Mi e & Zi e a , 2020 .8). U de a di g he i a ce f i c i a d he e f e e a ac i i a he a i g a d i e e i g DDR g a a d a d i g ig ifica e e ch a a i e e ea e.
7. I ac f Diffe e S a eh de
A e i ed i he e i ec i , he e a e a ie a he eg ia i ab e i D ha, Qa a . H e e , he e a e he ac ch a eighb i g c ie a d f eig h c d ha e a i ac b h he c f ic a d he eace a . The ef e, hi ec i , hich i di ided i a , i i he U.S. a d NATO i addi i I a a d Pa i a .
7.1 F eig T
I e e he 9/11 a ac , he U.S. i aded Afgha i a . E e i ce, f eig ha e bee e e i he c . I 2008, he Oba a Ad i i a i i c ea ed U.S. f ce i Afgha i a 68,000 a d he f i g ea a addi i a 30,000 e e de ed. I 2011, h e e , he Oba a Ad i i a i a ced a i hd a
2 The Di a a e , De bi i a i , a d Rei eg a i g a (DDR, 2003 2005); he Di ba d e f I ega A ed G g a (DIAG, 2005 2011); P g a Tah i -e S h (PTS S e g he i g Peace P g a , 2005 2011); he Afgha i a Peace a d Rei eg a i P g a (APRP, 2010 2016); a d ei eg a i c i e i hi he 2016 He b-i I a i G b ddi dea i h he Afgha g e e (HIG, 2016 e e ) (SIGAR, 2019, .13).
13 f Afgha i a a d a he e d f 2019, he T Ad i i a i had 8,600 ef i he c (a -Ja ee a, 2020b). I 2019, 18 ea af e he a a ed, he U.S. a i e e i he c , a d a a ead e i ed, e ea a e , he Ta iba a d he U.S. ig ed he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e . U i 2019, e ha 2,400 A e ica had hei i e i Afgha i a , a d i i he ge a i A e ica hi (a -Ja ee a, 2020a; BBC, 2020).
As long as the U.S. is here, ou can onl see peace in our dreams. There is no peace. Male, BA, 22 ears old.
NATO, i h i i i I e a i a Sec i A i a ce F ce (ISAF), i a he f eig ac ha ha bee e e i h i Afgha i a . ISAF, hich a e ab i hed b he UN a he B c fe e ce i 2001, a a NATO- ead ec i i i i Afgha i a i 2014 (NATO, 2015; DW, 2019). The i i de ed e 130,000 die f 51 NATO e be c ie a d a e a i . I a da e a c a d ec e Kab a d a i he a i i g e e . H e e , i 2006, he a da e e a ded c e he e i e f Afgha i a . ISAF ai a ide ec i ec ef , i c di g ai i g a d i i g he Afgha g e e , he i e a i a c i , he Afgha Na i a P ice, a d he Afgha Na i a A . A he e d f 2014, he Afgha Na i a Sec i F ce had a e e he c f he ec i i Afgha i a a d he ISAF i i cha ged a a e -c ba i i (NATO, 2015).
The presence of foreign troops is a big problem for peace in Afghanistan. In case the lea e the countr , peace ill automaticall and permanentl come to the countr and people. Male, college, 25 ears old.
Cha 6: Vie he i ac f f eig he eace ce .
The h i Afgha i a ha e d i g hei h e - f hei i e - i ed i h he e e ce f f eig i h eei g a e d he c f ic . A h i Cha 6 ab e,
14 56 e ce f he e de a e ed ha f eig a e i effec i e. The e de a d he e gi e he i e i ha i i i a f h, ha f eig ea e he c . Acc di g he U.S. - Ta iba eace ag ee e , he U.S. i i hd a i b Ma 20213 (Ag ee e f B i gi g Peace Afgha i a , 2020). H e e , he e ha bee a i c ea e f i e ce i ce Se e be a ea , hich i ha e a i ac he di c i f U.S. i hd a a (SIGAR, 2020). I , he a e ca ha e a g ea i ac b h he i e a abi i i Afgha i a a e a he abi i f he egi . Neighb i g c ie ha e a g ea i e e i a eacef Afgha i a i ce ha a affec he abi i f he egi , hich i h he e a f hi e i i h ie he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce .
