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Central Asian Bolsheviks: Mediating Revolution, 1917-24

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CENTRAL ASIAN BOLSHEVIKS: MEDIATING REVOLUTION, 1917-24 by PATRYK M. REID, B.A. A thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of European and Russian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 22 September, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-18296-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-18296-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce,Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve,sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform,et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This thesis is about why Central Asian elites participated in the establishment of Bolshevik rule in Central Asia, in 1917-1924; and it is also about how they did so. It focuses on Mustafa Chokaev, Turar Ryskulov, Faizulla Khojaev, and Akmal Ikramov as case studies of revolutionary behaviour in the former tsarist colonial borderland. This thesis challenges most histories of early Soviet Central Asia because it suggests that the first Central Asians to ally with and join Russian revolutionaries were not co-opted, but did so actively, and because of motivations based in local society. This thesis also suggests that these Central Asian Communists were mediators of foreign rule who are comparable to power brokers in other, traditionally colonial, international contexts. These Central Asians, like colonial subalterns, had the difficult task of translating the decrees of the centre into local reality in the periphery, while maintaining their own legitimacy as new authorities. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great deal of gratitude to many people and institutions for supporting me during the course of my writing and research. Jeff Sahadeo, my advisor, provided expert guidance, important critiques, and a friendly ear over the whole course of this project, and my MA studies at Carleton University. I also benefited from Carter Elwood’s comments in the final drafting stages. Financial support from the Ontario Graduate Scholarship Program, the Institute of European and Russian Studies, and Carleton University made it possible for me to devote my energy to language study, research, and writing. Access to materials was aided greatly by the library staff at Carleton University and Indiana University. For kind help in this regard, I owe thanks to Merlin Croucher and Todd Ramlo. I am also grateful for having found a world-class Russian language teacher in Maria Alley, without whom early progress would have been considerably slower. I would like to thank the many good friends I have made in the recent past for their regular words of support and encouragement. In Bloomington, I am very grateful to Heather, Karen, Stephanie and Richard for their hospitality and kindness in the last two weeks of my stay there. In Ottawa, Fredericton, and elsewhere, there are too many to name here, but I count myself lucky for the good company of friends I keep, and professors I have met. Natalie St-Pierre Hansen has provided constant care that I will never be able to repay. Her helpful comments, ready ear, and support of virtually every sort got me through the summer, and final stages of writing. I was also fortunate to have the encouragement of my mother, Maria Storoszczuk, and my brothers, Michal and Bernard Reid. I am also immensely grateful for the support of my father, Allan Reid, particularly his helpful comments, instant translations, and excellent advice. 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents iv INTRODUCTION 1 PROLOGUE 26 CHAPTER 1 32 Navigating the Revolution, Choosing the Bolsheviks CHAPTER 2 76 “Stalin’s Favourite” and the “Lenin of the Uzbeks”: Soviet Legitimacy in Memories of the Revolution CHAPTER 3 112 “Not Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing”: Mediating Governance in Early Soviet Central Asia CONCLUSION 162 GLOSSARY 167 APPENDIX - A 168 MAPS 172 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Central Asia experienced significant changes after the Russian revolutions of February and October 1917. Once a colony of the Russian Empire governed by the tsarist administration, Vladimir Lenin’s victorious Bolshevik Party ushered in an era of Communist rule. It quickly formed plans to subvert the traditional Islamic structure of the regional pre-industrial society in favour of modernizing reform. Influential Central Asians were instrumental partners in the revolutionaries’ success in establishing governing institutions and gaining indigenous support. From the beginning, they joined new ruling soviets (governing councils), strengthening them with their knowledge of the region, and often acting as intermediaries between Russian and Central Asian societies. Maintaining influence in the early 1920s, these local elites were key negotiators of the territorial delimitation of the region into Soviet socialist republics in 1924/25. The creation of these units as part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) signaled the Communists’ firm establishment in the region. The degree of change that had already taken place is indicated by growing Bolshevik Party membership. Before 1917, there had never been a nation state in the region, and virtually no Central Asians belonged to the Bolshevik Party. By 1925, the Uzbek Communist Party (Uz KP) governed the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uz SSR).1 This thesis is about why Central Asian elites participated in the establishment of Bolshevik rule in Central Asia; and it is also about how they did so. Traditional historiography of the period portrays these actors as relatively passive agents, coerced 1 Douglas Northrup, footnote no. 10, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Ithica: Cornell University Press, 2004), 11. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 into collaboration by the hegemonic power of Soviet Russia. I challenge this view by engaging an emerging body of scholarship on early Soviet Central Asia which contests “the omnipotence o f ‘Moscow”’ by focusing on local agents and conditions.2 I aim to demonstrate that these non-Russians were actively engaged in revolution, and that they were not co-opted into working for the Party. My analysis centres on four Central Asians who were very influential in the early Soviet period. Mustafa Chokaev (1889-1941)3 was the oldest of them. He was a Kazakh who abandoned employment with the Muslim bloc of the Russian Duma (parliament) in 1917 to participate in revolutionary activities in Central Asia. He fled this region after unsuccessful attempts to ally with Russian Bolsheviks in 1918, and became a major emigre critic of the USSR. Turar Ryskulov (1894-1938)4 was a Kazakh who joined the Bolshevik Party in 1917, and quickly rose to a number of high level positions, including Deputy Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, from 1926 to 1937.5 Faizulla Khojaev (1896-1938)6 hailed from Bukhara, where he led an important alliance between local revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks in 1920, later becoming Chairman of the Uzbek Council of People’s Commissars and a member of the Uz KP Politburo (political bureau), both from 1925 to 1937.7 Akmal Ikramov (1898-1938)8 joined the Party in 1918, and moved up its hierarchy to the post of First Secretary of the 2 Arne Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 6. 3 Bakhyt Sadykova, Mustafa Chokai (Almaty, Kazakhstan: “Alash,” 2004), 231-33. 4 V. M. Ustinov, Turar Ryskulov: Ocherkipoliticheskoi biografii (Almaty: Kazakhstan, 1996), 429-41. 5 Jane Shapiro, “Political Rehabilitation in Soviet Central Asian Party Organizations,” Central Asian Review 14(3) 1966: 202. 6 Roger Kangas, “Faizulla Khojaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Uzbekistan, 1896-1938,” (PhD dissertation Indiana University, 1992), 367-68. 7 Shapiro, “Political Rehabilitation,” 206-7. 8 B. V. Lunin, ed., Akmal Ikramov: Izhrannye trudy v trekh tomakh (Tashkent: Izdatel’stvo “Uzbekistan,” 1972), vol.
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