7.2 I a ic C ie
Neighb i g I a ic c ie ca a a i a e i he eace ce . Thi a f he e i f c ecifica I a a d Pa i a , d e hei c e ie Afgha i a a e a hei hi i h he Ta iba .
7.2.1 I a I a , a eighb i g c he e , ha e a ie , b h e igi a d c a i h Afgha i a . De i e hi , he a ha e a g hi f diffe e ce . I a ed he A e ica - ed i a i i 2001 e h he Ta iba - ed g e e i Kab , h e e , d i g he a fe ea , he e ha bee a hif i I a a ach a d he Ta iba . Re a e ha I a ha a i ed he Ta iba i h ea , c d c ed i i a ai i g, a d ha Ta iba eade ha e bee Teh a f di c i i h I a he i a i i Afgha i a (E ea E e Radica i a i , 2020; MEI, 2020). M e e , I a ha f e ee Afgha i a a a afe-ha e f i e e i (W de , 2018), a d i i a e ed ha I a aid b ie he Ta iba c d c a ac A e ica a d c a i i (CNN, 2020). I addi i , I a a d he Ta iba ha e b h bee figh i g he I a ic S a e Kh a a P i ce, h ha e bee g i g i We e Afgha i a , a d he a c ide he U.S. be hei e e (Nade , Sc e , Rah a i, S e a & Mah ad, 2014; MEI, 2020).
M e e , I a ha a c ica ed e a i hi a d he Afgha g e e hich i a d e he fac ha i ce 1979, he c ha h ed Afgha ef gee . T da , i i e ed ha e h ee i i Afgha i e i I a . H e e , a f he a e de ied ba ic e ice . D g affic i g e he I a ia /Afgha b de - a ic a O i - i a he c ce f he I a ia g e e (W de , 2018). A he a ea f c f ic be ee Afgha i a a d I a i he acce a e f I a ia i he ea e egi . The a e de e de a e f he Afgha He a d Ri e , a d ag ee e ha e bee ig ed
3 U.S. P e ide Bide a ced A i 13, 2021, ha U.S. i ea e Afgha i a b Se e be 11, 2021 (a -Ja ee a, 2021).
15 e he ea g a acce a e f I a , i c di g a ag ee e f c ehe i e c e a i , ig ed b he I a ia G e e a d he Afgha G e e i J 2020. I hi ag ee e , I a i c e a e i h Afgha i a i he ec ic, c a , ed ca i a , a d ec i ec a d i e Afgha i a i bac d f i i i e he a e (A ia a Ne , 2020).
Fi a , I a i ec g i ed b he U.S. S ecia Re e e a i e f Afgha i a Rec ci ia i , be a ac i h e ca aci he hi de he i ica abi i f i eighb a d, h , ad a ce e a d US i e e i he Midd e Ea (A a ic C ci , 2020). Thi de a e he i a e ha I a ca a i he c e eace ce , de i e he egi ' c f ic be ee he c ie a e i ed ab e.
7.2.2. Pa i a
Pa i a , hich i a eighb i g c he ea , a ha e b h e igi a d c a ie i h Afgha i a . Pa i a ai a b i di g c e c e a i e e a i i h Afgha i a hich i i a high i i f Pa i a f eig ic a d a i a c e f i i f a eacef eighb h d (MOFA, 2020). Thi c ea de a e ha Pa i a a ha a i a i e e i he g i g eace ce . H e e , Pa i a ha bee ed a a afe-ha e f he Ta iba , hich ha e ed a a ead ai ed e a i hi be ee he c ie da i g bac 1947, he Afgha i a ed agai a Pa i a i e a ce i he UN (Nag a, M afa & I a , 2019).
D i g he S ie i a i i Afgha i a , he U.S. ed he M jahidee , hich a e e a a ed i g ; he Ta iba a d he N he A ia ce (B i a ica, 2020). Af e he S ie i hd a a f Afgha i a , Pa i a ed he Ta iba f e e a ea a d, i addi i , he Ta iba a ie ed b Pa i a a a I a i a h d a hi e e he Ka h i egi agai I dia. A hi i e, Pa i a a ed a ec e Afgha i a , e ecia Afgha i a ' ea e b de , a d be ab e i f e ce Kab a d he egi ha Pa i a c d bec e a aj a e . I 1996, Pa i a a i ed he Ta iba ei e c e f Afgha i a , h e e , i beca e c ica ed af e he 9/11 a ac a d Pa i a eeded ch e ide a d e e a decided he A e ica - ed i a i (Ka , 2016). Pa i a ha a e i ed a i f a e ia a d e a ed A e ica i i e a ac he Ta iba a d a -Qaeda a ge i Pa i a (Ka , 2016).
M e e , Pa i a i h i g he Afgha ef gee i he d a d i i e ed ha a a a 3.5 i i Afgha i e a ef gee i Pa i a , f h 1.4 i i a e egi e ed (UNHCR, 2020). Pa i a d e ha e a Ref gee La a d ha ig ed he U i ed Na i 1951 C e i Re a i g he S a f Ref gee , hich ea a Afgha h a e b i Pa i a a e e i ed a Pa i a ci i e hi ba ic igh (B b, 2019).
16 A he a ea f e i be ee Afgha i a a d Pa i a i he D a d Li e, hich a e ab i hed b he B i i h c ia e a d a a b de be ee he c ie . I i di idi g he Pa h a i a d i da a di ed a ea f he Ta iba (The Di a , 2020; La bah, 2012) i addi i bei g ed f d g gg i g i Pa i a i e i . The Ta iba a e c i g e f he a ea a d he U.S., a e a Pa i a , ha e ca ied a ac he Ta iba a g he D a d Li e (Ka , 2016). De i e he i ed e i ab e, i g a ha Pa i a i c ica i g fficia ia he Pa i a i Mi i f F eig Affai , he c ai i b i d c e c e a i e a i i h Afgha i a , e hi g hich c d be ef i g f a d i he Afgha eace ce .
The e de e e a ed ab hei ie he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce . A ee i Cha 7 be , ha f f he ee hei e a ega i e, 41 e ce ee i a i i e a d he e efe ed a . The ega i i a d he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce c d e ha be e ai ed b I a i g he Ta iba , e ecia i h he c d c i g f i i a ai i g a d he e f hei e i a a afe-ha e . I addi i , a d a e i ed e i i he e , he ega i i c d be e ai ed b he ge e a c i ica ie ha e i a g h a d e e a ac (CR, 2018, .6-7).
Cha 7: Vie he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce .
A de a ed, I a ic c ie , I a a d Pa i a , ha e c e ie i h Afgha i a . A eacef egi i a c ce f b h c ie , a d he ef e, he ha e a i a i e e i he eace ce . D i g he ea f a , he e ha e bee e e a a e b i g eace Afgha i a . Thi a i c de a e f eace f i hi he c . The e ec i f hi e i f c he High Peace C ci , a Afgha i i i f eace.
8. The High Peace C ci
Thi ec i i i he bac g d a d h a i fac i i h he e f a ce f he Afgha i a High Peace C ci (HPC), hich a c ea ed a a f he eace ce i 2010. T da , he High Peace C ci ha bee e aced b he High C ci f Na i a
17 Rec ci ia i (HCNR), h e e , i a i i ace a he i e he he e i ai e e e di ib ed. The HPC a e ab i hed b he f e P e ide Ha id Ki ai, a a e f he Ji ga c fe e ce. Thi a e ab i hed i h he ai eg ia e i h he Ta iba a d he i e g , i a a e b i g eace Afgha i a . The Ji ga c fe e ce i c ded 1600 a ici a f a 34 i ce , i c di g e e e a i e f e igh g , e igi ch a a d e be f he cabi e . De i e hi , e ea che a g e ha he HPC a hea i i f e ced b he g e e , he ce i c ea ed i b he Ta iba a d he eade f he HPC. The HPC a a c i ici ed b he ci i cie a d e e be f he Afgha cie , ai e a d igh ac i i , f i c di g a d a d jihadi i he eace ce (Taieb, 2020).
Men and omen of integrit and good reputation should be appointed as head and members of the High Peace Council. Male, BA, 24 ears old.
The HPC a ab e f fi i d ie a d, a a ead e i ed, a a e di ed a d e aced i h he High C ci f Na i a Rec ci ia i bef e he eg ia i a ed i D ha (Taieb, 2020; Sa ehi & Ra i h 2021). Ea ie i Feb a hi ea , he U.S. ec e a f a e e i h he chai a f HCNR, D . Abd ah Abd ah, he e ie f he U.S. a eg i Afgha i a a d ha ed hi f hi i a i he eace ce (U.S. De a e f S a e, 2021). The e de e e a ed h a i fied he e e i h he e f a ce f he HPC. I Cha 8 be , 51 e ce e ded ha he e e a i fied a d 42 e ce a e ed ha he HPC ha d e hi g f eace a a . I a , 93 e ce f he e de e e ega i e a d he f he HPC. The ega i e e e f he e de ca be e ai ed b e e a a ec f he f he HPC. F e a e, e ea ch h ha he HPC a :
...established to act independentl in bringing together the Afghan go ernment and the Taliban. Ho e er, later it became ob ious that it as hea il influenced b the go ernment. HPC s dependenc on the go ernment caused the Taliban not to full trust on the bod as a reliable channel for peace talks. Also, lack of or lo le el of legitimac and lack of e pertise ere other reasons that caused HPC to fail in fulfilling its duties (Taieb, 2020, .1).
18 Cha 8: Vie he a i fac i f he High Peace C ci .
I i f g ea i a ce ha diffe e g f he a i a e i c ded i a eace ce , f i be e ai ab e a d e a . M e e , i i f g ea i a ce b i d i i i ha a e i c i e, ha i i i he a i . H e e , he c i i e a d he HPC a de a e e f he addi i a c e i ie i h he c ce f i c i . The e cha e f hi e i e e c c i ba ed he e ea ch ca ied . I i be fi a i ed i h a e f ec e da i .
19 9. C c i a d Rec e da i
I 2015, he UNSC ad ed Re i 2250, hich ec g i ed f he fi i e ha g e e a a i a a d i i e e i he ai e a ce a d i f i e a i a eace a d ec i . Si ce he , i ha bee ib e c c de ha he i c i f h i he eace ce e e i e i c i e a d e e e a i e g e a ce c e ha i i f e e eacef cie ie . A he a e i e, e ea ch h ha h i Afgha i a , e ecia g e , fee e c ded f he eace ce a d he i ica ce e . Addi i a , i ha de a ed ha he ha e a b ad di i hei eade . M e e , c ie i h a g a i , ch a Afgha i a , ha e a i c ea ed i f c f ic , hich f he i a e he i c i f a e a he ac i a i f h a diffe e e e f cie . The ef e, hi e ha f c ed he ie f Afgha i a h e a i g diffe e a ec f he g i g eace ce . I ha c e ed he e f e i , a d af e , he ig i g f a eace ag ee e , he eg ia i i h he Ta iba a d he i ac f he Ta iba i e e ea e. M e e , i ha ed a he e f I a ic c ie a d he a eh de , i c di g he e f f eig a d he e f a ce f he High Peace C ci (HPC).
The e i ai e ha e e c ea ed a d di ib ed b Ri e Peace i Kab be ee 2018-2019 de a e ha h i Afgha i a ha e g i i ab he eace ce i hei c . I b ief, he a e ied ha e e i dec ea e af e a eace ag ee e i h he Ta iba , b he a e a f he i i ha e ha e a effec i e e i he eace ce . Thi ca be ee a de a i g he c e i ie a d e e, i c di g h he e f e ha cha ged e i e bec e e i ib e. Y h h e ded he e i ai e ha e i ed ie if eg ia i g i h he Ta iba i b i g eace he c . S ecifica ega di g he Ta iba i e e ea e, a aj i f he e de e e ega i e a d he i ac f he e ea e f he eace ce . Thi c d be a e f he ag ee e ig ed i Feb a 2020 be ee he U.S. a d he Ta iba , hich ha bee ee a a i a e a d eace. H e e , i i a a ag ee e ha ha bee fai c i ici ed. I addi i , he f i g i c ea e i i e ce ha he c ha e e ie ced ea e i e h e f eace a d c ea e di f he eace ce .
I e a i he eace ce , e 50 e ce f he e de ie f eig a i effec i e. Ha f f he ee he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce a ega i e, hi e 41 e ce ee i a i i e. A h , he i c e e e a ac , i i a he di ided. Rega di g e f Afgha i a i i i f eace, a a he e de e e ega i e a d he b he HPC. Thi c d be d e a ac f e e f egi i ac , i c di g a ac f f e e i e i hi he i i i .
20 Thi e i e e i ec e da i hich ai a c ib i g a e ea i gf i c i f h i Afgha i a . B e e e i g ch a big a f he a i , h b h ha e he igh a d he b iga i be a f ha i g he f e f hei c . The ef e, hi e ec e d :
● T d ca b a d , a d
A a ead e i ed, c f ic ha ega i e affec ed h a d hei ed ca i , a d a e e ie ce diffic ie i fi di g j b . Thi i a i ca f ce h, e ecia g e , bec e i ed i i ega a d i e ac i i ie i de hei fa i ie . Ed ca i i e a e eacef cie a d a e ge de e a cie . The ef e, i i i a f Afgha i a i e i high- a i ed ca i hich c d be a a c i-ge e a i e ia . I addi i , j b ca ead a highe ec ic i c i hich i i a e ecia f g e (Wi Ce e , 2020).
● T c a a c c ac c a d ca c
T i e f e i c i e ce e h d be beca e f g d i ic a b . A a ed e i , i c di g h i eace ce e e i e i c i e a d e e e a i e g e a ce c e ha i f e e eacef cie ie . M e e , UNSC Re i 2250 ge e be a e e echa i e ab e g e e a ici a e ea i gf i eace ce e . He e, a ecific f c h d be i c di g g e a he c e e e ie ce e diffic ie c a ed hei a e c e a .
O e a f e i g b ade e e e a i i h gh echa i ch a he Afgha Mecha i f I c i e Peace (AMIP) (AMIP, 2021a). The AMIP ca e ab he e e f he Afgha ci i cie , h a ed a c ed a d ai ab e echa i f i c i . I ai ide a a h a f ca , c a a d e igi eade , e , h, a d ic i ac he c (AMIP, 2021b). AMIP c d he ef e f fi a i a f c i , f b i gi g ge he a d ai i g he ice f Afgha i a h i hei e a d e a a i f eace.
● T c d c a c a
The ei eg a i f f e figh e a d hei fa i ie i cie , b h cia a d ec ica , i i a f ai ab e eace i Afgha i a . The e ha e bee e e a DDR g a a ched i he c . P i e e ie ce ha de a ed he i a ce f e i g ha c i ie a a e i b h he a i g a d e ec i g f a ei eg a i g a . F hi ea , i i i a i c ea e he de a di g f i c i i he a i g a d i e e i g f DDR g a . M e e , d e he a e f he c f ic i
21 Afgha i a , i h ega d ac ch a he U.S. a d eighb i g c ie ch a Pa i a , i i i a i c ea e he de a di g a f hei e he a i g a d i e e i g DDR g a .
● T a a a c c d a a d d a a U.S.
O A i 13, 2021, U.S. P e ide Bide a ced ha he i hd a a f U.S. i cc Se e be 11, 2021 (a -Ja ee a, 2021). Acc di g f de a d CEO f Ri e Peace, Ah ad Shah M hibi, he e a e a e a i e f he U.S. i hd a a f . The first i f he U.S. ea e. H e e , hi c d ead ci i a , cha a d e i abi i f he e e i Afgha i a . The second i g bac i g O e a i E d i g F eed 4 a d he Afgha f ce figh he Ta iba dec ea e he i e ce i hi he c . The third a e a i e, a d he e ec e ded b M . M hibi, i a i h a a be f f ce a d he eace a beca e di ac he he e i e e he g d (CGTN, 2021).
Wi h ega d he afe f he a i , f eig i ha e a e a . The ef e, he a i g he i hd a a , i i i a a e i c ide a i he afe f he Afgha ice, a ed f ce a d he cie , i c di g h a e a he i f gi i g e e e age he Ta iba .
● T a b c I a a d Pa a A a ac c
A eacef Afgha i a i i a f he c i e f a d f he e i e egi , i c di g he eighb i g c ie f I a a d Pa i a . I i he ef e i a ha I a a d Pa i a c ib e i g he Afgha eace ce .
I a a d Pa i a ha e bee i ed i he c f ic b h a e f he A e ica - ed i a i a d f he Ta iba . The e i be ee he c ie a d hei hi ica di e ca be e ea f he e de ega i e ie he e f I a ic c ie i he eace ce . H e e , a he i a-Afgha eace a c i e, i i i a ha I a a d Pa i a c i e hei eff f c e e a i hi a d i i e de e e .
Neighb i g c ie h d he eace ce a d i h he Afgha g e e a af e a eace ag ee e i ig ed. Thi c d i , he b i d h f I a a d Pa i a . I , hi c d e e a a i a e e f g d e a i hi be ee he c ie i he f e.
4 Operation End ring Freedom as the official name b the U.S. go ernment on the War on Terror , ith foc s on Afghanistan d ring 2001-2014.
22 ● T c a a ab ac a A a
93% f he e de e e ega i e a d he f e eace i i i , he High Peace C ci . The ef e, e e a ac h d f c c ea i g id a d ab e eace i i i , i h a ici a i f diffe e g i he cie , i c di g h, e , a d diffe e e h ica g . F a eace i i i f fi i e a d f he be a e i acc b cie , i a i a c e . Thi i beca e gi e i i i a i g egi i ac a d he i di id a a d g e ai e gaged i he g a d a d ce f b i di g a i g eace (I e eace, 2021).
The e eace i i i , he High C ci f Na i a Rec ci ia i , h d ea f he High Peace C ci i a e , a d be he ab e, h i i i ha Afgha i a a i eed . I d i g , i i e e a a i a c e a d eace i he c .
To conclude; The e ec e da i a e gge i f h i c ea e he i c i f h i Afgha i a , b h i he i ica di c i a d eace ce . The di e e g h eed be a e e i b diffe e ac i hi he c , i c di g de eade . Thei i c i h d be ea i gf , a d a ic i he b . The e a e de a di g ec e da i f a ac i ed. H e e , i g a d he ec f a e eacef Afgha i a f ge e a i c e, i i h he c i e .
23 Bib i g a h
Afgha i a P b ic P ic Re ea ch O ga i a i (APPRO). (2019). Fragilit and Making Peace: Rights of Afghan Women and Peace ith the Taliban. Re ei ed f h ://a . g.af/ -c e / ad /2019/05/2019-05-01-F agi i -a d-Ma i g-Peace-Rig h - f-Afgha -W e -a d-Peace- i h- he-Ta iba -1. df 2020-10-11.
Ag ee e f B i gi g Peace Afgha i a . (2020). Re ie ed f h :// . a e.g / -c e / ad /2020/02/Ag ee e -F -B i gi g-Peace- -Afgha i a -02.29.20. df 2020-10-02.
Ah adi, B. & S a i ai, R. (2018). Redefining Masculinit in Afghanistan. P b i hed b he U i ed S a e I i e f Peace (USIP). Re ie ed f .j . g/ ab e/ e e 20197 2020-10-05. a -Ja ee a. (2020a). From the 2001 fall of the taliban to 2020 afghan peace talks. Re ie ed f h :// .a ja ee a.c / e /2020/9/12/f - he-2001-fa - f- he- a iba - -2020-afgha - eace- a 2020-11-02. a -Ja ee a. (2020b). US has hit agreed troop-cut target of 8,600 in Afghanistan. Re ie ed f h :// .a ja ee a.c / e /2020/06/hi -ag eed- -c - a ge -8600-afgha i a -20061 8214125668.h 2020-11-01 a -Ja ee a. (2021). Biden to ithdra US troops from Afghanistan b September 11. Re ie ed f h :// .a ja ee a.c / e /2021/4/13/bide - - i hd a - - -f -afgha i a -b - e e be -11 2021-04-14.
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